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1、Great City FiresA Reading AZ Level Z Leveled BookWord Count:1,924Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.www.readinga-Great City FiresWritten by Jane SellmanLEVELED BOOK ZWritten by Jane Sellmanwww.readinga-GreatCity Fires24Glossarybucket brigades lines of people who pass buckets fr
2、om one to the other from a water source to a fire(p.5)firebreaks areas that have been cleared of fuel and flammable material(p.7)fire hook long,heavy hook used to pull down structures and create a firebreak(p.10)firestorm a super-heated wind that carries fire over a large area(p.17)gasworks factory
3、that processes and pumps fuel(p.16)lax relaxed;not strict(p.15)looting widespread robbing(p.17)militiamen a group of volunteers that performs police duties(p.11)persecute to mistreat a specific group(p.8)refugees people who flee troubles,but with no place to go(p.12)slums poor,crowded areas of a cit
4、y(p.15)stockyards place where livestock is slaughtered and processed into meat(p.14)thatched roofs roofs made of straw(p.9)unruly hard to control;disobedient(p.6)2423have permission and adult supervision.Dont put anything,including blankets or clothes,over lamps,radiators,or heaters.They could quick
5、ly catch fire.Make sure your family has at least one smoke detector on every floor of your home.In case there is a fire in your home,follow these rules to get you and your family out safely and quickly:Get out as quickly as you can and go to your designated meeting place.Do not stop to get your thin
6、gs,no matter how valuable they are.Objects can be replaced.You cannot!Try to alert other family members as you are leaving.Yell“Fire!”and bang on doors as you pass.Smoke contains poisonous gases,and it can be hot enough to scorch your lungs.Since smoke collects near the ceiling,stay low.Crouch,or cr
7、awl if you have to.You can also use a damp towel or cloth around your mouth as a mask.Never go back into a burning building for any reason.If your clothing catches on fire,immediately stop,drop,and roll.If someone elses clothing is on fire,have him or her stop,drop,and roll right away.You can cover
8、the person with a towel,blanket,rug,or cloth to help put the fire out.To learn more about fire safety,check out this Internet link:http:/www.usfa.fema.gov/kidsGreat City Fires Level ZGreat City FiresLevel Z Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Jane SellmanAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits
9、:Front cover,page 13:Culture Club/Hulton Archive/Getty Images;back cover,page 16:courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Div LC-USZC4-3936;title page,pages 7,11,12:Mary Evans Picture Library;page 8:Fine Art Images/Fine Art Images/Superstock;page 14:courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Div LC-DIG-pga-0066
10、4;page 18:courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Div LC-DIG-pga-01750;page 19:courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Div LC-USZC4-9440;page 20:Jupiterimages CorporationFront cover:London firefighters try to put out the inferno while they can.CorrelationLEVEL ZUVN/A50Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA233Ta
11、ble of ContentsIntroduction.4The Fire of Rome.6Great Fire of London.9Chicago Fire.14Conclusion .20Fire Safety Tips .21Glossary .24Great City Fires Level Z22 Dont cook or use the stove unless you to get out of each room.Your escape may be through a door,a first-floor window,or a window with a safe es
12、cape ladder.Plan an easy-to-find meeting place a safe distance from the building,and put someone in charge of counting your family members to make sure youre all safe.Assign another family member to go to a neighbors house to call 911.Make sure to practice your fire escape plan with your family.Know
13、ing what to do in case of a fire will save time during an emergency,and it may save your life.4IntroductionThousands of years ago,people discovered how to use fire to keep themselves warm and cook their food.But since that time,fire has occasionally escaped our control and ravaged our homes and citi
14、es.Arsonistspeople who set fires on purposekill hundreds of people and cause millions of dollars in property damage each year.People have used fire as a weapon,from burning parts of Jerusalem during the Crusades to firebombing German cities during World War II.But most city fires,large or small,are
15、caused by human accidents and unsafe conditions.Fire can be both useful and dangerous.21Fire Safety TipsAlmost two million fires are reported in the United States every year.Fires can be deadly,so always follow these fire safety tips:Never play with matches,lighters,or flammable materials such as ga
16、soline.Fire Safety TipsAlmost two million fires are reported in the United States every year.Fires can be deadly,so always follow these fire safety tips:Never play with matches,lighters,or flammable materials such as gasoline.Dont cook or use the stove unless you have permission and adult supervisio
17、n.Dont put anything,including blankets or clothes,over lamps,radiators,or heaters.They could quickly catch fire.Make sure your family has at least one smoke detector on every floor of your home.It is especially important to have detectors near your bedrooms so they will be sure to wake you up in cas
18、e of a fire.Test your smoke alarms every six months and replace the batteries at least once a year.Always keep a household fire extinguisher handy around any heat or flame in or near your home.Have a family fire escape plan.Go through your home and memorize at least two ways Great City Fires Level Z
19、5Unfortunately,misfortune is often the best teacher.Victims of city fires became aware of the need for fire safety,fire prevention,and firefighting only after the flames were out.After a great fire in ancient Egypt,the Egyptians invented a water pump and organized bucket brigades in which volunteers
20、 passed buckets of water down a line of people to the fire.Terrible fires in Rome,London,and Chicago caused great destruction,yet they resulted in new ways to prevent and fight fires.The Egyptians developed ways to fight fires,but only after a destructive fire occurred.Great City Fires Level Z20Conc
21、lusionToday,we are lucky to live in a time when fire safety is given great importance.Every area of the country has strict fire codes,and professional and volunteer fire departments train in fire prevention,firefighting,and lifesaving techniques.Buildings have fire alarms and sprinkler systems,and f
22、irewalls are built between houses.People learn from schools and the media what to do to prevent fires and how to plan for emergencies.Even with all this effort,terrible fires still occur.But because of modern fire prevention and firefighting,we hope to never see fires like the ones of Rome,London,an
23、d Chicago ever again.Today,even very small towns have well-equipped fire departments.6The Fire of RomeIn ad 64,life in Rome had both the good and the not-so-good aspects of a big city.One could visit libraries,art galleries,and markets.Citizens could attend chariot races at the Circus Maximus,Romes
24、stadium,which could hold more people than most modern football stadiums.The rich had indoor plumbing and comfortable,spacious homes,but most of Romes citizens,who numbered more than a million,lived in cramped,stuffy apartment buildings up to six stories tall.Everyone in these poorly made,flammable w
25、ooden buildings shared a first-floor bathroom and used open flames for cooking and for light.During the summer of ad 64,the heat in Rome was horrible,everything was dry,and fires in the city were common.On July 19,a fire started in one of the shops near the Circus Maximus.Aided by warm breezes,it sp
26、read through the marketplace,parts of the stadium,and neighboring homes.The Roman firemen did their best with hand pumps and leather hoses,but the fire advanced too quickly,and panicked crowds and unruly mobs got in their way.That summer,Emperor Nero had retreated to his coastal home because of the
27、heat,but he 19Do You Know?On the very same night as the Chicago fire,an even more destructive fire raged through the town of Peshtigo,Wisconsin.That summer,Peshtigo and the surrounding towns suffered through the same drought as Chicago.Forests had been cleared from the land by farmers and railroad w
28、orkers.The resulting piles of dry wood and leaves had simply been left on the ground.On the night of October 8,an enormous firestorm engulfed the entire region.Townspeople felt the ground shaking as tornado-force winds drove a wall of fire toward the town.In less than one hour,the entire town had va
29、nished,leaving 800 of its 1,700 citizens dead.An estimated 1,200 people died in the forest fire,which leapt across Green Bay and burned parts of Michigan as well.It is one of the deadliest natural disasters in U.S.history.Those who survived bore terrible physical and mental scars.But the Peshtigo fi
30、re has almost been forgotten because it happened to take place on the same night as the more famous,but less deadly,Chicago fire.Photos of the ruins of Chicago made front-page news across the country.Great City Fires Level Z7returned to Rome to supervise the firefighting.Bucket brigades started,and
31、people created firebreaks,or areas in the path of the fire that were cleared of anything that could burn.The fire stopped and started several times over nine days,but finally,a combination of firebreaks and plain good luck brought the fire to an end.Thousands had lost their homes and livelihoods,and
32、 no one knows for sure how many died.Nero organized efforts to help the homeless by creating temporary shelters in his own gardens and in public buildings and parks.Extra supplies of food arrived from outside Rome,and Nero ordered merchants to lower the price of grain.Roman citizens panic as their h
33、omes and temples burn.Great City Fires Level Z18The Chicago Relief and Aid Society opened homeless shelters and later provided materials for the building of small temporary houses.Business owners set up tables or carts and got back to work,and while many left the city as soon as possible,most stayed
