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1、材料与方法材料与方法1.How to write the materials and methods section2.Follow the guidelines below for writing a good Materials and Methods section Write most of the section in the past tense.Organize it in chronological order.Construct subheadings that correspond to those to be used in the Results section.Be
2、precise and concise.Study Subjects Present inclusion and exlcusino criteria for selecting the subjects studied.Give details of all relevant characteristics of the study subjects and of any control subjects.Give details of informed consent procedures if human subjects are involved.Materials Give exac
3、t technical specifications of the materials used.Do not use proprietary(专专卖卖的的，专专利利的的)names unless the properties of a particular proprietary product were important to the experiment.Give the genus5dVi:nEs5dVi:nEs(种种,类类),species and strain of any animals,plants,etc.used in the study.Methods Describe
4、 what you did.Give sufficient detail to permit other research workers in the field to replicate your work.Describe statistical methods.Mention a well established method by name,or by giving an appropriate reference.材料与方法材料与方法 Read the following example Materials and Methods section and familiarize y
5、ourself with the layout:MethodsPatients Thirty-six consecutive patients underwent heart transplantation by the midatrial-cuff technique between August 1992 and June1993.Nine patients were not enrolled in the study;five patients had multiple medical limitations after prolonged hospitalization,and fou
6、r patients declined to participate.Within two weeks after transplantation,informed consent was obtained from the remaining 27 patients,who were randomly assigned(by selection of sealed envelopes)either to a gropu that participated in an exercise training program in an outpatient cardiac-rehabilitati
7、on setting(exercise group,14 patients)or to a control group(13 patients).The control group received written guidelines for exercise but participated in no formal,supervised exercise sessions after discharge from the hospital.材料与方法材料与方法 All the patitents were treated with triple-drug immunosuppressio
8、n,including cyclosporine,(环孢霉素环孢霉素)azathioprine(硝基硝基)咪唑硫嘌呤咪唑硫嘌呤),and prednisone.The dosage of prednisone was initially 1 mg per kilogram of body weight per day,given in divided doses,and was gradually decreased to 0.1mg per kilogram per day by six months after transplantation.Episodes of cardiac rej
9、ection were treated with an oral bolus(大大药丸药丸)dose of prednisone and then tapered(逐渐减少逐渐减少)doses and,for clinically severe rejection,with OKT3 murine monoclonal antibody(muromonab-CD3).Episodes of rejecitn and infection were recorded,and blood pressure,renal function,and weight gain evaluated in bot
10、h groups of patients during the study.Cardiac function was assessed with echocardiography and right-heart catheterization at base line dn at a six-month follow-up examination.材料与方法材料与方法Exercise Program At the time of entry into the structured,six-month program of rehabilitative exercise,patients in
11、the exercise group were evaluated by a physical therapist for overall muscle strength,joint flexibility,and aerobic endurance.On the basis of these findings,a supervised program of exercise was developed by the therapist according to each patients specific needs.Strengthening exercises consisted pri
12、marily of closed-chain resistive activities(e.g.,bridging lifting of hips with knees flexed in a supine position,half-squats,and toe raises)and abdominal exercises(curl-ups and pelvic tilts).Flexibility exercises,which emphasized chest expansion and thoracic mobility,included side stretches,trunk tw
13、ists,scapula squeezes,and shoulder rolls.Aerobic exercises consisted of walking on a motorized treadmill or pedaling on a bicycle ergometer(Cybex,Ronkonkoma,N.Y.),as well as arm movemnts on an ergometer(Cybex).The duration and intensity of aerobic-exercise sessions were increased to meet the patient
