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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.American Football A Reading AZ Level X Leveled BookWord Count:1,545WritingDo you believe American football is too rough for children under age fourteen?Why or why not?Write a persuasive essay using information from the book to support your ans
2、wer.MathResearch the Super Bowl winners from the beginning of the competition to today.Graph the results to determine which team has won the most Super Bowls.What conclusions can you draw about the team on the basis of your graph?Share your conclusions.Connectionswww.readinga-Written by Kira FreedAm
3、erican FootballLEVELED BOOK XLEVELED BOOK Xwww.readinga-What makes American football the most popular sport in the United States?Focus QuestionWritten by Kira FreedAmerican Football American Football Spectacular Sports Level X Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Kira FreedAll rights reserved.www.read
4、inga-advocatedamateurdominatesend zoneoffensive lineplatoonpossessionspecializedspectatorsstrategiesultimatevyingWords to KnowFront cover:A New Orleans Saints player(black and gold)makes a catch as the Philadelphia Eagles(green and white)try to block it in 2009.Back cover:Tampa Bay and San Francisco
5、 compete at RaymondJames Stadium in Tampa,Florida.Page 3:Kansas City Chiefs defense(red)apply pressure to the San Diego Chargers quarterback(blue),who throws the ball to avoid being tackled.Photo Credits:Front cover:PCN Photography/Alamy;back cover:Bill Bachmann/Alamy;title page:Willard/iStock/Think
6、stock;page 3:David Eulitt/Kansas City Star/MCT/Alamy Live News;page 4:Bettmann/Corbis;page 5:Americanspirit/D;page 7:Pongphan Ruengchai/iStock/Thinkstock;page 8:Roberto E.Rosales/Albuquerque Journal/Zuma Wire/Alamy Live News;page 9(left):Gizelka/iStock/Thinkstock;page 9(right):numb/Alamy;page 10:Her
7、bert Kratky/123RF;page 11:Eugene_Onischenko/iStock/Thinkstock;page 13:Everett Collection Inc/Alamy;page 14(left):Zuma Press,Inc./Alamy;page 14(center,right):Jerry Coli/D;page 15(left):Bo Bridges/Corbis;page 15(right):David Stluka/AP PhotoCorrelationLEVEL XS4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA3Amer
8、ican Football Level XTable of ContentsThe Catch .4Americas Number One Sport .5Football Around the World .6Playing the Game .8The Birth of American Football .13Football Legends .14Football Fans .15Glossary .164The CatchThe date is January 10,1982.The Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers are pla
9、ying in the National Football Conference(NFC)Championship Game,vying for a spot in the Super Bowl,American footballs ultimate game.The 49ers are down 27-21 with fifty-eight seconds left.Quarterback Joe Montana sends the ball high in the air toward the back of the end zone.Teammate Dwight Clark leaps
10、 well above the defenders and grabs it.Not only do the 49ers win the game,but they go on to win the Super Bowl championship that year,along with three additional championships over the next eight years.Thrilling last-second moments like this are why thousands of people pack stadiums and millions of
11、fans are glued to their televisions during football season.Football is a spectacular game with fierce competitors and devoted fans.Dwight Clark makes a superhuman catch for the San Francisco 49ers in one of the all-time great moments in American football history.5American Football Level XAmericas Nu
12、mber One SportAmerican football is the most popular sport in the United States,and its been at the top of the list for about thirty years.Professional and collegiate football are both extremely popular.The National Football League(NFL)dominates the world of pro football,with per-game attendance aver
13、aging around seventy thousand.The NFLs playoff season leads up to the Super Bowl,the championship game and one of the biggest sporting events in the world.The National Collegiate Athletic Association(NCAA)governs college football,which ranks third in popularity in the United States behind NFL footba
14、ll and Major League Baseball.Women play football mainly at semi-professional and amateur levels.The sports popularity among young people is declining because the game is widely considered too rough for children under fourteen.The Denver Broncos and the St.Louis Rams play to a sold-out crowd at Mile
15、High Stadium.6Football Around the WorldAmerican football is played in many countries around the world.Although it has not yet achieved the global popularity of some other sports,interest in the game is growing.The International Federation of American Football(IFAF)has more than seventy member nation
16、s,with representation on six continents.Canada has had its own version of football since the late 1800s.Canadian football is similar to American football,with differences in field size,number of players,and some rules.Although most people associate football with outdoor fields,the game can also be p
