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1、英语平行结构和比较结构英语平行结构和比较结构Parallelism&Comparison第1页连词是一个虚词，它不能独立担任句子成份而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和隶属连词。并列连词用来连接平行词、词组和分句。隶属连词用来引导名词从句和各类状语从句。一、平行结构,即并列结构：由并列连词连接两个或两个以上对等语言成份组成。第2页并列结构连接伎俩并列结构连接伎俩）并列连词）标点符号）并列结构插入语在最终一个项目之前插入一个词语，使这个项目处于愈加突出地位。）并列结构对称组合成对组合方法使整个结构愈加紧凑。第3页常见并列连词有：1、表递进关系：and,not
2、onlybutalso,neithernor,notbut2.选择关系：or，eitheror,otherwise,whether.or3.转折对比关系:but,yet,whereas,while,still4.因果关系：so,for5.并列关系：and,when第4页一、表示平行、递进关系连词1.AandBAnd连接两个并列成份。and也常位于句首，使上下文联络更紧密。Thefabricislightandstrong.Ilikereadingandfishinginmysparetime.Thismodelofthecomputerispowerful,andthepriceiscompe
3、titive.Itwasaseverewinter.Andwehadnotenoughfoodforourselves.第5页2.bothAandB这一结构是and强化形式，连接两个成份必须在结构上等同。不能连接句子。Thenewtaxpolicybenefitsbothworkersandfarmers.BothesheandIareinterestedinEnglishliterature.第6页3.notonlybut(also)不但而且notonlybutaswell不但而且也aswellas和andaswell和*notonlybut(also)结构侧重在后者，而结构侧重在后者，而a
4、swellas侧重在前者。侧重在前者。NotonlyGeorgebutalsohiswifedidalotforus.Itissaidthathecanflyaplaneaswellasdriveacar.Shecanplaypopmusicandclassicalmusicaswell.第7页二、表示选择关系连词二、表示选择关系连词1.neitherAnorB这一结构表示否定意义，若连接两个句子能够采取倒装形式。Einsteincaredforneithermoneynorfame.Youcanneithertakeitoutnorphotocopyit.*在否定结构中通惯用or连接两个并列
5、成份。Youcannevertakeitoutorphotocopyit.第8页2.or或者，大约，不然，不然 eitheror或者.或者，不是就是(eitheror结构是or强化形式)Doyoustayathomealoneorgototheatrewithme?Youllhavetowaitoneortwodaysbeforeyouknowtheresult.Hurryup,orwellbelate.Haveonemoretry,oryouwontbesuccessful.Eitherhedidntspeakclearlyoryoudidnthearwell.第9页三、表示转折和对比意义并
6、列连词三、表示转折和对比意义并列连词but（不过），yet（然而），while（而，却）等 Afterabusyday,Ifelttiredbuthappy.Difficultieswillariseinthecourseofreforming，butwewillcertainlyovercomethem.Hewasnotfeelingwell,yethekeptonuntilitwasdone.Chinaisrichinnaturalresources,whileJapanispoor.第10页四、表示因果关系并列连词四、表示因果关系并列连词so（所以，所以），for（因为）Manydire
7、ctorswereabsent,sothemeetinghadtobepostponed.Hemusthavedonesomethingwrong,fortheheadteachercalledhimtotheoffice.*so不能与because同时出现在同一句中。For从句主要是对前面句子作出解释或进行推断，所以for引导句子不能用于句首。第11页1.Tomistall_hisbrotherisshort.2.Shegotupearly,_shefailedtobethereontime.3.Itisnotwrongofpeopletopursuewealth;_,theyshoulda
8、lsotrytolearntofulfilltheirknowledge.4.Someonemustbecoming,_thedogisbarking.5.Thatwasourfirstlesson,_shedidntknowallournames.whilebutyetforso第12页1.OnedayJohnwaslate,_hismissedthefirstclass.2.Notonlydidhespeakmorecorrectly,_hespokemoreeasily.3.Thechildrencangowithus,_theycanstayathome.4.Youmusttellth
