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1、高考专题高考专题英语中平行结构英语中平行结构第1页l连词是一个虚词，它不能独立担任句子成份而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和隶属连词。l并列连词用来连接平行词、词组和分句。l隶属连词用来引导名词从句和各类状语从句。一、平行结构,即并列结构：由并列连词连接两个或两个以上对等语言成份组成。第2页l常见并列连词有：1、表递进关系：and,notonlybutalso,neithernor,notbut2.选择关系：or，eitheror,otherwise,whether.or3.转折对比关系:but,yet,whereas,while,still4.因果关系
2、：so,for5.并列关系：and,when第3页二、对连接词连接成份要求：形式对称；功效相同（充当一样句子成份），时态平衡。l并列平行结构应该是名词和名词，副词和副词，分词和分词，不定式和不定式，动词和动词，句子和句子等并列，而不能其中一个概念用分词结构表示，而另一个概念用不定式或从句来表示。l比以下面句子就违反了平行结构准则：lDosomenicethingsforyourparentsthattheydontexpectlikecooking,doingthedishes,washingclothes,orcleanthefloors.l做饭、刷碗、洗衣服、拖地在本句中应为并列结构作为介
3、词like“像”宾语，故应用相同形式，都用动名词，所以应将clean改为cleaning。第4页三、平行结构主要类型l1.名词和名词平行结构lThepatientssymptomswerefever,dizziness,andheadache.l病人症状是发烧、头晕和头痛。l2.形容词和形容词平行结构lEarlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise.l早睡早起使人健康、富有、聪明。l3.副词和副词平行结构lTheworkishandsomelyandskillfullydone.l这项工作做得漂亮，有水平。l4.分词平行结构(现在
4、分词与现在分词/过去分词与过去分词)lTheboyswererunning,shoutingandlaughing.l男孩子们边跑，边喊叫着、笑着。（伴随状语）lTheoldmanreturnedhome,disappointedandexhausted.第5页l5.动名词doing平行结构lHenrysworkisreadingbooksandwritingbookreviews.l亨利工作是读读书，写写书评。l6.动词不定式平行结构lOntheotherhand,40%thinkthatfeesshouldbechargedbecauseyouneedmoneytopaygardeners
5、andotherworkers,and(to)buyplantsandyoungtrees.其次，40%同学认为应收门票，他们认为门票费可以作为支付园林工人及其他工作人员工资和购买新花木费用。and连接并列不定式第二个不定式往往省略to。l7.介词短语平行结构l1）Yoursemestergradeisbasednotonlyonhowwellyoudooneachtest,butalsoonhowyouparticipateinclass.l2）Weoftengotothecountrysideaswellastofactories.l8.谓语动词平行结构谓语形式时态要一致lHewentdo
6、wntown,boughtsomebooksandvisitedhisdaughter.l9.句子并列（并列句）lIwastired,butIfelthappy.第6页四、需掌握知识点l1.beabouttodosthwhen+从句l2.祈使句+and+句子l3.whileconj.然而，而l4.分辨谓语动词并列和伴随状语l5.what名词性短语并列l6.“伴随”两种表示:with+复合结构/as+句子l7.分辨短语和句子l8.分辨定语从句和并列句l9.不定式并列l10.分辨：句子+并列连词+句子、短语+句子第7页五五、And使用方法使用方法l综述：and是并列连词，它既能连接两个并列（平行）
7、结构，也能连接两个并列分句。我们能够经过分析它在句子结构中功效，从而巧妙解题。第8页（一）：（一）：and连接两个或两个以上并列结连接两个或两个以上并列结构在形式上要一致。在不一样语境中，也构在形式上要一致。在不一样语境中，也可用其它并列连词可用其它并列连词or，but等。等。l句1:Werushedbacktothepalaceandlookedforit.l句2:Fathersatatthedeskandwrotesomething.l句3:Ihadtolietothecompanyandpretendtobeaman.句1可转化成不定式作目状语。Werushedbacktothepala
8、cetolookforit.句句2可转化成现在分词作伴随状语。可转化成现在分词作伴随状语。Father sat at the desk,writing something.句句3中中and连接两个不定式，后一个连接两个不定式，后一个不定式不定式to要省略。要省略。第9页例1:thegoatrolledoverand_.A.diedB.deadC.dyingD.deathl2.Hecalledateverydoorand_peopletheexcitingnews.A.tellB.tellingC.toldD.havingtoldcalled和and为并列谓语。若将and改为逗号，择选B，现在分
9、词作伴随状语。若是既无and也无逗号，则用不定式totell作目状语。既是既是B:He called at every door,telling people the exciting news.C:He called at every door to tell people the exciting news.3.She went to the market,_ everything she needed and took a taxi home.A.buy B.bought C.buying D,to buy三个并列谓语动词：三个并列谓语动词：went,bought and took第10
10、页（二）：（二）：and连接并列分句，这种并列句连接并列分句，这种并列句可转换成简单句或者从句。可转换成简单句或者从句。lA.并列句和简单句，状语从句转换。并列句和简单句，状语从句转换。lEx:Use your head and you will find a way.l简单句：简单句：Using your head，you will find a way.从句：从句：If you use your head，you will find a way.l_and they bought a picnic with them.A.It being a fine day B.It is a fine
11、 day C.Being a fine day D.It was a fine day第11页B.并列句and和定语从句转换lEx:Bamboosarehollowandthismakesthemverylight.l定从：Bamboosarehollow,whichmakesthemverylight.1.Sheheardaterriblenoiseand_broughtherheartintohermouth.A.whichB.itC./D.what转换：Sheheardaterriblenoise,whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.第12页2.Shehad
12、twosonsand_weredoctors.A.allofthemB.allofwhomC.bothofthemD.bothofwhoml转换：转换：lShe had two sons,both of whom were doctors.l3.The decision _,what is to be done now is how to carry it out.lA.is made B.has been made C.having been made D.having made4.I saw a lot of children playing in the garden,most of t
13、hem _ girls.A.are B.were C.being D.have been第13页comes-coming/and leaveskeep-keeping/and you判断以下句子正误l1.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,itwasmorethanwecouldexpect.l2.Springcomes,leavesturngreen.l3.Keepontrying,youllsucceed.l4.Theygetcoaloutoftheground,changingitintoelectricityandsendittomanyplaces.l5.
14、Hehasmadeawonderfuldiscovery,whichIthinkitisofgreathelptous.It-which/it 前加前加andchanging-change第14页l6.Theygotoffthetrain,carryingalltheircasesandtheirfathersjacket.l7.Turningdowntheradioandthebabyissleeping.l8.Ihavethreecoats,noneofthemfitsme.l9.Thesecretaryworkedintothenight,preparingalongspeechfort
15、hepresident.l10.Astherearenearly50streetsinthecity,mostofwhichwecantrememberclearly.Turning-Turnthem-which/and nonewhich-them第15页在高考中表达及解题思绪l1.Thehousebelongstomyauntbutshehereanymore(全国卷)AhasntlivedBdidntlivelChadntlivedDdoesntlivel解析：but前后分句时态平衡。but连接两个并列句，第一个分句谓语动词belongs属于普通现在时态，but后分句也用普通现在时态do
16、esntlive来表示以保持时态平衡,选D。第16页2.Theoldcouplemarriedfor40yearsandneveronce_witheachother.(全国卷)A.theyhadquarreled.B.theyhavequarreledC.havetheyquarreledD.hadtheyquarreled.l解析：这对老夫妻已结婚40年了,他们彼此从未吵过架.本题关键词是and,and前是句子,and后也应是句子形式，后一分句以never开头则应倒装倒装,C。第17页3.Shesetoutsoonafterdark_homeanhourlater.（1994）A.arri
17、vingB.toarriveC.havingarrivedD.andarrivedl分析：她天黑后回家，一个小时后到家。AC是分词A为分词一般式doing,表示与谓语同时发生；havingarrived表示先于谓语发生；toarrive表示目。很明显先setout后arrive排除A和C而本题时态是一般过去时，所以选D.and连接两个谓语。第18页4._theFireDepartmentinyourcity,andyouwilllearnalotaboutfirefighting.(湖南卷)A.HavingsearchedB.TosearchC.SearchingD.Searchl解析：做好本
18、题关键是注意到句中并列连词and，由and可知这是一个并列句，and后面是句子，其前面也应是句子。因为句首无主语，可推断它是祈使句，所以选动词原形D。第19页5.Itisworthconsideringwhatmakes“convenience”foodssopopular,and_betteronesofyourown.A.introducesB.tointroduceC.introducingD.introducedl句中并列连词and连接是两个对称并列成份，因为其前considering为动名词，所以空格处也要用动名词。选第20页6Onelearnsalanguagebymakingmi
19、stakesandthemAcorrectBcorrectingCcorrectsDtocorrectl解析：列连词and连接两个动名词短语makingmistakes和correctingthem作介词by宾语，使其and前后形式一致。选B。第21页7.Thecountryhasalreadysentupthreeunmannedspacecraft,themostrecent_attheendoflastMarch.A.hasbeenlaunchedB.havingbeenlaunchedC.beinglaunchedD.tobelaunchedl解析：两个“句子”间没有并列连词，所以空格
20、处不可能填一个完整谓语，据此我们能够最先排除选项A。又因动作于去年三月底就已经发生，所以排除C，D。选B。themostrecenthavingbeenlaunchedattheendoflastMarch为独立主格结构，在句中做伴随状语。“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语组成。其作用相当于一个状语从句。第22页8Thechildrenwenthomefromthegrammarschool,theirlessons_fortheday.(重庆卷)A.finishingB.finishedC.hadfinishedD.weref
21、inishedl解析：B。两个“句子”间没有并列连词，不可能填一个完整谓语，能够最先排除C和D。再依据句意，因为lessons与动词finish之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词。第23页单项选择题：1.Theyoungmembermadeseveralproposals,andnoneof_consideredpracticaloracceptable.A.themB.whichC.itD.what2.Jingqiu,theyoungheroineofthenewZhangYimoumovieUnder the Hawthorn Tree,isaveryinnocenthighschoolstu
22、dent,_lovestorysetin_mid1970s.A.her;theB.whose;/C.whose;theD.her;/第24页3.Theoldmanspoketothegirlagain,raisinghisvoice,butstill_noanswer.A.receivedB.receivingC.hadreceivedD.toreceive4.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,_itmoredifficult.A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmake5.Tomcaughtth
23、eschoolbus,_.A.andJanedidneitherB.butsodidJaneC.andJanedidnteitherD.butJanedidnt第25页6.OnSundayafternoon,Mrs.Greenwenttothemarket,_somebananasandvisitedhercousin.A.boughtB.buyingC.tobuyD.buy7.Shesetoutsoonafterdark_homeanhourlater.A.arrivingB.toarriveC.havingarrivedD.andarrived8._thepoemasecondtime,t
24、hemeaningwillbecomeclearertoyou.A.YourhavingreadB.WhilereadingC.IfreadingD.Whenyouread第26页9._itwithmeandIllseewhatIcando.A.WhenleftB.LeavingC.LeaveD.Ifyouleave10.Thechildrenclimbedupthehill,_theypicnicked.A.onitstopB.onthetopofitC.onwhosetopD.onthetopofthat11.Whilereading,_.A.thedoorbellrangB.thedoo
25、rbellwasrangC.weheardthedoorbellringD.thebellofthedoorrang第27页12._manytimes,buthestillcouldntunderstandit.A.HavingbeentoldB.ThoughhehadbeentoldC.HewastoldD.Havingtold13._theroadandyoullsoongettothemuseum.A.WalkingonB.FollowingC.WalkD.Take14._anexpert,soheknewexactlywhattodo.A.BeingB.HavingbeenC.AsD.
26、Hewas15.Thedictionaryisexpensive,_wecouldhavetobuyit.A.butB.andC.orD.so第28页16.Fiveminutesearlier,_wecouldhavecaughtthelasttrain.A.orB.butC.andD.so17.Hurryup!_wellbelate.A.andB.soC.forD.sothat18.Itsideadidntagreewith_waswrittenintheBible.A.whichB.whatC.thatD.how19.Heispleasedwith_youhavegivenherandal
27、l_youvetoldher.A.that;thatB.that;whatC.what;thatD.what;what20._wecantgetseemsbetterthan_wehave.A.What;whatB.What;thatC.That;thatD.That;what第29页21.Johngotthefirstplaceand_madehisparentshappy.A.whichB.thatC.asD.what22.Ratherthan_onacrowdedbus,healwaysprefers_abicycle.A.ride;rideB.riding;rideC.ride;tor
28、ideD.toride;riding23.Youcanonlybesureof_youhaveatpresent,youcannotbesureofsomething_youmightgetinthefuture.A.that;whatB.what;/C.which;thatD./;that第30页24.Hewaseducatedatthelocalhighschool,_hewenttoBeijingUniversity.A.afterwhichB.afterthatC.inwhichD.inthat25.Lastweek,onlytwopeoplecametolookatthehouse,
29、_wantedtobuyit.A.noneofthemB.bothofthemc.noneofwhomD.neitherofwhom26.Shebroughtwithherthreefriends,noneof_Ihadevermetbefore.A.themB.whoC.whomD.these第31页27.Theartistwasbornpoor,_poorheremainedallhislife.A.andB.orC.butD.so28.Tomwasabouttoclosethewindow_hisattentionwascaughtbyachild.A.whenB.ifC.andD.till29._moreandmoreforestsweredestroyed,someanimalsarefacingthedangerofdyingout.A.ByB.WithC.AsD.For30.Tomisverygoodatscience,_forhisbrother,artishisfavorite.A.butB.whileC.thereforeD.and第32页