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1、Private SpaceshipsA Reading AZ Level Z2 Leveled BookWord Count:2,083Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Writing Research to learn more about NASA.Write an essay including facts from the book and other resources.Include a timeline of at least five of the most important milestones
2、 in NASAs history.ScienceResearch the topic of weightlessness during space travel.Describe why it happens and what short-term and long-term effects it has on astronauts.Connectionswww.readinga-Private SpaceshipsWritten by Amy S.HansenLEVELED BOOK Z2ZZ1Z2www.readinga-How and why has space travel evol
3、ved?Focus QuestionWritten by Amy S.HansenPrivate Spaceships24Glossaryaeronautics(n.)the science or practice of flight(p.7)capsule(n.)the detachable compartment on a spacecraft that holds people and their instruments(p.16)commercial(adj.)relating to buying and selling (p.7)docking(n.)the connecting o
4、f two vehicles in space(p.16)entrepreneurs(n.)people who start and operate their own businesses(p.9)forerunner(n.)one that comes before and is followed by others(p.12)inflatable(adj.)able to be filled with a gas,such as air(p.22)mission(n.)a set purpose for doing something;a special task or assignme
5、nt(p.4)orbit(n.)the path taken by one object in space circling around another larger object(p.5)re-entry(n.)the act of returning to Earths atmosphere from space(p.14)robotic(adj.)of or related to a device that is programmed to perform tasks (p.7)spacecraft(n.)a vehicle used for traveling in space(p.
6、5)2423ConclusionThe final flight of the space shuttle marked the end of one era in space,but it also signaled the beginning of an exciting new age of commercial spaceflight.Private companies around the world are working hard to bring their spacecraft designs from the drawing board to the real world.
7、Soon,private spaceships will be doing many of the tasks that previously only government space agencies could do.Companies will provide many new options for sending cargo and people into space and for staying in orbit for extended periods of time.Are you ready for the commercial space age?Life-sized
8、models of Bigelow Aerospaces inflatable space habitats.Private Spaceships Level Z2Private SpaceshipsLevel Z2 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Amy S.HansenAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Front cover:XCOR Aerospace is building the Lynx suborbital spaceplane to carry passengers safely to the edge of
9、 space and back.Title page:Pilot Michael W.Melvill celebrates after landing SpaceShipOne following a suborbital flight to space on June 21,2009.Page 3:The Dream Chaser spaceplane was designed to resupply the International Space Station.Photo Credits:Front cover:PRNewsFoto/XCOR Aerospace/PR NEWSWIRE/
10、AP Images;title page:AP Images;pages 3,20:courtesy of NASA/Ken Ulbrich;pages 4,5,6,8(top right,bottom right),12(main),15,18,19:courtesy of NASA;page 7:courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech;page 8(left):Vitaly Yamzin/D;page 10:Scaled Composites/Science Source;page 11:UPI Photo/HO/Landov;page 12(background):iS
11、tock/vlynder;page 14:REUTERS/Chip East;page 16:SpaceX DPA/Landov;page 17:REUTERS/Scott Audette;page 21:Tatsuo Nakajima/Yomiuri Shimbun/AP Images;page 23:courtesy of NASA/Bill IngallsCorrelationLEVEL Z2YZN/A70+Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAaeronauticscapsulecommercialdockingentrepreneursforerunne
12、rinflatablemissionorbitre-entryroboticspacecraftWords to Know233Table of ContentsThe End of an Era .4The Dawn of a New Era .8A Second Space Race.10Ticket to Ride .12Space Delivery Service .15People Movers .18Private Space Stations .22Conclusion .23Glossary .24Private Spaceships Level Z222Private Spa
13、ce StationsFlights on vehicles such as SpaceShipTwo will allow tourists to experience weightlessness in space for several minutes,but what if you wanted to see what its like to stay in space for weeks or even months at a time?At least one companyBigelow Aerospaceis working to make space hotels a rea
14、lity.Bigelow is creating a“balloon habitat.”The habitat folds up into a rockets cargo area and expands when it is placed into orbit.The company is working on a unit that will house six people in a space similar in size to the ISS.The skin of the Bigelow habitat is made of a strong fabric called Myla
15、r.Building a space station out of fabric may seem strange,but Bigelow engineers say that the fabric will actually work better than metal.NASA thinks these habitats are safe,too;the space agency is looking at buying one to expand the ISS.While these blow-up habitats arent ready yet,Bigelow sent two e
16、mpty test models into space in 2006 and 2007.If things go according to plan,future inflatable habitats will be launched and assembled into the worlds first private space station.4The End of an EraIn the early morning darkness on July 21,2011,the space shuttle Atlantis touched down at the Kennedy Spa
