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1、www.readinga-Great City FiresA Reading AZ Level Z Leveled BookWord Count:1,924Great City FiresVisit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Written by Jane SellmanLEVELED BOOK ZWritten by Jane SellmanGreat City FiresLevel Z Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Jane SellmanAll rights reserve
2、d.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Front cover,page 13:Culture Club/Hulton Archive/Getty Images;back cover,page 16:courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Div LC-USZC4-3936;title page,pages 7,11,12:Mary Evans Picture Library;page 8:Fine Art Images/Fine Art Images/Superstock;page 14:courtesy of Library of Cong
3、ress,P&P Div LC-DIG-pga-00664;page 18:courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Div LC-DIG-pga-01750;page 19:courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Div LC-USZC4-9440;page 20:Jupiterimages CorporationFront cover:London firefighters try to put out the inferno while they can.www.readinga-GreatCity FiresCorrelat
4、ionLEVEL ZUVN/A50Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA34Table of ContentsIntroduction.4The Fire of Rome.6Great Fire of London.9Chicago Fire.14Conclusion .20Fire Safety Tips .21Glossary .24IntroductionThousands of years ago,people discovered how to use fire to keep themselves warm and cook their food.Bu
5、t since that time,fire has occasionally escaped our control and ravaged our homes and cities.Arsonistspeople who set fires on purposekill hundreds of people and cause millions of dollars in property damage each year.People have used fire as a weapon,from burning parts of Jerusalem during the Crusade
6、s to firebombing German cities during World War II.But most city fires,large or small,are caused by human accidents and unsafe conditions.Fire can be both useful and dangerous.Great City Fires Level Z56Unfortunately,misfortune is often the best teacher.Victims of city fires became aware of the need
7、for fire safety,fire prevention,and firefighting only after the flames were out.After a great fire in ancient Egypt,the Egyptians invented a water pump and organized bucket brigades in which volunteers passed buckets of water down a line of people to the fire.Terrible fires in Rome,London,and Chicag
8、o caused great destruction,yet they resulted in new ways to prevent and fight fires.The Fire of RomeIn ad 64,life in Rome had both the good and the not-so-good aspects of a big city.One could visit libraries,art galleries,and markets.Citizens could attend chariot races at the Circus Maximus,Romes st
9、adium,which could hold more people than most modern football stadiums.The rich had indoor plumbing and comfortable,spacious homes,but most of Romes citizens,who numbered more than a million,lived in cramped,stuffy apartment buildings up to six stories tall.Everyone in these poorly made,flammable woo
10、den buildings shared a first-floor bathroom and used open flames for cooking and for light.During the summer of ad 64,the heat in Rome was horrible,everything was dry,and fires in the city were common.On July 19,a fire started in one of the shops near the Circus Maximus.Aided by warm breezes,it spre
11、ad through the marketplace,parts of the stadium,and neighboring homes.The Roman firemen did their best with hand pumps and leather hoses,but the fire advanced too quickly,and panicked crowds and unruly mobs got in their way.That summer,Emperor Nero had retreated to his coastal home because of the he
12、at,but he The Egyptians developed ways to fight fires,but only after a destructive fire occurred.Great City Fires Level Z78returned to Rome to supervise the firefighting.Bucket brigades started,and people created firebreaks,or areas in the path of the fire that were cleared of anything that could bu
13、rn.The fire stopped and started several times over nine days,but finally,a combination of firebreaks and plain good luck brought the fire to an end.Thousands had lost their homes and livelihoods,and no one knows for sure how many died.Nero organized efforts to help the homeless by creating temporary
14、 shelters in his own gardens and in public buildings and parks.Extra supplies of food arrived from outside Rome,and Nero ordered merchants to lower the price of grain.Despite all his efforts,many Romans believed that Nero had started the fire in order to rebuild the city in honor of himself.To avoid
15、 being blamed,he led people to believe that Christians had set the fire,and this was used as an excuse to persecute,or mistreat,the Christians.The Romans did learn from the fire.They made sure a large supply of water would always be close by,constructed new buildings from stone instead of wood,and e
16、ven filled in marshy areas with burned debris.A new city with wider streets and safer homes took the place of the old.Roman citizens panic as their homes and temples burn.Emperor NeroDo You Know?Roman schools taught students to read and write Latin and Greek.One Latin word students learned is flamma
