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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.A New SkylineA Reading AZ Level W Leveled BookWord Count:1,444Writing and ArtWrite a newspaper article for students about the World Trade Center.Include the construction and destruction of the Twin Towers as well as future plans for that area.
2、Social StudiesConstruct a map of New York City,including five major buildings that are part of the citys current skyline.Use information from the book and additional resources as needed.Connectionswww.readinga-Written by Susan LennoxTWZLEVELED BOOK WA New Skylinewww.readinga-How has New York Citys s
3、kyline changed?Focus QuestionWritten by Susan LennoxA New Skyline16Glossaryarchitects(n.)people who design buildings(p.6)behemoth(n.)someone or something with immense size or power(p.8)complex(n.)a group of buildings close to one another used for a common purpose(p.10)dwarfed(v.)caused something to
4、seem smaller or less important(p.13)iconic(adj.)of or relating to an important symbol;famous and recognizable (p.4)innovations(n.)new ideas,products,or ways of doing something(p.10)landmark(n.)an important historical building or site;an object on land that marks a place(p.14)panoramic(adj.)having a
5、complete view in every direction(p.9)perimeter(n.)the measurement around the outside edge of an area or surface(p.11)prominent(adj.)easily seen,standing out,or important(p.13)skeleton(n.)a framework that supports a structure,such as a building(p.6)vertically(adv.)in a way that is straight up and dow
6、n(p.12)16A New SkylineLevel W Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Susan LennoxAll rights reserved.www.readinga-CorrelationLEVEL WS4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAFront cover:The Brooklyn Bridge spans the East River from Brooklyn to Lower Manhattan Island.Title page:A photo taken from a helicopt
7、er shows a spectacular birds-eye view of Lower Manhattan Island.Page 3:A construction worker perched on a beam(top)bolts the framework of the Empire State Building,1930.A Port Authority policeman(bottom)monitors traffic from his electric patrol car in the Holland Tunnel,New York City.Photo Credits:F
8、ront cover,back cover:Ultima_Gaina/iStock/Thinkstock;title page:Giovanni Gagliardi/123RF;page 3(top):Corbis;pages 3(bottom),10,12:Bettmann/Corbis;page 4(top):Vichaya Kiatying-Angsulee/123RF;page 4(center):AndreyKrav/iStock/Thinkstock;page 4(bottom):MIHAI ANDRITOIU/iStock/Thinkstock;page 5:Historic M
9、ap Works LLC/Historic Map Works/Getty Images;page 8:Alan Schein Photography/Corbis;page 9(top):Ewing Galloway/Alamy;page 9(bottom):cmarcus/iStock/Thinkstock;page 11:SSPL/The Image Works;page 13:Tamara Beckwith/REX USA;page 14:Brett Critchley/D;page 15:Vladone/iStock/Thinkstockarchitectsbehemothcompl
10、exdwarfediconicinnovationslandmarkpanoramicperimeterprominentskeletonverticallyWords to Know15Nearby,a new 104-story tower has been constructed.Nicknamed the Freedom Tower,the structure rises an astonishing 1,776 feet (541 m).The buildings height symbolizes the year of the United States independence
11、.The glass-paneled tower has a twisted octagon shape,and its huge reflective surface mirrors the changes in light all around it.At the top is a spire equipped with a light beam that is visible for miles.Several other high-rises are being constructed at the site as well.By the year 2020,the new World
12、 Trade Center complex should be complete.New Yorks ever-changing skyline will reflect the spirit of a city that continues to adapt and grow.One World Trade Center is over 400 feet(122 m)taller than either of the original Twin Towers.A New Skyline Level W153Table of ContentsIntroduction .4Growing the
13、 Big Apple .5Building an Empire .8Twin Giants Rise,Then Fall .10A New Tower Rises from the Ashes .14Glossary .16A New Skyline Level W14A New Tower Rises from the AshesThe World Trade Center tragedy devastated New York and the rest of the country.New Yorkers mourned the loss of their neighbors and th
14、eir landmark.At the same time,they vowed to rebuild at the World Trade Center site.Excavating the ruins of the old towers took time.Plans for the site took years to develop;there were many opinions on what should be done,and many designs were submitted with considerable controversy.Finally,the Port
15、Authority unveiled the design for the new World Trade Center complex.One area was set aside as a memorial park for those who lost their lives that day.The sites where the original buildings stood are now reflecting pools with cascading waterfalls.A memorial museum contains items from the old towers.
