《认知语言学视角下英汉基本颜色词“红”的隐喻对比研究.doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《认知语言学视角下英汉基本颜色词“红”的隐喻对比研究.doc（58页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、摘 要隐喻作为一种认知手段在不同语言中都大量存在，隐喻的对比分析也是当下有关隐喻研究的一个主要方向。传统的隐喻观视隐喻为一种修辞手段，而在莱考夫和约翰逊的我们赖以生存的隐喻一书中首次提出了将隐喻视为人类的一种认知方式的概念隐喻理论，实现了隐喻理论研究从修辞格到认识方法的转变。颜色域作为人类基本认知域之一，以颜色词的形式记录在人类语言中并具有丰富的隐喻意义。因此通过对颜色词作为始源域的英汉隐喻的研究，可以找出英语和汉语中颜色词隐喻的认知过程以及影响认知结果的因素，使人们更好的理解并使用颜色词隐喻。根据语言中颜色词的特征及发展顺序，Kay& Berlin归纳总结了基本颜色词理论，根据基本颜色词理论
2、，红是人类语言中首个出现的彩色基本颜色词。本文采用以概念隐喻理论为主概念转喻理论为辅的理论框架，以RED为例，从Corpus of Contemporary American English和Corpus of Center for Chinese Linguistics PKU两个语料库中各随机抽取的1000条含有RED的语料，借助牛津英语词典和现代汉语词典进行定性分析，总结红在英语和汉语隐喻使用情况及隐喻含义；通过对比英语和汉语中红的隐喻含义找出差异性和共性，并找出导致英汉以红为始源域的隐喻之间存在共性和差异的因素。研究发现，红在英语和汉语中都存在着大量的隐喻。红在英语中的主要隐喻含义有警
3、告、强度、债务、官僚等，在汉语中的主要隐喻含义有警告、喜悦、女性、政治等，其中红作为政治、警告、强度、等隐喻在英汉中都存在，这主要是由于人眼识别色彩的生理机制以及红光的物理属性决定的。而在英汉中都存在着独有的隐喻含义，例如英语中的官僚和汉语中的爱情，造成这些差异的主要原则则是中西方文化的不同，隐喻具有文化依存性，所以不同文化间的相同始源域所产生的映射也不同。除此之外，作者发现红在英汉隐喻中的映射过程并不都是一步完成的，有些隐喻的映射过程是建立在转喻基础上的。本研究旨在为其他领域对颜色词的研究如心理学提供了思路，有利于认知语言学与其他学科间互动与发展。并期待通过对红色隐喻的英汉对比分析，跨文化交
4、际教学有一定启示。关键词：红；基本颜色词；概念隐喻；英汉对比AbstractMetaphor, as a cognitive device, is widely employed in human language. The comparative study of metaphor between English and Chinese is also a main direction of metaphor research. The traditional view of metaphor regards metaphor as a rhetorical device. In Lakof
5、f and Johnsons metaphor we live, the conceptual metaphor theory that regards metaphor as a cognitive way of human beings is put forward for the first time, which realizes the transformation of metaphor theory from rhetoric to cognitive method. As one of the basic cognitive domains, color domain is r
6、ecorded in human language as color terms and has rich metaphorical meanings. Therefore, by studying the metaphors of color term in English and Chinese, we can find out the cognitive process of color term metaphors in English and Chinese and the factors that affect the cognitive results, so that peop
7、le can better understand and use color term metaphors.According to the characteristics and development order of colors in language, Kay and Berlin summed up the Basic Color Term theory. According to the Basic Color Term Theory, RED is the first colorful basic color term in human language. In this pa
8、per, we use the conceptual metaphor theory as the theoretical framework and use the conceptual metonymy theory as supplement. In Corpora of Contemporary American English and Corpus of Center for Chinese Linguistics PKU, 1000 corpora with RED were randomly selected. By using Oxford English Dictionary
9、 and Modern Chinese Dictionary to make qualitative analysis, we can summarize the metaphorical meanings of red in English and Chinese; by comparing the metaphorical meanings of red in English and Chinese, we can find out the differences and similarities and the factors that lead to the similarities
10、and differences between English and Chinese metaphors with red as the source domain. The author found that there are a lot of metaphors of RED in both English and Chinese. The main metaphorical meanings of red in English are Warning, Intensity, Debt, Bureaucracy, etc., while in Chinese are warning,
11、Enjoyment, Femininity, Politics, etc. Among them, red as a metaphor of Politics, Warning, Intensity, etc. exists in both Chinese and English, which is mainly determined by the physiological mechanism of human eye and the physical attribute of red light. There are unique metaphorical meanings in both
12、 English and Chinese, such as Bureaucracy in English and Love in Chinese. The main cause of these differences is the difference between Chinese and Western cultures. Metaphors are culturally dependent, so the same source of different cultures produces different mappings. In addition, the author find
13、s that the mapping process of red in English and Chinese metaphors is not all completed in one step. Some metaphors are based on metonymy.The purpose of this study is to provide ideas for the study of color terms in other fields, such as psychology, which is conducive to the interdisciplinary intera
14、ction and development between cognitive linguistics and other disciplines. It is hoped that through the contrastive study of metaphor in RED between English and Chinese, the teaching of cross-cultural communication will be enlightened.Key words: RED, Basic Color Term, Conceptual Metaphor, Contrastiv
15、e StudyChapter ONE Introduction1.1 Research BackgroundSince the publication of Metaphor We live by, people have a new understanding of metaphor and Metonym. Metaphor and metonymy are no longer rhetorical devices of language but ways of thinking, which are important cognitive devices for human concep
16、tual system. Shu Dingfang (2002) pointed out that the essence of metaphor is a tool of perception and concept formation for human beings to understand the world around them. The development of cognition and language is inseparable from the perception and experience of human senses to the external th