17、,one of many Latin words for fire.Some English words that come from the word flamma include flame and flammable.Great City Fires Level Z910Great Fire of LondonSixteen hundred years later,people in other parts of the world hadnt made much progress in improving daily life or preventing fires.In London
18、 in 1666,people dumped garbage in the streets and considered bathing unimportant.Rats carrying bubonic plague infested most buildings,and their fleas spread the disease by biting people.Thousands had died from the plague in the years before the fire.Wooden buildings with thatched roofs had been plac
19、ed so close together that the upper stories jutted out over the narrow streets,almost touching.Still,living in London must have been exciting.A person might get a glimpse of the king,Charles II,riding through town,see a good play,or relax in a coffeehouse among local celebrities.For a few pennies,on
20、e could buy a fresh,warm roll at the shop of Thomas Farynor,the kings baker,in Pudding Lane.On the evening of September 1,1666,Thomas Farynor had finished work and put out the cook fires.Or so he thought!Around one in the morning,a spark from one of the ovens landed on a woodpile and set it ablaze.T
21、homas awoke to the cry of“Fire!”His family and servants tried to leave the house,but clouds of smoke came up the stairs.They climbed out an attic window and jumped across to the roof next door.Neighbors grabbed buckets from a nearby building and tried to put the fire out,but it was soon out of contr
22、ol.Many picked up what they could carry and took their families to safety.Yet the fire still could have been stopped,or at least slowed.A fire hook,a long pole,could have pulled building material out of the fires path to make a firebreak.However,Mayor Thomas Bludworth didnt think the fire was seriou
23、s enough for such drastic action,and so the fire continued to spread.Do You Know?Have you ever kept a diary?Samuel Pepys(peeps)lived in London and survived both the plague and the Great Fire.He is remembered as one of the worlds greatest diary keepers.Because of his diaries,we know a lot about the 1
24、7th century in England.You can find his diary in the library,and parts of it are on the Internet.You might enjoy reading it and learning about what life was like in London hundreds of years ago.Great City Fires Level Z1211The roar of the flames and wind must have terrified those fleeing the fire.The
25、 fire reached warehouses full of rope,paper,and other flammable products.A maid alerted Samuel Pepys,a government official,to the spreading fire,and the alarmed Pepys sped off to tell the king.King Charles sent soldiers and militiamen to fight the fire,and he set up“fire posts”with food,water,and eq
26、uipment.Trained militiamen gathered at these posts to help out.Charles put the Duke of York in charge of the fire-fighting effort.The duke and his men created firebreaks by pulling down houses in the path of the fire and using gunpowder to blow up large buildings.Finally,the fire burned out and stop
27、ped.Records state that only nine people died in the fire,including one of Thomas Farynors maids,but the number is probably much higher.Many Londoners were left homeless and jobless,and 80 percent of the city had been destroyedincluding 87 churches and more than 13,000 homes.Tent cities sprang up whe
28、re refugees of the fire had gathered.Organized charity,such as the Red Cross,didnt yet exist,so people relied on family,neighbors,churches,and employers for help.Londoners rush to escape the fire.Many medieval buildings in London were lost.Great City Fires Level Z1314King Charles put architects Chri
29、stopher Wren and John Evelyn in charge of rebuilding the city.These planners replaced wood with brick and built wider streets and more space between houses,but the rebuilding took years to complete.St.Pauls Cathedral was not finished until 1712,46 years after the fire.New laws required businesses an
30、d property owners to keep the streets and walkways free of garbage.But the fire was a terrible price to pay to improve the living habits of 100,000 Londoners.Chicago FireChicago in the late 1800s really bustled.Its stockyards,where livestock was slaughtered and processed into meat,supplied much of t
31、he nation with food.Travelers crossing the country often stopped for a visit,and the city boasted fine restaurants and hotels,entertainment,big stores,and museums.Families could visit one of the beaches along Lake Michigan or go to the stockyards to watch cattle coming in from the West.The Thames Ri
32、ver,flowing through London,was one of the few safe places.Before the fire,Chicago was an enormous,booming city.Great City Fires Level Z1516Like Rome and London,Chicago also had its share of slumsneighborhoods with poorly built wooden houses close together.Housing inspection was lax,and warehouses,no
33、t bound by fire codes,stored all kinds of flammable materials.However,Chicago did have a professional,though very overworked,fire department.The summer of 1871 had been one of the driest anyone could remember.Only about 3.8 centimeters(1.5 in)of rain fell between the Fourth of July and early October
