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1、www.readinga-The Mongol EmpireA Reading AZ Level X Leveled BookWord Count:2,352The Mongol EmpireVisit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Written by David L.DreierLEVELED BOOK XWritten by David L.DreierThe Mongol Empire The Mongol EmpireLevel X Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by David
2、 L.DreierAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Front cover:North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy;back cover,7,11,14,15,16,17,18:The Granger Collection,New York;title page:JAMES L.STANFIELD/National Geographic Image Collection;page 4:Bridgeman Art Library;page 5:NGS Images/Map Collection(used as
3、 reference);page 6:Genghis Khan in his tent by Rashid al-Din(1247-1318),Islamic School,(14th century)/Bibliotheque Nationale,Paris,France/The Bridgeman Art Library;page 8:Liu Liqun/Corbis;page 9:Pauline Taylor/Alamy;page 10:Hakbong Kwon/Alamy;page 13:Dean Conger/CORBIS;page 20(top):Visual Arts Libra
4、ry(London)/Alamy;page 20(bottom):Andy Crawford/Dorling Kindersley;page 20(middle):Hamid Sardar/Corbis;page 21:Ng Han Guan/AP Images;page 22:Liu Liqun/Corbiswww.readinga-Front cover:Genghis Khan from a woodcut made in the 1800sBack cover:A Persian manuscript from the 1300s shows the Mongol siege of B
5、aghdad,Iraq,in 1258.Title page:Various kinds of arrowheads that the Mongols usedCorrelationLEVEL XS4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA2324Seeking Genghiss Burial PlaceDuring the 2000s,archaeologists have been searching for the burial place of Genghis Khan.In 2001 and 2004,groups of archaeologists
6、 announced that they had made important finds of Mongolian ruins and tombs.As of yet,the remains of Genghis Khan had still not been located.Some historians also argue that the Mongol Empire brought benefits to the world.They point out that the empire,once established,brought peace across Asia and th
7、e Middle East.Indeed,this period in history is called the Mongol Peace.The Mongol Peace made it possible for travelers to cross all of Asia and the Middle East in safety.The Mongols encouraged trade,helping people not only in Europe,but also in isolated areas to learn more about one another.Accordin
8、g to at least one historian,the Mongol Peace actually set the stage for the Renaissance,the rebirth of culture and learning that began in Italy in the 1300s.So,should the world be thankful for the Mongol invasions?One can guess what the victims of Genghis Khans Mongols would have thought about that
9、question.Glossaryalliances (n.)close associations between countries or other groups who work together(p.6)archaeologists scientists who study the remains (n.)of ancient cultures(p.23)bastion (n.)a stronghold;a well-protected place(p.21)dynasty (n.)a sequence of rulers in a country from the same fami
10、ly(p.17)empire (n.)a collection of nations or people ruled by one person who has total authority(p.4)feuding (n.)fighting between two groups(p.5)fragmenting (v.)breaking into smaller pieces(p.19)havoc (n.)destruction;chaos;disorder(p.8)isolated (adj.)far away from other people or things(p.23)nomadic
11、 (adj.)moving from place to place without a permanent home(p.5)tribute (n.)a payment made by one group to another group,often for protection or to avoid warvassal states (n.)governments that are politically or militarily controlled by another even though they rule their own people(p.12)The Mongol Em
12、pire Level XWritten by David L.DreierThe Mongol Empire The Mongol EmpireLevel X Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by David L.DreierAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Front cover:North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy;back cover,7,11,14,15,16,17,18:The Granger Collection,New York;title page:JAME
13、S L.STANFIELD/National Geographic Image Collection;page 4:Bridgeman Art Library;page 5:NGS Images/Map Collection(used as reference);page 6:Genghis Khan in his tent by Rashid al-Din(1247-1318),Islamic School,(14th century)/Bibliotheque Nationale,Paris,France/The Bridgeman Art Library;page 8:Liu Liqun
14、/Corbis;page 9:Pauline Taylor/Alamy;page 10:Hakbong Kwon/Alamy;page 13:Dean Conger/CORBIS;page 20(top):Visual Arts Library(London)/Alamy;page 20(bottom):Andy Crawford/Dorling Kindersley;page 20(middle):Hamid Sardar/Corbis;page 21:Ng Han Guan/AP Images;page 22:Liu Liqun/Corbiswww.readinga-Front cover
15、:Genghis Khan from a woodcut made in the 1800sBack cover:A Persian manuscript from the 1300s shows the Mongol siege of Baghdad,Iraq,in 1258.Title page:Various kinds of arrowheads that the Mongols usedCorrelationLEVEL XS4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA2324Seeking Genghiss Burial PlaceDuring the
16、 2000s,archaeologists have been searching for the burial place of Genghis Khan.In 2001 and 2004,groups of archaeologists announced that they had made important finds of Mongolian ruins and tombs.As of yet,the remains of Genghis Khan had still not been located.Some historians also argue that the Mong
17、ol Empire brought benefits to the world.They point out that the empire,once established,brought peace across Asia and the Middle East.Indeed,this period in history is called the Mongol Peace.The Mongol Peace made it possible for travelers to cross all of Asia and the Middle East in safety.The Mongol
18、s encouraged trade,helping people not only in Europe,but also in isolated areas to learn more about one another.According to at least one historian,the Mongol Peace actually set the stage for the Renaissance,the rebirth of culture and learning that began in Italy in the 1300s.So,should the world be
19、thankful for the Mongol invasions?One can guess what the victims of Genghis Khans Mongols would have thought about that question.Glossaryalliances (n.)close associations between countries or other groups who work together(p.6)archaeologists scientists who study the remains (n.)of ancient cultures(p.
