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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Writing Research to learn more about NASA.Write an essay including facts from the book and other resources.Include a timeline of at least five of the most important milestones in NASAs history.ScienceResearch the topic of weightlessness during
2、 space travel.Describe why it happens and what short-term and long-term effects it has on astronauts.ConnectionsPrivate SpaceshipsA Reading AZ Level Z1 Leveled BookWord Count:1,846www.readinga-Private SpaceshipsWritten by Amy S.HansenLEVELED BOOK Z1ZZ1Z220Glossary aeronautics(n.)the science or pract
3、ice of flight(p.4)capsule(n.)the detachable compartment on a spacecraft that holds people and their instruments(p.14)commercial(adj.)relating to buying and selling(p.5)dock(v.)to connect two vehicles in space(p.15)enthusiasm(n.)strong excitement or interest(p.7)inflatable(adj.)able to be filled with
4、 a gas,such as air(p.18)mission(n.)a set purpose for doing something;a special task or assignment(p.4)orbit(n.)the path taken by one object in space circling around another larger object(p.4)re-entry(n.)the act of returning to Earths atmosphere from space(p.12)robotic(adj.)of or related to a device
5、that is programmed to perform tasks(p.5)spacecraft(n.)a vehicle used for traveling in space(p.4)superpowers(n.)powerful countries that can enforce their desires on other nations(p.7)www.readinga-How and why has space travel evolved?Focus QuestionWritten by Amy S.HansenPrivate Spaceships2019Conclusio
6、nThe final flight of the space shuttle marked the end of one era in space.It also marked the beginning of an exciting new age of commercial spaceflight.Private companies around the world are working hard to bring their spacecraft designs from the drawing board to the real world.Companies will provid
7、e many new options for sending cargo and people into space and for staying in orbit for extended periods of time.Are you ready for the commercial space age?Astronaut Dale A.Gardner holds up a“For Sale”sign during a spacewalk outside the space shuttle Discovery on November 14,1984.Private Spaceships
8、Level Z1Private SpaceshipsLevel Z1 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Amy S.HansenAll rights reserved.www.readinga-aeronauticscapsulecommercialdockenthusiasminflatablemissionorbitre-entryroboticspacecraftsuperpowersWords to KnowCorrelationLEVEL Z1WXN/A60Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAFront cover:
9、XCOR Aerospace is building the Lynx suborbital spaceplane to carry passengers safely to the edge of space and back.Title page:Pilot Michael W.Melvill celebrates after landing SpaceShipOne following a suborbital flight to space on June 21,2009.Page 3:The Dream Chaser spaceplane was designed to resupp
10、ly the International Space Station.Photo Credits:Front cover:PRNewsFoto/XCOR Aerospace/PR NEWSWIRE/AP Images;title page:AP Images;pages 3,17:courtesy of NASA/Ken Ulbrich;pages 4,5,6(inset),7,10(main),13,15,16,19:courtesy of NASA;page 6(main):Vitaly Yamzin/D;page 8:Scaled Composites/Science Source;pa
11、ge 9:UPI Photo/HO/Landov;page 10(background):iStock/vlynder;page 12:REUTERS/Chip East;page 14:SpaceX DPA/Landov;page 18:courtesy of NASA/Bill Ingalls193Table of ContentsThe End of an Era .4The Dawn of a New Era .6A Second Space Race .8Ticket to Ride .10Space Delivery Service .13People Movers .15Priv
12、ate Space Stations .18Conclusion .19Glossary .20Private Spaceships Level Z118Private Space StationsWhat if you wanted to visit space for more than a few minutes at a time?At least one companyBigelow Aerospaceis working to make space hotels a reality.Bigelow is creating a“balloon habitat”that folds u
13、p into a rockets cargo area.When it is placed into orbit,the habitat expands and can be joined to other pieces.The company is working on a unit that will house six people in a space similar in size to the ISS.The skin of the Bigelow habitat is made of strong fabrics like Mylar or Kevlar.Building a s
14、pace station out of fabric may seem strange,but Bigelow engineers say that the fabric will actually work better than metal.NASA is looking at buying one of these habitats to expand the ISS.While these blow-up habitats arent ready yet,Bigelow sent two empty test models into space in 2006 and 2007.If
15、things go as planned,future inflatable habitats will be launched and assembled into the worlds first private space station.Life-sized models of Bigelow Aerospaces inflatable space habitats.4The End of an EraIn the early morning darkness on July 21,2011,the space shuttle Atlantis touched down at Kenn
16、edy Space Center in Florida after spending twelve days in space.It was the 135th time a space shuttle had flown a mission.It was also the last time a National Aeronautics and Space Administration(NASA)space shuttle would make a journey into space.The space shuttle was the worlds first reusable space
17、craft.For thirty years,space shuttles were the focus of the space program in the United States.The shuttles carried people and scientific experiments into Earths orbit.They launched,recovered,and repaired satellites,and they helped assemble the International Space Station(ISS).Once Atlantis touched
18、down,however,these spacecraft would only be seen on display in museums.The shuttle Atlantis prepares to dock with the International Space Station on July 10,2011,during the final mission of the space shuttle program.17In 2010,NASA asked commercial companies to design spacecraft to move people back a
19、nd forth to space stations.These ships would need to be able to carry seven astronauts to the ISS and then remain docked for up to 210 days before flying back to Earth and landing safely.NASA judged the early spaceship designs and awarded money to four companies to develop their plans.A company call
20、ed Sierra Nevada proposed a space glider called the Dream Chaser.It is designed to travel to space on top of a rocket but glide back down to Earth like a plane.SpaceX created a crewed version of its Dragon capsule for moving people back and forth to space stations.Two other companies,Boeing and Blue
21、 Origin,also designed capsules that would go up on a rocket and splash down into the ocean at the end of the mission.The Dream Chaser,built by SpaceDev,is designed to carry seven people back and forth to the ISS.Private Spaceships Level Z15By 2011,the space shuttles were getting old,but that wasnt t
22、he only reason NASA stopped using them.They were also expensive to launch and difficult to maintain.The shuttles could be used to grab satellites from orbit and return them safely to Earthactions that no other spacecraft could do.However,experience had shown that using space shuttles to launch satel
23、lites or deliver people and supplies to the ISS was too expensive for NASA to continue.Many people were sad to see the shuttle program end.NASA was getting out of the business of carrying people and things back and forth between Earth and space.Instead,NASA was returning to its original mission of f
24、ocusing on space science and exploration.NASA also planned new missions to send robotic rovers and people to exciting destinations such as Mars.For the first time,the agency made the decision to turn over the more common types of missions to commercial companies.Private Spaceships Level Z1Three NASA
25、 astronauts grab a malfunctioning satellite during a spacewalk outside the space shuttle Endeavour on May 7,1992.16The ISS is the largest space station that has ever been built.It was created with the help of many nations at a cost of billions of dollars.It is so large that it can be seen at night f
26、rom Earth with the naked eye.Since the first crew entered the ISS on November 2,2000,it has never been empty.More than two hundred people from fifteen nations have visited the space station.Moving people safely back and forth from space stations such as the ISS is an important job.The ISS is powered
27、 by large solar panels.More than 8 miles(12.9 km)of wire connect the power system.6The Dawn of a New EraCommercial companies had a lot to learn,and building spaceships is challenging.Designers and engineers must build vehicles that can function safely while using dangerous fuels,traveling at high sp
28、eeds,and operating in extreme temperatures.They also have to create the systems that keep spaceships flying on course.Yuri Gagarin(inset)became the first person to travel into space when he orbited Earth aboard a Vostok rocket(main)on April 12,1961.15People MoversSpace stations are spacecraft that a
29、re placed in long-term orbits around Earth.Modern space stations are often put together from many pieces sent up from Earth.Once a space station is completed,crews can come aboard to work and live,and other spaceships can dock there.Scientists use space stations to study the effects of long-term spa
30、ce missions on people and also to do experiments in low-gravity environments.Because astronauts live and work in near-weightlessness on space stations,scientists can do many experiments on board that would not be possible on Earth.An artists drawing shows how the space shuttle Atlantis docked with t
31、he Russian Mir space station in 1995.Private Spaceships Level Z17The Space Age began in the late 1950s.Only two superpowersthe United States and the Soviet Unionhad the money,resources,and technology for space travel.Over time,though,more nations and even some commercial com-panies entered the space
32、 business.In the 1960s,private companies began building their own communications satellites.They still used the government launch vehicles to carry the satellites up into space.By the 1980s,private companies were building their own rockets for launching satellites into orbit.By the mid-1990s,smaller
33、,newer companies were entering the space business.What these companies lacked in experience they made up in enthusiasm.Computers and other advances in technology had put space within reach of many business owners.Companies were competing with each other for a piece of the space business.Today,commer
34、cial companies are planning four kinds of space missions.They plan to take tourists to the edge of space and back,deliver supplies to crews already in orbit,take crews back and forth from space stations,and put up new space stations.Private Spaceships Level Z1The Gemini-Titan Rocket helped the Unite
35、d States prepare to send astronauts to the Moon.14SpaceX is one company that has worked hard to develop a vehicle that can make regular deliveries to the ISS without such a high price tag.SpaceX has built a crewless,reusable spacecraftthe Dragonand the Falcon 9 rocket.The Dragon capsule rides into s
36、pace on top of the rocket.Once the capsule arrives near the ISS,it waits nearby so as not to bump into the station.Then the ISS crew uses the stations robotic arm to grab the spacecraft.NASA scheduled SpaceX to begin delivering supplies and equipment to the ISS in 2012.Just as importantly,the delive
37、ry service also brings cargo back to Earth.When the Dragon leaves the ISS,it splashes down in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California.SpaceX then reuses the capsule and two parts of the rocket.A SpaceX Dragon capsule flies to the ISS in this artists drawing.8A Second Space RaceIn 1996,the Ansa
38、ri X-Prize was announced.It was a special competition to speed up develop-ment of private spaceships.The$10 million prize would go to the first private company to success-fully build and pilot a spaceship into space with at least one person aboard and room to carry two others.To win the X-Prize,the
39、spaceship would have to fly at least 62.1 miles(100 km)up and return to Earth.Then the team would have to repeat the whole trip within two weeks.It took eight years for someone to claim the$10 million prize.In 2004,an American company called Scaled Composites won with its vehicle SpaceShipOne.SpaceS
40、hipOne made history in 2004 when it became the first privately funded,non-governmental spacecraft to carry a person into space.13Space Delivery ServicePeople living and working in space for long periods of time need regular deliveries of supplies and equipment from Earth.Soon after the Ansari X-Priz
41、e competition ended in 2004,NASA announced that it would offer prizes for private companies that were able to come up with creative and inexpensive ways to move cargo from Earth to the ISS.The winning companies would get money and technical assistance to build their designs.In response to NASAs anno
42、uncement,even more private companies began working on new space vehicles.Many people could see the possibilities.Private Spaceships Level Z1The space shuttle Discovery carries cargo to the International Space Station inside its payload bay in 2001.9To win the prize,Scaled Composites used two vehicle
43、s working together.SpaceShipOne didnt take off from a runway like an airplane or blast off on top of a rocket.Instead,a plane named WhiteKnight carried SpaceShipOne up 50,000 feet(15.2 km)and released the spaceplane from beneath its belly.Within seconds,SpaceShipOnes rocket engines roared,pushing th
44、e vehicle to more than 3,000 miles per hour(4,828 kmph),almost four times the speed of sound.The small spaceplane then climbed past 62.1 miles(100 km),just beyond the edge of space.Private Spaceships Level Z1An artists drawing shows SpaceShipOnes rocket engine igniting seconds after release from its
45、 mothership,WhiteKnight.12When SpaceShipTwo is ready to return to Earth,the pilot will tilt the wings to slow down the vehicle.SpaceShipTwo will act like a giant badminton birdie and fall back to Earth much more slowly.Slowing down SpaceShipTwo this way keeps it from getting too hot during re-entry,
46、so it doesnt need the heavy heat shield that many other spaceships use.Launching from WhiteKnightTwo allows the spaceship to use less fuel to reach space.These savings help keep down the costs.Once the spaceplane has descended to an alti-tude of 13.2 miles(21.24 km),the pilot will move the wings bac
47、k to the normal position.The space-plane can then glide in for a landing on the big runway at Spaceport America in New Mexico.The entire flight is expected to take about two hours.In October 2014,one pilot died when SpaceShipTwo crashed in California during a test flight,which reminded everyone of t
48、he risks involved with the new technology.“Space is hard,”said George Whitesides,CEO of Virgin Atlantic.The company plans to continue working toward safe commercial spaceflight.A model of SpaceShipTwo shows the wings in the tilted position.10Ticket to RideThe company Virgin Galactic partnered with t
49、he makers of SpaceShipOne to make space tourism available to people all over the world.The company is already selling tickets for trips into space for$200,000 per passenger.While$200,000 is a great deal of money,it is less than one percent of what some people have paid to travel into space until now
50、.The Adventure of a LifetimeSpace tourism began in 2001,when American Dennis Tito paid$20 million to the company Space Adventures to catch a ride to the International Space Station aboard a Russian Soyuz rocket.Mr.Tito spent eight days aboard the ISS before returning to Earth.Following his flight,se