17、ings. Metaphor is generated by mapping from the source domain to the target domain. The function is to construct or explain another abstract concept with a specific one which is more familiar. In the huge cognitive system of human beings, color is an important part of human visual results and plays
18、an important role in life. Langacker (1987) pointed out that color domain is the most basic cognitive domain of language, which is the same as space domain and emotional domain. Verne F. Ray (1953) pointed out that each color system aims to make the colors arranged orderly, so that people can percei
19、ve and feedback them, and then promote speech communication. No matter in vision or emotion, people will respond to color and give it specific connotation. Color metaphor makes our cognition of things more real and vivid. According to the basic color term theory, red is the first colorful term, whic
20、h is more representative and worthy of further study.This thesis will take the basic color term RED as an example to compare its metaphor between English and Chinese, which not only focused on the meaning of metaphors, but pay more attention to the differences and similarities and the causes of them
21、.1.2 Objective and Significance of the StudyThrough the analysis of 1000 corpora randomly selected from COCA and CCL, it is found that there are a lot of metaphors of RED used in both English and Chinese, and metaphors in English and Chinese have similarities and differences. The main factors for th
22、e similarities and differences are physiological factor and cultural factors.There are some theoretical and practical values:Metaphor was studied as a rhetorical device for a long time. Lakoff and Johnson proposed conceptual metaphor as a way of thinking and cognitive means of human beings, and meta
23、phor is not a special way of expression, which generally exists in our daily languages. According to statistics, 70% of everyday expressions are produced by metaphor. Through the analysis of conceptual metaphor of basic color term red, the study further proves the universality of metaphor, and metap
24、hor is influenced by background culture, the same lexical metaphor of different cultures may be different. Second, through the analysis of color terms from the perspective of conceptual metaphor, the thesis provides ideas for the study of color in other fields, such as psychology, which is conducive
25、 to the interaction and development between cognitive linguistics and other disciplines.Metaphor of basic color terms widely exists in daily life. People with the same background and culture can easily grasp and understand the metaphorical meaning. However, for people with different cultural backgro
26、unds, it is difficult to understand metaphor of basic color words, which needs to consult materials to understand its connotation. The practical significance of this topic lies in that, by comparing the differences between English and Chinese color metaphors, foreign language learners can reduce the
27、ir confusion in understanding metaphors of color, and can use the color metaphor connotation of the target language to understand when encountering color metaphors with cultural differences, so as to reduce the generation of ambiguity. By analyzing the similarities and differences of metaphor, we ca
28、n understand cultures in depth and improve the intercultural communication ability.1.3 The Organization of the ThesisThe thesis consists of six chapters. The first three chapters are the basic of the research. The first chapter is introduction, including the background, the objectives and significan
29、ce and the layout of the study. The second chapter is literature review, including the previous study on Basic Color Term Theory and development of metaphor. In chapter three, the theoretical framework includes the definition of conceptual metaphor, conceptual metonymy and the working mechanism of t
30、hem are elucidated in this part.The fourth chapter is research methodology. Research object and data selection, research questions and research procedure which involve the methodologies are showed in this chapter. The fifth chapter is the most important part of the thesis. In this part, the author f
31、irst analyzed the metaphor of RED in English and Chinese and supported by the samples from COCA and CCL. Besides the meaning of metaphor, the process of mapping is present. Then point out the similarities and differences between English and Chinese and the causes from physiological and psychological
32、 aspect. The last chapter is the conclusion which gives a summary to the findings, explains the limitations of the study and provides some suggestions for future studies.Chapter Two Literature Review2.1 The Development of Basic Color Term TheoryAristotle mentioned that color is different from differ
33、ent perspective, which shows that color is not inherent within or independent from the object. Instead, it is the result of the interaction between the human visual organ and the object. Abstract art master Wassily Kandinsky said that color can affect human mental sense directly, therefore the perce
