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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Great ZimbabweA Reading AZ Level Z1 Leveled BookWord Count:1,862WritingCompare the building of the walls of Great Zimbabwe with the construction of modern brick walls.Write a comparative essay explaining how the two methods are alike and how t
2、hey are different.Social StudiesResearch to learn more about how Great Zimbabwes location helped it develop into a thriving civilization.Create a map depicting features such as areas for farming,livestock,and potential trade routes.Connectionswww.readinga-LEVELED BOOK Z1LEVELED BOOK Z1Written by Dio
3、nne Soares PalmerGreat ZimbabweGreat ZimbabweGreat Zimbabwe20Glossaryconical(adj.)in the shape of a cone(p.9)elite(n.)the most successful,wealthy,or powerful members of a society(p.14)intrigued(v.)drew out the interest or curiosity of others;captivated(p.4)landlocked(adj.)surrounded on all sides by
4、land(p.5)lucrative(adj.)producing a lot of money;profitable(p.17)metropolis(n.)a very large or important city(p.18)monotheistic(adj.)of or relating to the belief in only one god(p.17)mortar(n.)a liquid mixture of materials that hardens as it dries and is used to hold bricks or stones together(p.13)p
5、rosperous(adj.)having success;well-off(p.4)rituals(n.)ceremonies with standard steps or actions(p.8)taper(v.)to become gradually smaller toward one end of an object (p.14)thriving(adj.)growing and healthy(p.4)www.readinga-What makes Great Zimbabwe worthy of admiration?Focus QuestionWritten by Dionne
6、 Soares PalmerGreat Zimbabwe2019Secrets in the StonesGreat Zimbabwe is a site of historical significance.It reveals fascinating and important information about life and global trade in a thriving empire in medieval southern Africa.However,while the ruins have given us captivating glimpses into the p
7、ast,they continue to keep many secrets.For example,what was the purpose of the conical tower within the Great Enclosure?And perhaps most intriguing of all,why was the great city deserted after centuries of prosperity?With proper care and study,perhaps the walls of Great Zimbabwe will reveal the answ
8、ers to these mysteries.Stars illuminate the beautiful ruins of Great Zimbabwe at night.Great Zimbabwe Level Z1CorrelationLEVEL Z1WXN/A60Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAGreat ZimbabweWorld Landmarks Level Z1 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Dionne Soares PalmerAll rights reserved.www.readinga-con
9、icaleliteintriguedlandlockedlucrativemetropolismonotheistic mortar prosperousrituals taper thrivingWords to KnowFront cover:The ruins of Great Zimbabwe are spread over 724.8 hectares(1,800 acres).Title page:A visitor walks among the tall stone walls of Zimbabwe.Page 3:All of Great Zimbabwes walls we
10、re erected without the use of mortar,including the ruins of the Hill Complex.Photo Credits:Front cover,back cover:Hermes Images/AGF/UIG via Getty Images;title page:Desmond Kwande/AFP/Getty Images;page 3:De Agostini/S.Vannini/De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images;page 4:Gallo Images/Alamy Stock Ph
11、oto;pages 6,13:evenfh/iStock/Thinkstock;pages 7,10(left):Georg Gerster/Science Source;page 8(top):DEA/S.Vannini/De Agostini/Getty Images;page 8(bottom):2630ben/iStock/Thinkstock;page 9:Philip Game/age fotostock/SuperStock;page 10(right):iS 11:robertharding/Alamy Stock Photo;page 12:Hemis/Alamy Stock
12、 Photo;page 14:Majority World/REX/Shutterstock;page 15:Robert Fried/Alamy Stock Photo;page 16:Chronicle/Alamy Stock Photo;page 19:Christopher Scott/Gallo Images/Getty Images193Table of ContentsMysterious Ruins .4A Nations Namesake .5City of Stone .6Building the Great City .10A Thriving Civilization
13、.15Protecting Great Zimbabwe .18Secrets in the Stones .19Glossary .20Great Zimbabwe Level Z118Protecting Great ZimbabweAlthough Great Zimbabwe is no longer the bustling metropolis it once was,it still plays a role in modern Zimbabwe.Some modern Zimbabweans use the site for religious practices to thi
14、s day.It is also one of Zimbabwes tourist attractions.Tourist interaction with the site has caused damage,and the ruins need protection if they are to endure another millennium.In addition,environmental factors,such as climate,are taking a toll on the ruins.Finally,invasive plants pose a threat to t
15、he integrity of the remaining structures.Legal protections have existed for Great Zimbabwe since 1893,but more government funding is urgently needed to fully preserve and study the site.In recognition of its historical and cultural importance,the United Nations Educational,Scientific,and Cultural Or
16、ganization(UNESCO)designated the ruins a World Heritage Site in 1986,which means that nearly all countries in the world recognize the site as worthy of admiration and preservation.Preserving the ruins is complicated.It involves studying the factors contributing to Great Zimbabwes decline,respecting
17、the history of the structures and land,and carefully considering the beliefs of the regions people.4Mysterious RuinsNestled in Southern Zimbabwe is a striking complex of towering stone ruinsall that is left of a once-magnificent city called Great Zimbabwe.The ancient citys mighty walls have intrigue
18、d Western scholars since Europeans began studying them in the late 1800s.The site offers a fascinating glimpse into what life was like in a thriving African civilization between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries.Many aspects of this history,such as why the prosperous city was abandoned,remain a m
19、ystery.Sculptures of birds,including this damaged one,suggest that birds were important symbols to the people of Great Zimbabwe.17Archaeologists have found metal ornaments of West African craftsmanship,glass from the Middle East,and even porcelain from China among the ruins of Great Zimbabwe.These a
20、rtifacts prove that the empire engaged in extensive trade with other cultures.Works of art likely made by local artists have also been discovered,showing that the people of Great Zimbabwe had their own artistic traditions.Great Zimbabwe was also likely a major religious center since archaeologists h
21、ave discovered several stone altars among the ruins.The religion of Great Zimbabwe was probably similar to the monotheistic religion still practiced by the modern Shona people.Despite the evidence of obvious wealth and power in the city,it was largely abandoned by the middle of the fifteenth century
22、.Scholars still do not know why.One prominent theory is that the land around the city became overused from grazing cattle and farming.If the land was depleted of nutrients necessary for crops,it would have been difficult to grow enough food to sustain such a large population.Another theory is that t
23、he people of Great Zimbabwe may have moved in order to seek out more lucrative trade deals as other geographical areas rose in economic power.Great Zimbabwe Level Z15MasvingoHarareHMOZAMBIQUE CHANNELGreat ZimbabweZIMBABWEBOTSWANASOUTH AFRICAZAMBIAMOZAMBIQUEAFRICAA Nations NamesakeThe ruins of this a
24、ncient city are located in Zimbabwe,a landlocked country situated just north of South Africa and west of Mozambique in the southern region of Africa.Its inland neighbors include Zambia and Botswana.The ruins of Great Zimbabwe are located in the southeastern part of Zimbabwe not far from Lake Mutirik
25、wi and the town of Masvingo.The word Zimbabwe is thought to originate from a phrase that means“stone houses”in Shona,one of the three primary languages of Zimbabwe.Great Zimbabwe is such an important source of pride in the area that when Zimbabwe gained its independence from Britain in 1980,the coun
26、try took its name from the famous ancient city.Great Zimbabwe Level Z116At the height of the empires power,the population of Great Zimbabwe,including the surrounding valley,was likely over ten thousand people,with some estimates putting it as high as twenty thousand.The empires elite class owned the
27、 resources and took leadership roles.It was most likely this elite group that lived in the citys stone buildings,such as the Great Enclosure.The peasants probably lived in the more modest daga dwellings around the valley.Cattle,crops,and trade were the backbone of Great Zimbabwes booming economy.The
28、 city was built along a bustling trade route that connected other regions of Africa with ports along the Indian Ocean.The people of Great Zimbabwe traded the gold they mined from the surrounding hills for goods from far-flung nations.Drawings made in 1892 show the floor plan of the Great Enclosure a
29、nd artifacts found near the site.6City of Stone The vast ruins of Great Zimbabwe stretch over nearly 728.4 hectares(1,800 acres)of countryside and include three main sections:the Hill Complex,the Great Enclosure,and the Valley Ruins.The Hill Complex and the Great Enclosure are composed of stone buil
30、dings as well as buildings made of a reddish mixture of clay and gravel called daga.The Valley Ruins lie between the Hill Complex and the Great Enclosure and feature the remains of a large number of daga dwellings scattered throughout the valley.The view from the Hill Complex includes the other sect
31、ions of the ruins.15A Thriving CivilizationThe Shona people have been living in the area around Great Zimbabwe since the Iron Age,beginning in the third century ce.The land was ideal for farming and raising livestock,and there were many underground deposits of valuable materials,such as gold,iron,co
32、pper,and tin.The people mined these resources for both trade and crafting.Over time,the simple society of farmers and cattle herders developed more complex social arrangements.Evidence suggests that after around 1000 ce,the Shona people began forming settlements with centralized states.This date cor
33、responds to the time when the Shona were likely building the city of Great Zimbabwe.By the fourteenth century,Great Zimbabwe was a trading city at the heart of a powerful empire.A modern Shona healer wears traditional clothing.Great Zimbabwe Level Z17Valley RuinsGreat EnclosureHill ComplexThe walls