34、.Dead leaves dropped off dying trees,and firefighters became exhausted fighting the small fires that sprang up around the city.On the evening of October 8,1871,a spark ignited the hay in Catherine OLearys barn on DeKoven Street.Mrs.OLeary made a modest living selling milk,and it was later suspected
35、that a cow started the fire by kicking over a lamp,though this was never proven.The fire should have been put out quickly,but that night the firefighters went to the wrong address,and the fire rapidly traveled to other buildings.The winds that made Chicago famous as the“Windy City”helped spread the
36、fire before anyone could stop it.Even the Chicago River,covered with an oily film,caught fire.Then the gasworks,the plant that pumped gas for heating and light,went up in flames.Travelers fled their hotels,and residents gathered their children.Many headed toward Lake Michigan in hope of escaping,and
37、 bridges became overcrowded with fleeing people.Hot cinders and sparks fell from the sky as the horrible noise of the fire mingled with the sound of church bells warning people in other parts of town.The smoke was so thick that people could not see a block in front of them.Panicking people blocked m
38、any of Chicagos bridges.Great City Fires Level Z1718Wind and fire combined to make a firestorm,or a super-heated wind that spreads flame wherever it blows.Chunks of burning debris were picked up and flung down upon buildings holding oil,fabric,and keroseneeverything that would make the fire worse.Br
39、ave people,professional firefighters as well as citizens,stayed to battle the fire and rescue the helpless.But the flames destroyed even the water-pumping station,blocking the efforts of the fire department.The luxurious hotels and the humble houses all fell into the flames as the fire burned for th
40、ree days.Buildings not already on fire were blown up to create firebreaks.Then on October 10,rain fell to help the firefighters extinguish the flames.The fire finally ended.Though everyone was relieved,they soon realized their loss.About 300 people had died;others remained missing.Peoples homes,poss
41、essions,and workplaces were gone,dust and ash still filled the air,and areas of the city remained too hot to enter.Federal troops,commanded by General Philip Sheridan,arrived to prevent looting.People sent supplies and volunteers to Chicago,and the fortunate survivors collected food and clothing for
42、 the homeless.The Chicago Relief and Aid Society opened homeless shelters and later provided materials for the building of small temporary houses.Business owners set up tables or carts and got back to work,and while many left the city as soon as possible,most stayed to rebuild.The rebuilding went ra
43、ther slowly.People resisted making changes that would prevent another fire,but gradually they realized the need for stricter building and fire-prevention rules.They built safer housing,and officials improved the fire department.Again,people had learned a hard lesson.A birds-eye view shows the size o
44、f the Chicago fire.Great City Fires Level Z1920ConclusionToday,we are lucky to live in a time when fire safety is given great importance.Every area of the country has strict fire codes,and professional and volunteer fire departments train in fire prevention,firefighting,and lifesaving techniques.Bui
45、ldings have fire alarms and sprinkler systems,and firewalls are built between houses.People learn from schools and the media what to do to prevent fires and how to plan for emergencies.Even with all this effort,terrible fires still occur.But because of modern fire prevention and firefighting,we hope
46、 to never see fires like the ones of Rome,London,and Chicago ever again.Today,even very small towns have well-equipped fire departments.Do You Know?On the very same night as the Chicago fire,an even more destructive fire raged through the town of Peshtigo,Wisconsin.That summer,Peshtigo and the surro
47、unding towns suffered through the same drought as Chicago.Forests had been cleared from the land by farmers and railroad workers.The resulting piles of dry wood and leaves had simply been left on the ground.On the night of October 8,an enormous firestorm engulfed the entire region.Townspeople felt t
48、he ground shaking as tornado-force winds drove a wall of fire toward the town.In less than one hour,the entire town had vanished,leaving 800 of its 1,700 citizens dead.An estimated 1,200 people died in the forest fire,which leapt across Green Bay and burned parts of Michigan as well.It is one of the
49、 deadliest natural disasters in U.S.history.Those who survived bore terrible physical and mental scars.But the Peshtigo fire has almost been forgotten because it happened to take place on the same night as the more famous,but less deadly,Chicago fire.Photos of the ruins of Chicago made front-page ne
50、ws across the country.Great City Fires Level Z2122Fire Safety TipsAlmost two million fires are reported in the United States every year.Fires can be deadly,so always follow these fire safety tips:Never play with matches,lighters,or flammable materials such as gasoline.Dont cook or use the stove unle