34、 to rebuild.The rebuilding went rather slowly.People resisted making changes that would prevent another fire,but gradually they realized the need for stricter building and fire-prevention rules.They built safer housing,and officials improved the fire department.Again,people had learned a hard lesson
35、.A birds-eye view shows the size of the Chicago fire.8Despite all his efforts,many Romans believed that Nero had started the fire in order to rebuild the city in honor of himself.To avoid being blamed,he led people to believe that Christians had set the fire,and this was used as an excuse to persecu
36、te,or mistreat,the Christians.The Romans did learn from the fire.They made sure a large supply of water would always be close by,constructed new buildings from stone instead of wood,and even filled in marshy areas with burned debris.A new city with wider streets and safer homes took the place of the
37、 old.Emperor NeroDo You Know?Roman schools taught students to read and write Latin and Greek.One Latin word students learned is flamma,one of many Latin words for fire.Some English words that come from the word flamma include flame and flammable.17Wind and fire combined to make a firestorm,or a supe
38、r-heated wind that spreads flame wherever it blows.Chunks of burning debris were picked up and flung down upon buildings holding oil,fabric,and keroseneeverything that would make the fire worse.Brave people,professional firefighters as well as citizens,stayed to battle the fire and rescue the helple
39、ss.But the flames destroyed even the water-pumping station,blocking the efforts of the fire department.The luxurious hotels and the humble houses all fell into the flames as the fire burned for three days.Buildings not already on fire were blown up to create firebreaks.Then on October 10,rain fell t
40、o help the firefighters extinguish the flames.The fire finally ended.Though everyone was relieved,they soon realized their loss.About 300 people had died;others remained missing.Peoples homes,possessions,and workplaces were gone,dust and ash still filled the air,and areas of the city remained too ho
41、t to enter.Federal troops,commanded by General Philip Sheridan,arrived to prevent looting.People sent supplies and volunteers to Chicago,and the fortunate survivors collected food and clothing for the homeless.Great City Fires Level Z9Great Fire of LondonSixteen hundred years later,people in other p
42、arts of the world hadnt made much progress in improving daily life or preventing fires.In London in 1666,people dumped garbage in the streets and considered bathing unimportant.Rats carrying bubonic plague infested most buildings,and their fleas spread the disease by biting people.Thousands had died
43、 from the plague in the years before the fire.Wooden buildings with thatched roofs had been placed so close together that the upper stories jutted out over the narrow streets,almost touching.Still,living in London must have been exciting.A person might get a glimpse of the king,Charles II,riding thr
44、ough town,see a good play,or relax in a coffeehouse among local celebrities.For a few pennies,one could buy a fresh,warm roll at the shop of Thomas Farynor,the kings baker,in Pudding Lane.On the evening of September 1,1666,Thomas Farynor had finished work and put out the cook fires.Or so he thought!
45、Around one in the morning,a spark from one of the ovens landed on a woodpile and set it ablaze.Thomas awoke to the cry of“Fire!”His family and servants tried Great City Fires Level Z16anyone could stop it.Even the Chicago River,covered with an oily film,caught fire.Then the gasworks,the plant that p
46、umped gas for heating and light,went up in flames.Travelers fled their hotels,and residents gathered their children.Many headed toward Lake Michigan in hope of escaping,and bridges became overcrowded with fleeing people.Hot cinders and sparks fell from the sky as the horrible noise of the fire mingl
47、ed with the sound of church bells warning people in other parts of town.The smoke was so thick that people could not see a block in front of them.Panicking people blocked many of Chicagos bridges.10to leave the house,but clouds of smoke came up the stairs.They climbed out an attic window and jumped
48、across to the roof next door.Neighbors grabbed buckets from a nearby building and tried to put the fire out,but it was soon out of control.Many picked up what they could carry and took their families to safety.Yet the fire still could have been stopped,or at least slowed.A fire hook,a long pole,coul
49、d have pulled building material out of the fires path to make a firebreak.However,Mayor Thomas Bludworth didnt think the fire was serious enough for such drastic action,and so the fire continued to spread.Do You Know?Have you ever kept a diary?Samuel Pepys(peeps)lived in London and survived both the
50、 plague and the Great Fire.He is remembered as one of the worlds greatest diary keepers.Because of his diaries,we know a lot about the 17th century in England.You can find his diary in the library,and parts of it are on the Internet.You might enjoy reading it and learning about what life was like in