17、ce Center in Florida after spending twelve days in space.It was the 135th time a space shuttle had flown a mission since the shuttles began flying in 1981.It was also the last time a NASA space shuttle would make a journey into space.The shuttle Atlantis prepares to dock with the International Space
18、 Station on July 10,2011,during the final mission of the space shuttle program.21NASA judged the early spaceship designs and awarded money to four companies to develop their plans.A company called Sierra Nevada proposed a space glider called the Dream Chaser,which looks like a smaller version of NAS
19、As space shuttle.The Dream Chaser is designed to travel to space on top of a rocket but glide back down to Earth.SpaceX created a crewed version of its Dragon capsule for moving people back and forth to space stations.Two other companies,Boeing and Blue Origin,also designed capsules that would go up
20、 on a rocket and splash down into the ocean at the end of the mission.Boeings Crew Space Transportation(CST-100)spacecraft,which will take astronauts to the ISS,was unveiled in 2013.Private Spaceships Level Z25The space shuttle was the worlds first reusable spacecraft.Columbia,Challenger,Discovery,A
21、tlantis,and Endeavourfor thirty years space shuttles were the focus of the space program in the United States.The shuttles carried people and scientific experiments into Earths orbit;launched,recovered,and repaired satellites;and helped assemble the largest structure in space,the International Space
22、 Station(ISS).Once Atlantis touched down,however,these spacecraft would only be seen on display in museums.Space shuttle launches were impressive spectacles that drew huge crowds.Private Spaceships Level Z220In 2010,NASA asked commercial companies to design spacecraft to move people back and forth t
23、o space stations.These ships would need to be able to carry seven astronauts to the ISS and then remain docked for up to 210 days before flying back to Earth and landing safely.The Dream Chaser,built by SpaceDev,is designed to carry seven people back and forth to the ISS.6By 2011,the space shuttles
24、were getting old,but that wasnt the only reason they were retired.They were also expensive to launch and difficult to maintain.The shuttles could be used to do some amazing things that no other spacecraft could do,such as grabbing satellites from orbit and returning them safely to Earth.Experience h
25、ad shown,however,that using the space shuttles for simpler tasks such as launching satellites or delivering people and supplies to the ISS was too expensive for NASA to continue.Three NASA astronauts grab a malfunctioning satellite during a spacewalk outside the space shuttle Endeavour on May 7,1992
26、.19The International Space Station is the largest space station that has ever been built.It was created with the help of many nations at a cost of billions of dollars.The ISS is almost exactly the size of a football field.It is so large that it can be seen at night from Earth with the naked eye.Sinc
27、e it was first crewed on November 2,2000,the ISS has never been empty.Over two hundred people from fifteen nations have visited the space station.Moving people safely back and forth from space stations,such as the ISS,is an important job.The ISS is powered by large solar panels.More than 8 miles(12.
28、9 km)of wire connect the power system.Private Spaceships Level Z27Many people were sad to see the shuttle program end,but times were changing.The National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA)was getting out of the business of carrying people and things back and forth between Earth and space.In
29、stead,NASA was returning to its original mission of focusing on space science and exploration.NASA planned new missions to send robotic rovers and people to exciting destinations,such as Mars.For the first time,the agency made the decision to turn over the more common types of missions to commercial
30、 companies.In the post-shuttle era,NASA will focus more on space exploration missions.This artists drawing shows how Mars rover Curiosity was designed to be gently lowered onto the Martian surface with the help of a“Sky Crane.”Private Spaceships Level Z218People MoversSpace stations are spacecraft t
31、hat are placed in long-term orbits around Earth.Modern space stations are often put together from many separate,smaller pieces,each of which can be sent up one at a time from Earth.Once a space station is completed,crews can come on board to work and live,and other spaceships can dock there.Scientis
32、ts use space stations to study the effects of long-term space missions on people and also to do experiments in low-gravity environments.Because astronauts live and work in near-weightlessness on space stations,scientists can do many experiments aboard that would not be possible on Earth.An artists d
33、rawing shows how the space shuttle Atlantis docked with the Russian Mir space station in 1995.8The Dawn of a New EraCommercial companies had a lot to learn.Building spaceships is challenging.Designers and engineers must build vehicles that can function safely while using dangerous fuels,traveling at