9、etruth,_youwillbepunished.5.Eitheryoucandoitbyyourself,_youcanasksomeoneelsetohelpyou.6.Doyouhaveatablefortwo?-Imsorry,_therearentanyseatsnow.andbutalsoorororbut第13页PairedconjunctionsDirections:Addisoraretoeachsentence1.Boththeteacherandthestudent_here.2.Neithertheteachernorthestudent_here.3.Notonly
10、theteacherbutalsothestudents_here.areisare第14页ErrorAnalysis:PairedConjunctions1.EitherJohnwillcallMaryorBob.1.JohnwillcalleitherMaryorBob.2.NotonlySuesawthemousebutalsothecat.2.Suesawnotonlythemousebutalsothecat.3.Ienjoynotonlyreadingnovelsbutalsomagazines.3.Ienjoyreadingnotonlynovelsbutalsomagazine
11、s.4.Oxygenisplentiful.Bothaircontainsoxygenandwater.4.Oxygenisplentiful.Bothairandwatercontainoxygen.第15页并列结构标点符号并列结构标点符号由两个以上项目组成并列结构通常只在最终一个项目之前用并列连词，其它项目之间用逗号连接。Therearefivetypesofdischargefrommilitaryservice:honorable,general,undesirable,badconduct,anddishonorable.两个以上项目全用连词连接起来并列结构，在修辞色彩上给人以悠闲迟
12、缓、延续持久感觉。Raisingvegetablespresentsendlessopportunitiesforweedingandthinningandhoeingandwatering.第16页有时也可全用逗号，在修辞色彩上给人以担心、急促、明快、利落感觉。除了逗号，分号和冒号也能起并列连词作用。分号连接两个并列分句，通常表示对比关系。Golfdemandsthebestoftimeandspace;tennis,thebestofpersonalenergy.用冒号连接两个并列分句，通常表示下文是对上文解释和发挥。Hijackersandkidnappersoffertwoequall
13、yimpossiblealternatives:arefusaltomeettheirtermsmaymeandeathfortheirvictims;meetingtheirtermsmaymeanmorevictimsinthefuture.第17页在一些连接性副词如accordingly,furthermore,hence,however,nevertheless,therefore等之前通常要用分号，而不用逗号。Hehadworkedintheforeignservicefortwoyearswithoutleave;hencehewastiredalmostbeyondenduran
14、ce.FromarunningstartPedrolaunchedhisbodyintoavigorousracingdrive;however,hewasaboutthirtyfeetfromthepoolatthetime.第18页二、对连接词连接成份要求：形式对称；功效相同（充当一样句子成份），时态平衡。并列平行结构应该是名词和名词，副词和副词，分词和分词，不定式和不定式，动词和动词，句子和句子等并列，而不能其中一个概念用分词结构表示，而另一个概念用不定式或从句来表示。比以下面句子就违反了平行结构准则：Dosomenicethingsforyourparentsthattheydonte
15、xpectlikecooking,doingthedishes,washingclothes,orcleanthefloors.“做饭”、“刷碗”、“洗衣服”、“拖地”在本句中应为并列结构作为介词like“像”宾语，故应用相同形式，都用动名词，所以应将clean改为cleaning。第19页三、平行结构主要类型1.名词和名词平行结构Thepatientssymptomswerefever,dizziness,andheadache.病人症状是发烧、头晕和头痛。2.形容词和形容词平行结构Earlytobedandearlytorisemakesamanhealthy,wealthyandwise
16、.早睡早起使人健康、富有、聪明。第20页三、平行结构主要类型3.副词和副词平行结构Theworkishandsomelyandskillfullydone.这项工作做得漂亮，有水平。4.分词平行结构(现在分词与现在分词/过去分词与过去分词)Theboyswererunning,shoutingandlaughing.男孩子们边跑，边喊叫着、笑着。（伴随状语）Theoldmanreturnedhome,disappointedandexhausted.第21页5.动名词doing平行结构Henrysworkisreadingbooksandwritingbookreviews.亨利工作是读读书，
17、写写书评。6.动词不定式平行结构Ontheotherhand,40%thinkthatfeesshouldbechargedbecauseyouneedmoneytopaygardenersandotherworkers,and(to)buyplantsandyoungtrees.其次，40%同学认为应收门票，他们认为门票费可以作为支付园林工人及其他工作人员工资和购买新花木费用。and连接并列不定式第二个不定式往往省略to。第22页7.介词短语平行结构1）Yoursemestergradeisbasednotonlyonhowwellyoudooneachtest,butalsoonhowyo