17、layed indoors.An indoor version called arena football was developed in the 1980s.The rules,which accommodate a smaller playing field,result in a faster-paced game.Nations of the International Federation of American Football Nations of the International Federation of American Football PACIFIC OCEANAT
18、LANTIC OCEANINDIAN OCEANASIAAFRICANORTH AMERICASOUTH AMERICAEUROPEAUSTRALIAEquator7American Football Level XAmerican Football FieldAmerican Football Fieldsidelineend linegoal lineThe goalpost is 18.5 feet(5.6 m)across and 10 feet(3 m)tall in college and pro football.Kicking the ball above the bar an
19、d between the uprights is one way to score.The end zone is 10 yards(9.1 m)deep.The ball must be carried into,or passed and caught in,this area to score a touchdown.50-yard line:This line marks the middle of the field.The number indicates that it is 50 yards(45.7 m)from either end zone.10-yard line:T
20、he arrow points in the direction of the closest end zone.5-yard marker1-yard hash marks American football gets its nickname“gridiron”from the pattern of yard lines and hash marks on the field.160 feet(48.8 m)360 feet(109.7 m)8A New Mexico running back dives for the end zone in a game against Arizona
21、 State in 2014.Playing the GameDuring a football game,two teams attempt to move the ball toward,and eventually into,their opponents end zone to score touchdowns.Players move the ball in one of two ways:by running with it or by passing(throwing)the ball to a teammate who is closer to the end zone.If
22、the pass is completedthat is,if the teammate catches the ballthat player may then try to advance the ball farther.However,if the pass is interceptedcaught by an opposing playerthat team gains possession of the ball.Play stops when there is an incomplete passif no one catches the ball and it falls to
23、 the ground.Each team has an offensive line,or platoon,whose job is to try to score,and a defensive platoon that tries to keep the other team from scoring.9Earliest American footballs were probably oval rugby balls made of inflated pig bladders stuffed into pig hide casings.The balls were difficult
24、to throw.Over time,the bladder was eliminated and the shape streamlined.Todays cowhide footballs are called pigskins by some people.PigskinPigskinAmerican Football Level XOne platoon from each team is on the field at any given time,depending on which team has control of the ball.Each platoon has ele
25、ven players.Teams can score in several ways.A touchdown is worth six points and is most often scored by the offensive team running or passing the ball into the opponents end zone.However,the defense can also score a touchdownby recovering a fumble(a ball that an opponent loses control of)or by inter
26、cepting the ball and getting it to the opposing end zone.After a touchdown,the scoring team can score one extra point by kicking the ball through the goalposts,or two extra points by running or passing the ball to the end zone.A third way to score is a field goal(worth three points),which involves k
27、icking the ball between the goalposts.A final way to score is if a ball carrier is tackled in his or her own end zone,which is called a safety.In that case,the defensive team is awarded two points.rugby ballAmerican football10Team Germany(with the ball)lines up at the line of scrimmage against Team
28、Sweden in a 2014 game in Austria.The game begins with a kickoff to the offensive team.That team moves the ball toward the opponents end zone in stages,each of which has a minimum of 10 yards(9.1 m).The offensive team has four chancescalled downsto either gain those 10 yards or cross the goal line an
29、d score.As long as the offensive team gains at least 10 yards within those four downs,it keeps possession of the ball and earns another first down and the opportunity to gain another 10 yards.Each play begins at the line of scrimmagean imaginary line across the field whose location is based on where
30、 the previous play ended plus any penalty yards that have been assessed.Teams have many specialized plays,or plans of action,for moving the ball down the field.If the offensive team fails to advance the ball 10 yards within the four downs,it surrenders possession of the ball.11American Football Leve
31、l XFootball GearFootball Gearknee padsThe defensive team uses two main strategies to stop the offensive team from scoring.Defensive players try to tackle the ball carrier,and they attempt to force fumbles and interceptions to gain possession of the ball.In order for a player to be tackled,one or bot
32、h knees must touch the ground,which ends the play.Running out of bounds also ends the play.In both professional and college football games,actual playing time lasts for sixty minutes,which is broken into two halves and four quarters.(The playing time of high school games is shorterforty-eight minute