14、s tolerance,with a goal of at least 30 minutes of continuous exercise at a moderate intensity.材料与方法材料与方法 Patients initially visited the cardiac-rehabilitation clinic one to three weekly(some were unable to attend more than once each week because of transportation difficulties)and receive specific in
15、structions for exercising at home.The frequency of cardiac rehabilitation sessions was gradually reduced to one every two weeks as patients became more independently involved in their home exercise programs.Patients who had rejection were instructed not to exercise until a follow-up endomyocardial b
16、iopsy showed resolution of rejection,which usually required two weeks.材料与方法材料与方法 Measurements Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing All the patients underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise stress test that is routinely administered in our laboratory within one month after cardiac transplantation and again s
17、ix months after transplantation.Cardiopulmonary exercise stress tests were conducted by bicycle ergometry.During testing,the electrocardiogram was monitored continuously and the blood pressure was measured regularly.For maximal cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing,the patient first cycled at 50 t
18、o 70rpm with no workload for three minutes.Then the workload was incrementally increased by 10 W every minute until the patients ability to exercise became limited by symptoms.This point was taken as peak oxygen consumption(peak aerobic capacity).材料与方法材料与方法 During exercise testing,expired gas was co
19、llected and analyzed with a gas analyzer(Medical Graphics System 2001,Kalamazoo,Mich).The cardiopulmonary exercise measurements permitted determination of peak oxygen consumption,workload,ventilatory equivalent for oxygen,exercise time,time to estimated threshold of lactic acidosis as determined by
20、the V-slope method(the V slope is the point of a nonlinear increase in carbon dioxide production during exercise.),resting heart rate,peak heart rate,resting blood pressure,peak blood pressure,and minute ventilation.The primary end points of this study were the differences between the two groups of
21、patients in the results of cardiopulmonary exercise stress testing at one month and six months after transplantation.材料与方法材料与方法Statistical Analysis The distribution of the patients characteristics,the results of cardiopulmonary exercise testing at base line,the changes in the cardiopulmonary exercis
22、e measurements between the base-line evaluation and the six-month follow-up,and postoperative characteristics were evaluated by means of prespecified analyses.The frequency distributions and mode were examined for all the categorical measures.For all the continuous measures,the mean;the 25,50 75,and
23、 95 percent quantiles;the standard deviations;and the minimal and maximal values were examined.Fishers exact test was used for categorical measures,and the paired t-test was used for continuous measures.For all the tests a two-sided P value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical si
24、gnificance.材料与方法材料与方法-动词形式动词形式4-2.材材(资资)料与方法部分的时态料与方法部分的时态(1)材材料料与与方方法法部部分分多多属属回回顾顾性性叙叙述述，一一般般用用过过去去时时表表示示，有有时时也也可可用用现现在完成时在完成时，且，且多用被动语态多用被动语态。例如：。例如：The study was conducted in the tertiary level Neonatal Unit of a teaching hospital over one year period.本本项项目目对对冠冠心心病病猝猝死死的的男男性性心心脏脏进进行行前前瞻瞻性性研研究究。19
25、94年年1月月至至1997年年5月月马马里里兰兰州州的的医医学学人人员员对对这这些些心心脏脏进进行行过过研研究究。冠冠状状动动脉脉固固定定术术、心心脏脏解解剖剖以以及及组织标本制作情况如前所述。组织标本制作情况如前所述。Hearts from men who died of sudden coronary death were studied in a prospective fashion.These hearts were seen in consultation with the medical examiner in the state of Maryland between Janu