18、uparticipateinclass.2）Weoftengotothecountrysideaswellastofactories.8.谓语动词平行结构 谓语谓语形式时态要一致形式时态要一致 Hewentdowntown,boughtsomebooksandvisitedhisdaughter.9.句子并列（并列句）Iwastired,butIfelthappy.第23页ErrorAnalysis:ParallelStructure1.Byobeyingthespeedlimit,wecansaveenergy,lives,anditcostsusless.1.Byobeyingthespe
19、edlimit,wecansaveenergy,livesandmoney.2.Myhomeoffersmeafeelingofsecurity,warm,andlove.2.Myhomeoffersmeafeelingofsecurity,warmth,andlove.第24页3.Thepioneerslaboredtoclearawaytheforestandplantingcrops.3.Thepioneerslaboredtoclearawaytheforestandplantcrops.4.WhenIrefusedtohelpher,shebecameveryangryandshou
20、tatme.4.WhenIrefusedtohelpher,shebecameveryangryandshoutedatme.第25页5.Inmysparetime,Ienjoytakingcareofmyaquariumandtoworkonmystampcollection.5.Inmysparetime,Ienjoytakingcareofmyaquariumandworkingonmystampcollection.6.Withtheirkeensight,finehearing,andtheyhavearefinedsenseofsmell,wolveshuntelk,deer,mo
21、ose,andcaribou.6.Withtheirkeensight,finehearing,andrefinedsenseofsmell,wolveshuntelk,deer,moose,andcaribou.第26页7.Allplantsneedlight,tohaveasuitableclimate,andanamplesupplyofwaterandmineralsfromthesoil.7.Allplantsneedlight,asuitableclimate,andanamplesupplyofwaterandmineralsfromthesoil.第27页英语比较句型英语比较句
22、型第28页原级句型“as+原级原级形容词形容词/副词副词+as”结构，表示前后二者情况一样1）“A+系动词系动词+as+形容词原级形容词原级+as+Beg.Billisasfunnyashisfather.Myhandwritingisasbeautifulasyours.我书法和你一样好。2）“A+谓语动词谓语动词+as+副词原级副词原级+as+B”eg.LucyspeaksChineseaswellasLily.第29页在否定句中，用“notas/so+原级形容词原级形容词as”结构，表示前者不如后者。“A+系动词系动词+notasso+形容词原级形容词原级+as+B”eg.Thesebo
23、oksarentasinterestingasthose.Iamnotas/sobusyasIusedtobe.我没有过去那么忙了。区分：区分：TomisnotastallasMike.TomisnotsotallasMike.“A+助动词情态动词助动词情态动词+not+谓语动词谓语动词+asso+副词原级副词原级+as+B”eg.Shedidntsingsowellthatnightassheusuallydoes.第30页thesame()as与与相同相同/一样一样YouvemadethesamemistakeasTom.有时有时thesame能够单独使用：能够单独使用：Mymotheri
24、smuchyoungerthanyours.Sheisnt!Theyreaboutthesameage.Thosetwodressarethesame.differentfrom与与不一样不一样（different前面可加very，much，alittle等修饰语）IsFrenchfoodverydifferentfromItalianfood?Wereplanningsomethingdifferentthisyearfromwhatwedidlastyear.第31页惯用词组1.asgoodas几乎已经，实际上等于，和几乎已经，实际上等于，和几乎几乎一一样样 Heisasgoodasdea
25、d.他跟死了一样。Thesecondhandgeographybookisasgoodasnew.这本二手地理书几乎还是新。2.assoonas一一就就 PleaseletusknowassoonasyouarriveinBeijing.一到北京，请通知我们一声。Assoonasshegothome,shebegancooking.她一到家就开始做饭。第32页3.asmuch/manyas多达多达，到达，到达之多，实际上等于，之多，实际上等于，差不多差不多 Someofthestonesevenweighasmuchasfifteentons.有些石块甚至重达15吨。Thenumberofpe
26、oplewholosthomesreachesasmanyas250,000.失去家园人数多达25万。Thatsasmuchastosayhewasathief.那无异于说他曾是个小偷。4.asfaras就就而言，尽而言，尽 AsfarasIknow,hellbeawayforthreemonths.就我所知，他将离开三个月。Wewillhelpyouasfaraswecan.我们会尽力帮助你。第33页5.aslongas只要只要 Youcangowhereyoulikeaslongasyougetbackbeforedark.你去哪儿都能够，只要你在天黑前返回。Youwillbehappya
27、slongasIamliving.只要我活着，你就会幸福。6.asoftenas每当，每当，每次每次 Asoftenashecame,hewouldstaywithusforatime.每次他来，总要和我们呆上一阵子。TheboyalwayssayshellotomeasoftenasImeethim.每次我遇见那个小男孩，他总是向我问好。第34页7.aswellas和，同，既和，同，既又又，不但，不但而且而且 Myparentsaswellasmyelderbrotherenjoymusic.我父母亲和我哥哥都喜欢音乐。Heiscleveraswellashardworking.他不但努力工
28、作而且聪明。8.asaspossible/onecan尽可能，尽（某人）尽可能，尽（某人）所所能能 Pleasesweepthefloorascleanaspossible.请把地清扫得尽可能洁净。IllgetbackassoonasIcan.第35页 比较级比较级+than（比比更更）Thisbridgeislongerthanthatone.Ourschoolislargerthantheirs.比较级比较级 +andand+比较级比较级（越来越越来越）Inspring,thedaysaregettinglongerandlongerTheflowersaremoreandmorebeau
29、tiful.第36页The+比较级比较级，the+比较级比较级（越（越就越就越）1）Thesooner，thebetter.2）Themoreyoueat，thefatteryouwillbe.Which is+Which is+比较级，比较级，A or B?A or B?（A A和和B B，哪一个比较，哪一个比较？）？）Whichislonger,thisoneorthat?第37页the+最高级最高级 +（名词）（名词）+in/of/among在（范围内）最1）Tomisthetallestinhisclass.2）Thisappleisthebiggestofthefive.one of
30、 theone of the+形容词最高级形容词最高级+复数名词复数名词表示“是中最之一”。Beijing is one of the largest cities in China.Which is+Which is+thethe+最高级最高级+?+?在在（范围内）哪一个最（范围内）哪一个最？Whichisthebiggestofthefiveballs第38页利用比较级表示最高级概念利用比较级表示最高级概念“比较级比较级+thananyother+名词单数名词单数”，“比较级比较级+thantheother+名词复数名词复数”或“比较级比较级+thantherestof+the+名词复数名
31、词复数”都可表示最高级意义。Juliaistallerthananyothergirlinherclass.Juliaistallerthantheothergirlsinherclass.Juliaistallerthantherestofthegirlsinherclass.以上三句表示意思等同于最高级含义：Juliaisthetallestofthegirlsinherclass.朱丽叶是她们班上最高女生。第39页比较级和最高级修饰语比较级和最高级修饰语比较级比较级修饰语修饰语Much（得多），far（得多），even（甚至，更），still(更)，abit（有点），alittle（有点
32、），alot（很），agreatdeal(大大地),twice(两倍),fivetimes(五倍),two-fifths(五分之二),ahalf(二分之一)等修饰比较级表示程度，但决不可用very修饰。eg.TomisalittletallerthanMike.Tom比Mike稍高一点；Itisevencoldertodaythanyesterday.今天甚至比昨天更冷第40页比较结构同义转换比较结构同义转换有时，不一样比较结构能够表示相同意思，所以，它们能够相互转换。1.notas/soas与与lessthan转换转换Theplacewasnotas/socrowdedasitusually
33、isyesterday.Theplacewaslesscrowdedthanitusuallyisyesterday.昨天，这个地方不像日常那样挤满了人。2.morethan与与lessthan,notas/soas转换转换Yourpictureismorebeautifulthanhis.Hispictureislessbeautifulthanyours.Hispictureisntas/sobeautifulasyours.你画比他好看。3.最高级与最高级与morethan,nomorethan转换转换Mathisthemostdifficultsubjectofall.Mathismo
34、redifficultthananyothersubject.Nosubjectismoredifficultthanmath.数学是全部学科中最难。第41页Exercises用括号中形容词或副词适当形式用括号中形容词或副词适当形式填空填空1）Thisparkismuchthanthatone.(beautiful)2）Imaboyinthesun.(happy)3）Whichbookis,yoursormine?(thick)4）Mymotherdrivesasasmyfather.(good)5）WhoisthanI,heorshe?(old)6)Hebecomesand(越来越胖)7)T
35、heheis,thehefeels他越忙就越高兴。8)Thisgardenisasasthatone(三倍大)morebeautifulhappythickerwelloldestfatterfatterbusierhappierthreetimesbig第42页用所给词组翻译句子1.一旦关系有所改进，他们就能够获准离开。(assoonas)Assoonasrelationsimprovetheywillbeallowedtogo.2.据我所知，它仅仅维持了两三年。(asfaras)Itonlylastedacoupleofyears,asfarasIknow.3.只要你离他们远一点,你就会安
36、全.(aslongas)Aslongasyoucankeepawayfromthem,youresafe.4.选花不但要观其形还要闻其香。(aswellas)Flowersarechosenfortheirscentaswellastheirlook.第43页不改变意思，改写以下不改变意思，改写以下句型句型1)LinTaoisthetallestboyinhisclass.LinTaoisanyotherinhisclass.2）Scienceisnotsointerestingasmusic.Scienceisthanmusic.Musicisthanscience.3)Thisboxis1
37、2kg.Thatboxis14kg.Thetwoboxesare_weight.4）Maryis6yearsold.Lilyis12yearsold.Lilysageis_Marys.(asas)Maryis_thanLily.tallerthanboylessinterestingmoreinterestingthesamethesametwiceasoldasyounger第44页选择选择填空填空（）1.Thisbookisthatone.A.notsointerestingB.moreinterestingthanC.asmoreinterestingasD.interestingtha
38、n（）2.IthinkmathsisnotEnglish.A.easierB.lesseasyC.easyD.soeasyas（）3.Heisoneofinourcountry.A.themostpopularsingerB.themostpopularsingersC.themorepopularsingersD.mostpopularsingers（）4.Whichdoyouprefer,vegetablesorfruit?Ipreferfruitvegetables.A.toB.thanC.ofD.and（）5.TheweatherinBeijingisasinShanghaitoday
39、.A.wetterthantheweatherB.wetastheweatherC.wetthanthatD.wetasthatBDBAD第45页6.NoonerunsasfastasJohninhisclass.Thesentencemeans_.A.Johnrunsfastestinhisclass.B.Johnrunsfasterthananyotherboyinhisclass.C.Johnrunsmoreslowlythananyotherstudentinhisclass.D.Johnrunsasfastasothersinhisclass.7.NewYorkis_intheUni
40、tedStates.A.largerthananycityB.largerthananyothercityC.biggerthananycitiesD.biggestofallthecities8.Ofthetwopencil-boxes,theboychose_expensiveone.A.lessB.theleastC.thelessD.themost9.Howwastheweatheryesterday?-Itwasterrible.Itrained_.Peoplecould_goout.A.hardly;hardlyB.hardly;hardC.hard;hardD.hard;hard
41、ly10.Thischairisnot_forhimto_.A.strongenough;sitB.enoughstrong;sitC.enoughstrong;sitinD.strongenough;sitonABCDD第46页Translate the following sentencesTranslate the following sentences.你工作越努力你工作越努力,你就会得到越好结果。你就会得到越好结果。你英语听得越多你英语听得越多,英语就会越轻易。英语就会越轻易。你越爬得高你越爬得高,就看得越远。就看得越远。你越吃得多你越吃得多,就会越胖。就会越胖。The harder you work,the better result you will get.The more you listen to English,the easier it becomes.The higher you climb,the farther you will see.Themoreyoueat,thefatteryouwillbe.第47页