34、 high speeds,and operating in extreme temperatures.They also have to create the systems that keep spaceships flying on course.Yuri Gagarin(bottom right)became the first person to travel into space when he orbited Earth aboard a Vostok rocket(left)on April 12,1961.The Gemini-Titan rocket(top right)he
35、lped the United States prepare to send astronauts to the Moon.17NASA scheduled SpaceX to begin delivering supplies and equipment to the ISS in 2012.Just as importantly,the delivery service also carries cargo back to Earth.When the Dragon leaves the ISS,it splashes down in the Pacific Ocean off the c
36、oast of California.SpaceX fishes the Dragon out of the water and reuses the capsule.The two parts of the Falcon 9 rocket are also designed to be reusable.A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket with a Dragon capsule sits on the launch pad at Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral,Florida.Private Spaceships Level Z
37、29When the Space Age began in the late 1950s,only the worlds two superpowersthe United States of America and the Soviet Unionhad the money,resources,and technology to build vehicles that could travel into space.Over time,though,more nations and even some commercial companies entered the space busine
38、ss.In the 1960s,private companies began building their own communications satellites,though they still relied on government launch vehicles to carry them up into space.By the 1980s,private companies were building their own rockets for launching satellites into orbit.By the mid-1990s,it was clear tha
39、t things were changing.Smaller,newer companies were entering the space business.What these companies lacked in experience,they made up for in enthusiasm.Computers and other advances in technology had put space within the reach of many entrepreneurs.Companies were competing with each other for a piec
40、e of the space business.Today,commercial companies are planning four kinds of space missions:taking tourists to the edge of space and back,delivering supplies and equipment to crews that are already in orbit,ferrying crews back and forth to space stations,and putting up new space stations of their o
41、wn.Private Spaceships Level Z216SpaceX is one company that has worked hard to develop a vehicle that can make regular deliveries to the ISS without costing too much.SpaceX has built a crewless,reusable spacecraftthe Dragon.The Dragon capsule rides into space on top of a Falcon 9 rocket,which is also
42、 designed and built by SpaceX.Once the Dragon capsule arrives near the ISS,it waits nearby so as not to accidentally bump into the station.When the ISS crew is ready,they use the stations robotic arm to grab the spacecraft and bring it in for docking.A SpaceX Dragon capsule flies to the ISS in this
43、artists drawing.10A Second Space RaceIn 1996,a nonprofit educational foundation announced a special competition to speed up development of private spaceships,the Ansari X-Prize.The$10 million prize would go to the first private company to successfully build and pilot a spaceship into space with at l
44、east one person aboard and room to carry two others.To win the X-Prize,the spaceship would have to fly at least 62.1 miles(100 km)up,return to Earth,and then do the whole trip over again within two weeks.Twenty-seven teams from seven countries joined the competition,but it took eight years for someo
45、ne to claim the$10 million prize.An American company called Scaled Composites won with its vehicle,SpaceShipOne.The small spaceplane successfully made the first(and second)privately funded human spaceflights in 2004.SpaceShipOne made history in 2004 when it became the first privately funded,non-gove
46、rnmental spacecraft to carry a person into space.15Space Delivery ServicePeople living and working in space for long periods of time rely upon regular deliveries of supplies and equipment from Earth.Soon after the Ansari X-Prize competition ended in 2004,NASA announced it would offer prizes for priv
47、ate companies that were able to come up with creative and inexpensive ways to move cargo from Earth to the International Space Station (ISS).The winning companies would get money and technical assistance to build their designs.In response to NASAs announcement,even more private companies began worki
48、ng on new space vehicles.Suddenly it wasnt just NASA and other governments that were building spaceships.Many people could see the possibilities.The space shuttle Discovery carries cargo to the International Space Station inside its payload bay in 2001.Private Spaceships Level Z211To win the prize,S
49、caled Composites used two vehicles working together.SpaceShipOne didnt take off from a runway like an airplane or blast off on top of a rocket.Instead,it was carried high up into the sky under a special airplane known as White Knight.Once White Knight had carried SpaceShipOne up to 50,000 feet(15.2
50、km),it released the spaceplane from beneath its belly.Within seconds,SpaceShipOnes rocket engines roared,pushing the vehicle to over 3,000 miles per hour(4,828 kmph),almost four times the speed of sound.The small spaceplane then climbed past 62.1 miles(100 km),just beyond the edge of space.An artist