20、23)bastion (n.)a stronghold;a well-protected place(p.21)dynasty (n.)a sequence of rulers in a country from the same family(p.17)empire (n.)a collection of nations or people ruled by one person who has total authority(p.4)feuding (n.)fighting between two groups(p.5)fragmenting (v.)breaking into small
21、er pieces(p.19)havoc (n.)destruction;chaos;disorder(p.8)isolated (adj.)far away from other people or things(p.23)nomadic (adj.)moving from place to place without a permanent home(p.5)tribute (n.)a payment made by one group to another group,often for protection or to avoid warvassal states (n.)govern
22、ments that are politically or militarily controlled by another even though they rule their own people(p.12)The Mongol Empire Level X2122The End of Mongol RuleWith their fighting days over,the Mongols ceased to be hardened warriors.They became corrupt and weak.The people they ruled,sensing that weakn
23、ess,revolted against them.In 1335 the Il-Khanate in Persia became the first Mongol khanate to be overthrown.The Yuan Dynasty was next.A rebel leader named Chu Yuan-Chang led a successful revolution against the Mongols.In 1368,he established a new Chinese ruling family,the Ming Dynasty.The last basti
24、on of Mongol power was the Golden Horde.A Russian prince,Ivan III,finally overthrew it in 1480.With the end of the Golden Horde,the Mongols were defeated.The Influence of the MongolsThe Mongolian people remember the Mongol Empire with pride.They especially honor the memory of Genghis Khan,who is a n
25、ational hero.Most other people in the world look back with horror on the period of the Mongol invasions.It was a time of unbelievable bloodshed and destruction.Historians estimate the number of people killed by the Mongols ranges from 60 million to 150 million.Some historians claim that such numbers
26、 are ridiculous.They say the Mongols couldnt possibly have killed that many people,and perhaps theyre right.Even World War II,the largest war ever fought,didnt cause that many deaths.We will never know what the true number was as detailed records were not kept,but the number was well into the millio
27、ns.In 2006,the Mongolian president,N.Enkhbayar,unveiled a statue of Genghis Khan as part of a festival to bring tourism to Mongolia.This mausoleum contains artifacts from the reign of Genghis Khan,whose burial site remains unknown.The Mongol Empire Level X34T able of ContentsBrutal Conquerors from A
28、sia .4Horsemen and Warriors.5Genghis Khan .6The Mongols Attack China .8The Mongol Armies .9The Use of Terror.11Establishing an Empire.12The Death of Genghis Khan .13New Leaders,New Conquests .14Kublai Khan.16Division of the Empire .19The End of Mongol Rule .21The Influence of the Mongols .22Seeking
29、Genghiss Burial Place.23Glossary .24Brutal Conquerors from AsiaFew episodes in history have been as astonishing as the conquests of the Mongols.During the 1200s,these horsemen from Asia established the largest land empire ever created.Traditionally,the Mongols have been viewed as brutal conquerors b
30、ecause as they expanded their empire,their armies often leveled entire cities,massacring the people who dwelled in them.However,much of this brutality happened under the leadership of Genghis(JEHNG-gihs)Khan and his children.This shows what it might have looked like when the Mongols rode into battle
31、.The Mongol Empire Level X34T able of ContentsBrutal Conquerors from Asia .4Horsemen and Warriors.5Genghis Khan .6The Mongols Attack China .8The Mongol Armies .9The Use of Terror.11Establishing an Empire.12The Death of Genghis Khan .13New Leaders,New Conquests .14Kublai Khan.16Division of the Empire
32、 .19The End of Mongol Rule .21The Influence of the Mongols .22Seeking Genghiss Burial Place.23Glossary .24Brutal Conquerors from AsiaFew episodes in history have been as astonishing as the conquests of the Mongols.During the 1200s,these horsemen from Asia established the largest land empire ever cre
33、ated.Traditionally,the Mongols have been viewed as brutal conquerors because as they expanded their empire,their armies often leveled entire cities,massacring the people who dwelled in them.However,much of this brutality happened under the leadership of Genghis(JEHNG-gihs)Khan and his children.This
34、shows what it might have looked like when the Mongols rode into battle.The Mongol Empire Level X2122The End of Mongol RuleWith their fighting days over,the Mongols ceased to be hardened warriors.They became corrupt and weak.The people they ruled,sensing that weakness,revolted against them.In 1335 th
35、e Il-Khanate in Persia became the first Mongol khanate to be overthrown.The Yuan Dynasty was next.A rebel leader named Chu Yuan-Chang led a successful revolution against the Mongols.In 1368,he established a new Chinese ruling family,the Ming Dynasty.The last bastion of Mongol power was the Golden Ho
36、rde.A Russian prince,Ivan III,finally overthrew it in 1480.With the end of the Golden Horde,the Mongols were defeated.The Influence of the MongolsThe Mongolian people remember the Mongol Empire with pride.They especially honor the memory of Genghis Khan,who is a national hero.Most other people in th
37、e world look back with horror on the period of the Mongol invasions.It was a time of unbelievable bloodshed and destruction.Historians estimate the number of people killed by the Mongols ranges from 60 million to 150 million.Some historians claim that such numbers are ridiculous.They say the Mongols
38、 couldnt possibly have killed that many people,and perhaps theyre right.Even World War II,the largest war ever fought,didnt cause that many deaths.We will never know what the true number was as detailed records were not kept,but the number was well into the millions.In 2006,the Mongolian president,N
39、.Enkhbayar,unveiled a statue of Genghis Khan as part of a festival to bring tourism to Mongolia.This mausoleum contains artifacts from the reign of Genghis Khan,whose burial site remains unknown.The Mongol Empire Level X1920Division of the EmpireKublai Khan died in 1294,yet even before his death,the
40、 Mongol Empire had been fragmenting.It was simply too huge to be governed from a single location.With Kublais death,the division became complete.The empire split into four large parts called khanates,each ruled by its own khan.There was no longer a Great Khan.The largest khanate was the Yuan Dynasty
41、,centered in China.The other khanates were the Il-Khanate in Persia and what is now Iraq;the Chagatai Khanate,in central Asia;and the Kipchak Khanate in Russia which became known as the Golden Horde.The khanates maintained relationships with one another,but they were all independent;yet one by one,t
42、hey were overthrown.Spread of Culture from East to WestAs the Mongol armies traveled,so did the craftspeople that helped make up their nomadic communities.Stringed instruments,such as this Mongolian horse head fiddle and paper money from Kublai Khans Yuan Dynasty,are just two of the goods that were
43、adapted and became part of the cultures of people the Mongols conquered.A Mongolian horsehead fiddle(top);a fiddle maker carving a horsehead to put atop a fiddle(middle);paper money from Kublai Khans Yuan Dynasty(bottom)Caspian SeaAral SeaLake BaikalLake BalkhaslYellow SeaKoryoSOUTHERN SUNG EMPIRESa
44、markandThang Long(Hanoi)HangzhouZhongdu(Beijing)KarakorumDaliChengduHezhouBaghdadTIBETRed Sea(KIPCHAK KHANATE)GOLDEN HORDEIL-KHANATECHAGATAI-KHANATE(GREAT KHANATE)YUAN DYNASTYRUSSIAN PRINCIPALITIESBlack SeaMongol Empire 1294The Mongol Empire Level X56Horsemen and WarriorsThe Mongols were a nomadic p
45、eople,numbering perhaps two million.They lived in felt tents called yurts on the enormous steppes,or grasslands,of eastern Asia,which today is known as Mongolia.The people were divided into groups called tribes with a leader called a khan.The Mongols were expert horsemen and warriors;their lives con
46、sisted of endless rounds of hunting and feuding.When the Mongols needed thingshorses,food,or matesthey often organized raiding parties and stole them from other tribes.Because they were not united,the Mongols posed no threat to anyone outside of Mongolia.But with their fighting skills,they had the p
47、otential to become a powerful army.All they needed was a leader to knit all the groups into one nation.Genghis KhanIn 1162,the wife of a minor Mongol leader gave birth to a boy named Temujin.When he was nine,Temujins father was murdered by members of another tribe.Most of Temujins youth was spent he
48、lping his fatherless family survive in the harsh environment of the Asian steppes.By the time he was in his teens,Temujin was demonstrating great intelligence and leadership abilities.He was also ruthless in defeating his enemies.In adulthood,Temujin became the khan of his tribe.As khan,he made alli
49、ances with other Mongol tribes.Then,he built up an army and trained it to be a disciplined war machine.Finally,he used his army to defeat every one of the Mongol tribes that would not join him.Genghis Khan in his tentCaspian SeaAral SeaLake BaikalLake BalkhaslPresent-day boundary of MongoliaYellow S
50、eaLiaoyangZhongdu(Beijing)DatongBalasaghunKashgarSamarkandSouthern Sung EmpireMongols Then and NowMongol HomelandThe Mongol Empire Level X56Horsemen and WarriorsThe Mongols were a nomadic people,numbering perhaps two million.They lived in felt tents called yurts on the enormous steppes,or grasslands