33、s.)If the score is tied at the end of the sixty minutes,a fifteen-minute overtime period is added.An actual football game usually lasts around three hours;the additional time is taken up by stoppages when a player goes out of bounds,a penalty is called,or a pass is incomplete.Protective pads under p
34、layers uniforms help prevent injuries.thigh padship padsshoulder padspantssocksshoes(cleats)helmetchin strapjerseygloves12CBSSLBLBLBCBDEDTDTDEWRWRRBRBQBTGGTTECDefenseOffenseline of scrimmageFootball players have specialized positions.The quarterbackthe leader of the offensive teamcalls the play whil
35、e the team is in a huddle.Then,when the team lines up,the center passes the ball backward between his legs to the quarterback.This maneuver is called the snap or hiking the ball.The quarterback then either runs with the ball,passes it,or hands it off.The diagram on this page shows offensive and defe
36、nsive positions.A football game also has a referee and six other officials who make sure the rules of the game are followed.Playing PositionsPlaying PositionsOffenseDefenseQBquarterbackDTdefensive tackleCcenterDEdefensive endGguardLBlinebackerTtackleCBcornerbackTEtight endSsafetyWRwide receiverRBrun
37、ning back13American Football Level XThe Birth of American FootballAmerican football began in the late nineteenth century at several North American universities.The game was related to two English games:soccer(otherwise known as association football)and rugby(short for rugby football),which is somewh
38、at similar to soccer but played with hands as well as feet.Two New Jersey universitiesPrinceton(then called the College of New Jersey)and Rutgersplayed a soccer-like game that other northeastern universities also started to play.However,Harvard University preferred a game that was more like rugby,an
39、d that style spread to Yale University and beyond.Walter Camp,a Yale student from 1876 to 1881,is considered the“Father of American Football.”He was Yales team captain and an important member of the Intercollegiate Football Association.Camp advocated rule changes that eventually transformed the game
40、 into todays American football.At first,the same players on a team played both offense and defense.The two-platoon system began in the 1940s and later became the standard.Walter Camp is the“Father of American Football.”14Football LegendsJerry Rice,the best wide receiver in football history,played fo
41、r twenty seasons starting in 1985.He won three Super Bowls playing for the San Francisco 49ers and set close to forty NFL records.Joe Montana,possibly footballs most gifted quarterback ever,began his NFL career in 1979 with the 49ers.When Jerry Rice joined the team in 1985,the pair made the 49ers a
42、dominant force in the NFL for several years.Montana led the 49ers to four Super Bowl wins and retired after the 1994 season with numerous playoff records.Running back Walter Payton of the Chicago Bears played for thirteen seasons beginning in 1975.Chosen to play in nine Pro Bowl all-star games,Payto
43、n helped his team win the 1986 Super Bowl.At one time,he held NFL records for most career touchdowns,rushing yards,and many other categories.Jerry RiceJoe MontanaWalter Payton15American Football Level XFootball FansThere are many ways for students to play football.Communities or schools often have y
44、outh leagues where students compete in tackle football.There are also other forms of the game,such as touch football and flag football,that arent as physically rough as tackle football.Many fans of the sport would rather remain spectators.Football fans have many ways of showing their love of the gam
45、e.Some bundle up and endure below-freezing temperatures to watch their team play.Others dress in outrageous clothes or paint their faces in their teams colors.Fans may also wear items that match their teams theme,such as a cowboy hat for the Dallas Cowboys or a yellow beak and feathery red crest for
46、 the Arizona Cardinals.Whether youre a fan or a player,this beloved American sport offers great fun and plenty of excitement for everyone.Football fans show their dedication to their favorite team.16Glossaryadvocated(v.)supported or recommended(p.13)amateur(adj.)not professional;done as a hobby(p.5)
47、dominates(v.)has continuing power or a commanding presence over something or someone(p.5)end zone(n.)the area at the end of an American football field between the goal line and the end line(p.4)offensive line(n.)part of a football team that blocks the defense so the ball carrier can score (p.8)plato
48、on(n.)a group of players on a team who work together for a specific purpose,such as offense or defense in American football(p.8)possession(n.)control or ownership of something (p.8)specialized(adj.)created,designed,and made to perform a certain task(p.10)spectators(n.)people who watch an event without taking part(p.15)strategies(n.)careful plans for solving problems or achieving goals(p.11)ultimate(adj.)the best or greatest;coming or taking place at the end(p.4)vying(v.)competing(p.4)