26、ary 1994 and May 1997.Coronary artery fixation,cardiac dissection,and tissue sampling were performed as previously described.TThe present prospective randomized controlled parallel study was conducted on 93 children up to 12 years admitted in our hospital between May 2002 and April 2004 with clinica
27、l presentation of typhoid fever(伤伤寒寒症症)without any localizing signs,and a positive blood culture for S.typhi(西伯利亚斑疹伤寒西伯利亚斑疹伤寒).材料与方法材料与方法-动词形式动词形式(2)说说明明研研究究或或实实验验之之前前发发生生的的动动作作或或情情况况，用用过过去去完完成成时时；表表示示过过去去以以前一直进行的动作，用前一直进行的动作，用过去完成进行时过去完成进行时。例如：。例如：受受试试者者就就座座至至少少5分分钟钟后后，由由训训练练有有素素的的观观察察者者用用标标准准水水银银血
28、血压压计计测测量量两次血压。两次血压。BP was measured twice by trained observers using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer after the subject had been seated for at least 5 minutes.877例胃癌患者中，有例胃癌患者中，有9例原已确诊为恶性贫血。例原已确诊为恶性贫血。Among 877 patients with gastric cancer，pernicious anaemia had previously been diagnosed in 9.12名名
29、儿儿童童患患者者中中有有7名名患患者者在在进进行行胆胆囊囊切切除除术术时时年年龄龄不不足足6岁岁。年年龄龄最最小小的的是是一一名名9个个月月的的男男孩孩，在在出出生生后后不不久久便便因因十十二二指指肠肠创创伤伤一一直直接接受受全胃肠外营养。全胃肠外营养。Seven of the 12 children were less than 6 years of age at the time of cholecystectomy,and the youngest was a 9-month-old boy who had been receiving total parenteral nutritio
30、n since shortly after birth after duodenal trauma.材料与方法材料与方法-动词形式动词形式(3)说明图表内容和数值表示法等，用说明图表内容和数值表示法等，用一般现在时一般现在时。所有标本均在所有标本均在20下冷冻，用酶联免疫吸附测定法测定下冷冻，用酶联免疫吸附测定法测定o All samples has been frozen at20until tested by conventional ELISA -The abbreviation(s)is/are the same as that/those in Tab.1.-Results are
31、expressed as Mean SD -Data are given as the mean number of monocytes per high power field standard deviation.材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达 材材(资资)料与方法部分的常用句型料与方法部分的常用句型(1)选择受试者的常见句型：选择受试者的常见句型：入选的标准是入选的标准是.：InclusionEntry criteria were consisted of =Inclusion criteria:5 to 15 years of age and diagnosis of
32、ARF(=acute renal failure急急性性肾肾功功能能衰衰竭竭)confirmed by 2 or more rheumatologists 9ru:mtRldVist9ru:mtRldVist(风风 湿湿 病病 学学 家家),sustained for at least 6 months and two or more visits.=The following inclusion/exclusion criteria were intended to allow entry of most patients with behavioral health problems an
33、d to ensure that the study sample was representative of the overall primary and medical care population.材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达不得人选的标准包括不得人选的标准包括.：Exclusion criteria included =Other exclusion criteria were only one visit to our Unit and/or follow-up shorter than 6 months.=In the present study system
34、atic random sampling was done to have a higher precision and children in the age group 24-47 months were included to study the coverage of booster(加加强强剂剂量量)doses and the MMR(=measles,mumps,rubella麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹)vaccine.研研究究对对象象的的选选择择是是根根据据.：Selection was based on ；were selected based on =Selecti
35、on was based on examination of postmortem specimens.=Children of age 24-47 months were selected using systematic random sampling.材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达人人选选参参加加本本研研究究的的主主要要标标准准为为.：The major criteria for inclusion in the study were.=The major criteria for inclusion in the study were psychosocial(社社会会
36、心理的心理的)problems such as domestic violence.如如果果有有以以下下任任何何一一条条不不得得参参加加本本项项研研究究：were excluded from the studyparticipationenrollment if they had any of the following =All those children were excluded who had a history of an effective antibiotic therapy within one week prior to admission in the hospital,
37、a known allergy to penicillin,chloramphenicol 9klR:rmfenikRl9klR:rmfenikRl(氯氯 霉霉素素),quinolones(喹喹 诺诺 酮酮 类类)or cephalosporins 7sefElEu5spC:rin7sefElEu5spC:rin(头头 孢孢菌素菌素),and a history of immunization with typhoid vaccine.=Because of missing data on several variables,11 subjects were exclude from the
38、analyses.材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达.因因.被认为不适合：被认为不适合：.were considered ineligible for.参加本项研究：参加本项研究：.were entered into the study.选自选自.：wererecruited from.=Participants were recruited from four large primary care clinics of Group Health Cooperative(GHC),a group model health maintenance organization servi