34、of Great Zimbabwe were:11 meters(36 ft.)high in some placesas tall as a three-story building up to 6 meters(20 ft.)thick in some places continuously curving quite smooth and decorative in some placesThe Hill Complex was probably the citys religious hub and also where Great Zimbabwes kings resided.Th
35、e Valley Ruins were likely home to the people living in Great Zimbabwe.Experts think the citys wealthy residents lived within the Great Enclosure.Great Zimbabwe Level Z114The workers made the base of each wall a little thicker than its top so the walls slightly taper as they stretch toward the sky.T
36、his strategy kept the towering three-story walls of stacked stones from toppling.The craftsmanship of Great Zimbabwe is quite impressive.While some of the earlier walls are a bit coarse,building techniques improved as time went on.Some of the more carefully constructed walls are very smooth,similar
37、to a modern brick wall.The purpose of these massive walls is not completely understood,because the walls of Great Zimbabwe were not designed to support weight.Evidence suggests that the people of Great Zimbabwe built the walls as part of the citys defenses.Other evidence suggests that the purpose of
38、 the walls was to preserve the privacy of the citys elite or that they may have served as a symbol of royal authority.Moss grows on the walls inside the Great Enclosure.8The Hill Complex the oldest section of Great Zimbabweis located on a steep hillside in the northern area of the site with a stunni
39、ng view of the rest of the city and the surrounding landscape.The Hill Complex ruins are about 100 meters(328 ft.)long by 45 meters(148 ft.)wide,with massive stone walls up to 6 meters(20 ft.)thick and 11 meters(36 ft.)high.Six upright posts topped with birds in one part of the Hill Complex lead exp
40、erts to think this section was the citys spiritual center and may have been used for religious rituals.Located at what is thought to have been the citys center,the Hill Complex was also likely the home of Great Zimbabwes chiefs.The southern view from atop a stone wall in the Hill Complex is spectacu
41、lar.The curving wall of the Great Enclosure exemplifies how the builders of Great Zimbabwe preferred rounded shapes to linear ones.13The builders of Great Zimbabwe mainly used smaller stones that they cut into bricklike shapes.Stonemasons cut the stones from the large granite boulders that are commo
42、n around Great Zimbabwe.To make the millions of stone bricks needed to build the walls of Great Zimbabwe,stonemasons used fire to heat the large stones to high temperatures.Then they poured cold water on the red-hot stones.The temperature change caused the stones to split along naturally straight li
43、nes.The builders stacked the stones on top of one another to build the walls.Amazingly,they did not use any mortar to hold the stones together.The particular construction technique used at the site is found only in a few other areas in Africa,and many people consider Great Zimbabwe to be the most im
44、pressive example.Workers used both boulders and cut stones to build the walls of the Hill Complex.Great Zimbabwe Level Z19In the southern area of the Hill Complex lies the Great Enclosure,the largest ancient African structure south of the Sahara Desert.This oval ring of stone spans 250 meters(820 ft
45、.)in circumference,and like the Hill Complex,it is as high as 11 meters (36 ft.)tall in some places.Researchers estimate that the builders used approximately one million stones in its construction.A second wall runs just inside part of the outer wall of the Great Enclosure for about 55 meters(180 ft
46、.),forming a narrow passage.The passage leads to a conical tower whose purpose remains a mystery.The remains of daga houses can be found within the walls of the Great Enclosure as well as smaller walls that divide the area into compounds for different families.Scientific dating techniques indicate t
47、hat the Great Enclosure was built in the 1300s at the height of Great Zimbabwes power.Archaeologists do not know why people built the Great Enclosure,but it may also have been a royal palace.The conical tower within the Great Enclosure is completely solid.Great Zimbabwe Level Z112A few different Afr
48、ican tribes claim that their ancestors were responsible for building Great Zimbabwe.However,most scholars today think the Shona people,who have been living in the area since prehistoric times,built the city.The evidence indicates that people began constructing it about one thousand years ago and tha
49、t the city was under construction for over three hundred years.The construction of the site is unique for many reasons.One of the sites distinctive features is that the walls were not built in straight lines but rather in curves across the rolling terrain.In addition,sometimes the builders incorpora
50、ted enormous boulders into their building plan.The Hill Complex offers a stunning example of this building technique.In later investigations of the site,archaeologists confirmed Randall-MacIvers findings that local people built Great Zimbabwe.Some artifacts discovered by archaeologists,such as tools