34、ption of color is not singular or fixed. Color and human cognition are connected with each other before the formation of the color terms.According to the development of Basic Color Terms, overseas research on basic color words can be divided into the following stages: First, before Basic Color Term
35、theory was put forward: the research from the middle of 19th century to the beginning of 20th century, the research in the first half and the middle of 20th century. Second, proposition and supplement of Basic Color Term theory.2.1.1 Before the Proposal of Basic Color Term TheoryThe study of color t
36、erms was initiated by W. Gladstone, a famous English scholar. He analyzed the color descriptions in Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age, which was published in 1858. He found that there were only a few abstract words to describe colors in ancient Greece, and the meanings of these words are ambiguou
37、s. Thusly, he believes that such language fact could be attributed to the defective color sense organ in ancient Greek: their ability to distinguish one color from another was less developed than modern people (Yao, 1988).His findings and conjectures attracted the attention of German linguist L. Gei
38、ger. At a conference of German zoologists and botanists in 1867, Geiger expressed agreement with the view of difference between the sensory organs of ancient and modern people. He believed that the lack of abstract words for color description and the ambiguous meaning are ascribed to the underdevelo
39、ped ability. Geiger believes that with improved recognition abilities for colors, humans will be able to distinguish and name more and more colors. He was the first to propose the hypothesis about the general order of occurrence of colors and reached the conclusion in the Contributions to the Histor
40、y of the Development of the Human Race in 1880 (Yao, 1988).The hypothesis is that the order in which people perceive colors is similar to the order in which they are arranged in the natural spectrum. Therefore, the appearance of color terms requires at least six stages in a given language.Stage 1: T
41、here is only one word to describe the mixing of black and red concepts;Stage 2: Black and red concepts diverge, resulting in the names of black and red; Stage 3: Yellow names appeared, so did green; Stage 4: White names appeared; Stage 5: Green names appeared and it possibly indicates blue; Stage 6:
42、 Blue names appeared.In the same year, German ophthalmologist H. Magnus found the evidence to refute the conclusions of Geiger et al. and published such evidence in Under suchungenber den farbensinn der naturvlker. Because of the ground breaking cross-cultural research, Magnus provided a model for m
43、odern anthropological research. In the research, he reached the following conclusions: 1. Color naming is not necessarily related to the level of perception, and their discrimination of color depends on whether such color is necessary in daily life; 2. The first identified color was red, followed by
44、 yellow, green, and blue; 3. It is easy to confuse the expression of adjacent colors in the spectrum, such as green and blue; 4. In languages with only two or three color terms, red represents colors with relatively long wavelengths, such as red, orange, and yellow; while black represents relatively
45、 short-wavelength colors, such as blue, green, and purple.His survey was the largest at that time. Berlin and Kay evaluated the main conclusions, except for it should be corrected that yellow appeared before green. After Magnus, in the early 2000s, although a few scholars have discussed the universa
46、lity of the words for color in the order of occurrence, this aspect of research has been ignored due to the emergence of Anthropological linguistics.Because Edward Sapir and B. L. Whorf put forward the SapirWhorf hypothesis which stresses upon the notion that different languages make different class
47、ifications. The structure of the language can affect the thinking mode and behavior of the speakers. The study of color at that time was mainly carried out under such background, especially in the 1960s. It takes the theoretical framework of this hypothesis and focuses on specific language names in
48、a very specific way.Conklin (1955) investigated a dialect of Philippines and found that they used four color terms to express different colors. Grisn compared English with a native language of Rhodesia and a native language of Libya to divide chromatographic expressions. Both Conklin and Grisn agree
49、d that the visual physiologies of color perception between humans are no different, although each language has its own way of recording color.2.1.2 The Basic Color Term TheoryIn the 1960s, foreign scholars began to study the color words in different languages. Anthropologists Berlin and Kay experimented 98 languages and published basic color words: their universality and evolution in 1969. According to their definition, the basic color terms should fulfil the following criteria: