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1、WritingDo you think it was right to tear down the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel to build the Empire State Building?Write a persuasive essay explaining your answer.Social StudiesResearch the stock market crash of 1929.How did this event affect the construction of the Empire State Building?Write an article ex
2、plaining your findings.Connectionswww.readinga-LEVELED BOOK Z1LEVELED BOOK Z1Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Written by Elspeth LeacockEmpire State BuildingA Reading AZ Level Z1 Leveled BookWord Count:1,965Empire State BuildingWritten by Elspeth Leacockwww.readinga-Why is th
3、e Empire State Building an important historical landmark?Focus QuestionFront and back cover:The north side of the Empire State Building looking south toward New York HarborTitle page:The Fifth Avenue side of the buildingPage 3:Coin-operated binoculars allow visitors to see even farther at the top of
4、 the building.Photo Credits:Front cover,back cover:MarkusBeck/iStock/Thinkstock;title page:behyar rahmanim/iStock/Thinkstock;page 3:age fotostock/age fotostock/Superstock;page 4:Esta/Esta/Superstock;page 5:Venemama/D;page 6(top):DIZ Muenchen GmbH,Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo/Alamy;pages 6(bottom),16,1
5、7:Everett Collection Historical/Alamy;page 7:Underwood&Underwood/Corbis;page 8:Corbis;page 10:Imagno/Austrian Archives/The Image Works;page 11:Dgrilla/D;page 12(top left):Granger,NYC;pages 12(top right),18:Everett Collection Inc/Alamy;pages 12(center left,bottom left),13(bottom):Bettmann/Corbis;page
6、 12(bottom right):Museum of the City of New York/Granger,NYC;page 13(top):INTERFOTO/Alamy;page 14(left,right)AP Images;page 15:Riveters on the Empire State Building,193031(gelatin silver print),Hine,Lewis Wickes(18741940)/Private Collection/Photo Christies Images/Bridgeman Images;page 19:REX USA/Cai
7、aimage/Rexart decobargesdirigibles iconic mass-produced moguls rivetedscaffolds spire steelunprecedentedvantage pointWords to KnowEmpire State BuildingWorld Landmarks Level Z1 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Elspeth LeacockAll rights reserved.www.readinga-CorrelationLEVEL Z1WXN/A60Fountas&Pinnell
8、Reading RecoveryDRAEmpire State Building 34An Amazing ViewHow do you see five states in five minutes?Choose a clear day,travel to 350 Fifth Avenue in New York City,take a one-minute elevator ride to the 86th floor,and amble around the perimeter as you look out toward the horizon.From the vantage poi
9、nt of the observatory of the Empire State Building,you can see up to 80 miles(129 km)in every directiona distance that allows you to see not only New York but also parts of New Jersey,Pennsylvania,Connecticut,and Massachusetts.Visit in the evening and you may see stars in the night sky.Sometimes vis
10、itors see stars in the daytime,too,since actors and recording artists enjoy the awesome view as well.As Far as the Eye Can SeeAs Far as the Eye Can SeeATLANTIC OCEANNew YorkNew JerseyConnecticutPennsylvaniaMassachusettsFrom the top of the Empire State Building,you can see five states.Table of Conten
11、tsAn Amazing View .4Fame!.5A Winning Team .6Crash to the Bottom!.7Race to the Top .9The Workers .15A Building for the Ages.18Glossary.20 80 miles(129 km)Empire State Building Level Z156Fame!The Empire State Building was the tallest building in the world for decadesso tall that sunrise occurs about a
12、 half hour earlier on top than at street level.It is beautiful,big enough to have its own zip code,and an exciting place to visit.Its fame draws tourists from every nation;athletes are drawn to the challenge of reaching the 86th floor by racing up the 1,576 steps during the annual Run-Up event.The t
13、ower is also a hot spot for couples in love.Hopeful people choose the Empire State Building as the place to propose marriage.No wonder it is called the worlds most famous office building.This iconic building has a lot to offer,and so did the men who created it.A Winning TeamAlfred E.Smith and John J
14、.Raskob,two friends who decided to build the world-famous building,both grew up in poor immigrant families in New York.Each lost his father at an early age,dropped out of school,and went to work to help support his family.By 1929,however,Raskob was wealthy and Smith was famous,having run a campaign
15、for president of the United States and lost.Together they made a winning team.Raskob had friends who invested in the project,and Smith was a great talker who supplied the press with stories about every aspect of the buildingespecially its unprecedented height.In 1929 and 1930,the competition among N
16、ew York real estate moguls to erect the tallest skyscraper was heated.The Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building were both in the race,and floors kept being added to each to win the honor of being the tallest.When a surprise spire was added to the Chrysler Building in 1930,it became the tal