39、ng approximately 400,000 persons in Washington State.在在.被选人参加研究：被选人参加研究：were enrolled atin.=Three hundred forty-three patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass grafting were prospectively enrolled in the study and gave written informed consent.=In the study participation,a total of 386
40、patients were enrolled in the randomized trial.从从.随机挑选随机挑选.参加研究：参加研究：.were selected at random from 材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达(2)表示研究对象分组表示研究对象分组 .被被随随机机分分成成.：.were randomized into.；.were randomly allocated to.=A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of the National FINRISK Study
41、,drawn from the general population aged 2564 years in three areas in Finland in 1992.=Intervention Patients were randomly assigned to a 12 month collaborative care intervention(IMPACT)or usual care for depression.被被分分成成.：.were divided into；.were grouped into.；.were stratified into.，.were classified
42、into =Joint features were divided into 5 patterns of presentation:材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达(3)表示材料来源表示材料来源 .来自来自.：.was from.由由.提供：提供：.was provided by.购自购自.:.was purchased from =All antibiotic disks were purchased from Sigma Company.是从是从获得：获得：.was obtained from =The study was approved by ethics committ
43、ee of the faculty and written informed consent was obtained from patients parents.=We observed that 54.16%of H.Pylori isolates obtained from 29 pediatric patients were resistant to metronidazole which is a high proportion.由由.赠赠送送：.was donated by；was thea gift of from；was a donation from 用用骨骨分分析析器器(由
44、由夏夏威威夷夷西西门门子子奥奥斯斯汀汀公公司司生生产产)：using Osteo Analyzers(Simens-Osteorn，Wahiwas，Hawaii)人人类类免疫缺陷病毒的抗免疫缺陷病毒的抗gp41小鼠小鼠单单抗隆抗体抗隆抗体(由由华华盛盛顿顿州西雅州西雅图图市市遗传遗传所的所的KathyShriver博士博士赠赠送送)：mouse monoclonal antibody to gp41 Of HIV(a gift from Dr Kathy Shriver，Genetic systems，Seattle，WA)材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达(4)表表示示借借鉴鉴他
45、他人人的的实实验验方方法法(被被动动态态主主句句+by/with/using/by using引引出出的的状语状语).用用方法分离方法分离:was isolated by the procedure of.根根据据.方方法法制制备备：.was prepared according to the method described by.=Two overlapping rf2a-hybridizing genomic clones were obtained by screening B73 libraries.Both libraries were constructed using the
46、DASHII(Stratagene,La Jolla,CA)vector and were prepared by Pam Close and John Tossberg,respectively.按按照照以以前前介介绍绍的的方方法法进进行行.；.was carried out as previously described =Library screening conditions were as described by XU et al.1997.用用以以前前介介绍绍的的技技术术分分离离.：.was separated by the technique described previou
47、sly，材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达用用.方方法法测测定定：.was determined by.；.was measured with =Inflammatory activity was determined by ESR,CRP,and/or mucoprotein(黏蛋白黏蛋白)levels.=Cytokine9saitukain9saitukain(细细 胞胞 活活 素素)release and the responses of the immature lung are determined by allelicE5li:likE5li:lik(等等位位基基因因的
48、的)differences of the genes,creating a genetic susceptibility to BPD.=Cognitive function was measured with a battery of(一一连连串串的的)performance-based neuropsychological tests,reduced to a four-cognitive domain scores with factor analysis,and a self-report measure of cognitive difficulties.与与.相似：相似：.was
49、similar to.=The change in HDRS scores(an interview based assessment)was significantly different between the two arms and though the magnitude of change in CESD scores(a self-report measure)was similar to the change in HDRS this change was not significantly different in the two arms.=We observed maxi
50、mum MDRTF cases in the age group of 2-5 years(30.6%)which was similar to other studies.材料与方法材料与方法-常用结构表达常用结构表达(5)表示实验标本制备表示实验标本制备从从取取标本：标本：Samples of.were obtainedtaken from.=Reference values of C1r,C2,C5,C7,Properdin(备备解解素素，裂裂解解素素),and factors D,H,and I and C3a and C5a have been determined in cord