17、lestuntil the spire was added to the Empire State Building in 1931 and it won the race.ExcitingFour million visitors each yearBeautifulAward-winning modern designBig2.7 million square feet(250,838 sq m)of office spaceTall1,454 feet(443 m);held world record for tallest building for forty-one yearsAlf
18、red E.SmithJohn J.RaskobEmpire State Building Level Z1The Worlds Most Famous Office BuildingThe Worlds Most Famous Office Building78Crash to the Bottom!Smith and Raskob wanted to build their skyscraper in the middle of Manhattan in a part of town called midtown.They decided theyd like to build where
19、 Fifth Avenue and 34th Street crossed.They just had one problem:the luxurious Waldorf-Astoria Hotel was already there,so Smith and Raskob bought the building.The enormous hotel was built to last for decades to come.Tearing it down would not only be a backbreaking job,but it had to be done quickly.In
20、vestors couldnt get the return on their money until the Empire State Building was opened for business and its offices rented.Six hundred men toiled day and night to demolish the grand hotel.Then workers had to dynamite and dig their way to the hard bedrock 40 feet(12.2 m)below street level.A fleet o
21、f dump trucks carried 28,529 loads through the city to barges on the East River.From there,tugboats pushed earth,stone,and the remains of a once-proud hotel out to the Atlantic and dumped it all into the ocean.After five months,nothing remained of the hotel but a gaping hole in the ground.As workers
22、 razed the great hotel,the stock market crashed,which led to the Great Depression.Within a year,almost one-fourth of American workers were unemployed.It was hard times in New York City,but work with good pay continued at the Empire State Building.Al Smith even devised a way to assist people through
23、the cold winter months.Instead of discarding used lumber,he had carpenters cut it up and leave it in an empty lot for unemployed people to gather and use as fuel to heat their homes.When it opened in 1893,the Waldorf-Astoria was the biggest,most luxurious hotel in all of New York City.Unemployed New
24、 Yorkers lined up at soup kitchens for free soup,coffee,doughnuts,or bread during the Great Depression.Empire State Building Level Z1910Race to the TopThe race to build what would become the worlds tallest skyscraper began on April 7,1930.The first building supplies to arrive at the site were the gi
25、ant steel columns and beams.At the bottom,where the weight is greatest,210 columns weighing in at 44 tons(39 mt)each were set upright.Then horizontal beams were riveted to the columns to form a strong grid of steel.Similar to skeletons supporting human weight,steel grids support the weight of skyscr
26、apers.Weighing 365,000 tons(331,122 mt),the Empire State Building needed tremendous support.As the grid moved skyward,the concrete floors and outside wall,or curtain wall,followed close behind.The steelwork set the pace,and it was a fast one:the grid rose at the breakneck rate of four-and-one-half f
27、loors per week.The contractor in charge of getting supplies and workers as needed was Starrett Brothers and Eken.If supplies came too early,they had to be unloaded,moved,stored,and then moved again to where they were needed,which wasted time and labor.A contractors worst nightmare,however,was when s
28、upplies arrived late,which stalled construction.To prevent this from happening,a complex schedule included every detail.Paul Starrett was one of the contractors.He thought that never before in the history of building had there been an architectural design so magnificently adapted to speed in constru
29、ction.The architect,William F.Lamb,chose art deco for the building,a style popular in the 1920s and 1930s.The look reflected the machine agemodern and geometric with its squares,rectangles,and simple curves.Art deco skyscrapers showed imaginative and technical daring,and because they often used the
30、newly available mass-produced building materials,they were fast to build.From the United StatesDistance from New York CityNew Yorkcement and mortar149.5 miles (240 km)Pennsylvaniasteel girders369.3 miles (594 km)Indianalimestone707.9 miles (1,139 km)From EuropeBelgiummarble3,670 miles (5,906 km)Fran
31、cemarble3,689 miles (5,936 km)Germanymarble3,892 miles (6,263 km)Italymarble4,283 miles (6,892 km)When a supplier could not send enough marble in time,the builders bought an entire marble quarry in Germany.Empire State Building Level Z1Supplies From Near and Very FarSupplies From Near and Very Far11
32、12The curtain wall is a perfect example of how art deco made for speedy construction.It was made of windows,stone,decorative aluminum plates called spandrels,and long strips of steel called mullions,all delivered ready to use.First the mullion strips were attached to the steel grid,then a spandrel w
33、as slid in behind,followed by a window and then another spandrel,and so on.Next to that column of windows and spandrels,a column of limestone was slid in behind the mullions.The result was a curtain wall that was bold,proud,and soaring,and that went up at a rate of a floor a day on the upper floors.
34、Construction of the Empire State BuildingConstruction of the Empire State BuildingThe curtain walls soaring effect is exciting to behold.In just a few months,the steel grid reaches the 40th floor,and the outside curtain wall is catching up.On March 17,1930,construction of the Empire State Building b
35、egins.The first steel beams are put in place.In the fall,the steel grid reaches eighty-eight stories in height,and the curtain wall is not far behind.While the exterior of the building goes up,electricians,plumbers,and carpenters arent far behind on finishing the interior.In just a little more than
36、a year,on May 1,1931,the Empire State Building is officially opened.President Hoover,Alfred E.Smith,his five-year-old grandchildren,Governor Roosevelt,and others participate in an opening-day event.windowmullionspandrellimestone columnEmpire State Building Level Z11314The unprecedented size of the E
37、mpire State Building caused all sorts of new problems that required new solutions and innovations.Using cranes to lift supplies above crowded sidewalks was not only slow but also dangerous to pedestrians below.The solution was to use elevator cars from the demolished hotel to deliver supplies to the
38、 upper floors safely and quicklyan innovation used for construction to this day.Moving supplies by wheelbarrow was slow work.To speed up that task,tracks similar to small train tracks were laid around each floor as well as in the elevators.The tracks enabled workers to push larger carts with heavier
39、 loads.One cart could hold as many supplies as eight wheelbarrows.With such thorough planning and so many innovations,you might think everything went well.But when the spire was added to beat the Chrysler Building in height,Al Smith dreamed up a plan that was a total failure.Smith wanted the Empire
40、State Buildings spire to be usefula great mooring mast for the dirigibles that were considered the modern way to travel at the time.He said passengers could simply walk down a plank from a dirigible to the 102nd floor.When the first dirigibles approached the mooring mast,however,the winds were so st
41、rong that the airships could not get close,let alone dock.It was not until 1950 that a use for the mast was found.It became an antenna base for something completely newtelevision!Who climbed up the side of the Empire State Building and clung to the mast,only to be shot down by airplanes?King Kong!An
42、d he did it twicein 1933 and again in 1983.To celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the first movie,a whopping 82-foot(24.9 m)King Kong balloon was mounted on the mast.From the street,thousands of people watched the dirigible Columbia fail in its attempt to pick up mail from the mooring mast of the
43、Empire State Building in 1931.King Kong 19331983Empire State Building Level Z11516The WorkersPeople jammed the sidewalks to stare up at them strolling on the thin edge of nothingness.Reporters called them the best open-air show in town.They were the steelworkers,and their job was dangerous.The timin
44、g and trust among team members was critical.It was so important that when one member of a four-man crew got sick,the other three also went home.Crew members had to be brave and skilled,and had to know and trust each other completely.Each worker had a specific role.To fasten the steel beams together,
45、the“heater,”got a rivet red hot in his bucket of glowing coals and tossed it.The“catcher”caught the rivet and placed it in its hole.Then the“bucker-up”pushed on one end of the rivet with a metal bar as the“riveter”smashed the other end with an air hammer.They did all this while standing on narrow be
46、ams with nothing to catch them if they fell.Many of the best steelworkers were from the Mohawk NationNative Americans from New York State.Some could set a rivet every minute.Right behind the sky boys,on scaffolds high above the streets,were the men who built the curtain wall.Behind them came the int
47、erior workers,including plumbers,carpenters,electricians,bricklayers,and more.In one day,there might be between sixty and eighty different kinds of specialized workers at the Empire State Building.Do You Know?Photographer Lewis Hine called the steelworkers“sky boys.”It took 7 million hours of labor
48、to:set and rivet 57,000 tons(51,709 mt)of steel place 6,400 windows and 200,000 cubic feet (5,663 cu m)of limestone lay 10 million bricks apply 10,000 tons (9,072 mt)of plaster install 6,700 radiators,2,500 sinks and toilets,and 51 miles(82 km)of pipe install 67 elevators in 7 miles(11 km)of shafts
49、build a 365,000-ton (331,122 mt)buildingEmpire State Building Level Z11718On the busiest days,some 3,500 workers bustled around the site at once.Keeping that many people safe and healthy on a dangerous construction site is a big job,so the site had its own hospital.A nurse was present full-time,and
50、a doctor visited several times a day to attend to any patients.August is hot in New York City,so cool drinking water was piped to every floor.Water boys,often as young as sixteen years old,took bucketfuls to the workers,no matter how precarious their location.Some water boys thought it was a thrill