16、One of the two reflecting pools at the World Trade Center Memorial.Both feature the largest human-made waterfalls in the United States.4IntroductionWhat would Paris be without the Eiffel Tower,or London without its famous clock tower,Big Ben?Iconic structures such as these,along with surrounding bui
17、ldings,create an outline against the sky,called a skyline.Skylines are unique identifiers of places,just as your fingerprints are one-of-a-kind identifiers of you.Unlike fingerprints,however,skylines dont stay the same forever.They grow and change,sometimes gradually and at other times quite suddenl
18、y.New York City is a great example of a place whose skyline has experienced both slow and rapid change.In recent years,New Yorks skyline has been altered dramatically.Buildings and structures have risen,fallen,and risen again.New Yorks skyline has continuously evolved.LondonParisNew York13The Twin T
19、owers were a striking addition to the citys skyline.Because they were built away from the citys other tall skyscrapers,they dwarfed the surrounding buildings and were the most prominent structures on Manhattan Island.For thirty years,the World Trade Center towers were the tallest buildings in New Yo
20、rk.Then disaster struck.On the morning of September 11,2001,hijackers flew two passenger jets into the towers.Within an hour after the attack,the South Tower began to fall in on itself and crumble to the ground.The North Tower followed thirty minutes later.New Yorkers watched in stunned disbelief as
21、 these enormous structures were reduced to heaps of burning rubble.Nearly three thousand people died as a result of the attack.On September 11,2001,terrorists flew two planes into the Twin Towers.A New Skyline Level W5Growing the Big AppleDuring the nineteenth century,New York Citys famous skyline,a
22、long with its diverse population,began to grow rapidly.With the end of the Civil War came freed slaves from the South in search of work.Later,waves of Europeans immigrated to the United States through the port of New York.Many of them stayed on New Yorks Manhattan Island.By the late 1800s,New York w
23、as the most densely populated city in the country;by 1925,it was the most densely populated city in the world.All the citys new residents needed places to live,work,and shop.Gradually,the city expanded northward as more stores,factories,and homes were built.However,Manhattan Island is only about 23
24、square miles(59.6 sq km)in area.There was no more room for the city to expand outward;the only place to grow was up.An 1884 illustration of Lower Manhattan Island shows how little of the citys structure and skyline was developed at the time.A New Skyline Level W12People could take an express elevato
25、r to a sky lobby on the forty-fourth floor that would bypass the first forty-three floors.Then they would transfer to a local elevator,which would stop at every floor,to get to their office on the forty-eighth floor.This system was a new,efficient way to transport people vertically,and it reduced th
26、e number of elevator shafts needed.Construction of the towers began in 1966.The North Tower was completed in December 1970,topping out at 1,727 feet(526 m)at the top of its spire.A restaurant called Windows on the World offered diners a breathtaking view from the top of the North Tower.The South Tow
27、er,reaching 1,362 feet(415 m)in height,was finished seven months later.Beneath both buildings was a parking garage that could accommodate up to two thousand vehicles.Railroad and subway stations were situated underneath the parking garage.Over 3,500 workers helped build the World Trade Centers twin
28、towers during their peak of construction.6To do that,new building methods had to be employed.Up until that time,walls had been used to support a buildings weight.The walls on a buildings ground floor had to be strong enough to bear the weight of all the floors and the roof above them.This type of co
29、nstruction limited a buildings height.There was no practical way to make walls thick and strong enough to support a building with dozens of floors.A new way of building involved using a steel frame instead of walls to support the structure.Gigantic steel beams were connected to form the buildings sk
30、eleton.Then the walls were hung from the beams,much like curtains from a rod,and attached at the bottom to the floor.With the use of steel frame construction,the walls of the buildings upper floors were not weighing heavily on the lower floors walls.The weight of the walls was distributed along the
31、steel beams holding them up.Steel frame construction made it possible for buildings to reach new heights.By the turn of the twentieth century,New York City housed a number of huge structures that came to be called skyscrapers.Soon skyscrapers were going up one after another as builders and architect
32、s competed to make the worlds tallest building.11One innovation was the use of tube-frame construction instead of steel-frame construction.Each tower was similar to a hollow square pipe.The outside perimeter of the building had columns that were spaced close together.Surrounding the edge of the buil
33、ding with main support columns created more usable floor space inside.Another innovation was the use of sky lobbies.The taller a building is,the more elevators it needs.Yamasaki proposed an elevator system modeled after the citys subway system.The towers had both express and local elevators.Who Was
34、Elisha Otis?How were people supposed to get to the top floors of a skyscraper?Climbing hundreds of stairs wasnt a good optionelevators were needed.Early elevators,however,werent as safe as they should have been.Thanks to Elisha Otis,this problem was resolved.Otis designed the first safety elevator i
35、n 1854.The elevators platform would fall only a few inches if the cable holding it broke.He also designed engines to power the elevator.Without a doubt,Otiss invention was necessary to the development of tall buildings.The next time youre in an elevator,look around.Theres a good chance youll see the
36、 name“Otis”somewhere inside!Elisha Graves OtisA New Skyline Level W7Buildings of the New York City Skyline1 1899 Park Row Building 391 feet(119 m)29 stories2 1908 Singer Building 612 feet(186.5 m)37 stories3 1909 Met Life Tower 700 feet(213 m)50 stories4 1913 Woolworth Building 792 feet(241 m)55 sto
37、ries5 1930 Chrysler Building 1,048 feet(319 m)77 stories6 1931 Empire State Building 1,454 feet(443 m)103 stories7 1970 World Trade Center 1,727 feet(526 m)(North Tower)110 stories8 2014 One World Trade Center 1,776 feet(541 m)104 stories123478651899 1908 1909 1913 1930 1931 1970 2014A New Skyline L
38、evel W10Twin Giants Rise,Then FallAfter the Empire State Building was completed,skyscraper construction slowed down.Mammoth structures were costly to build,and the American economy was struggling.It was not until 1970 that the citys skyline would grow even higher.In the 1960s,city officials consider
39、ed building a“world trade center”a hub for international commercein Lower Manhattan.The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was in charge of the project.Architect Minoru Yamasaki designed the buildings.He proposed twin towers as part of the multibuilding complex of offices and storefronts.The
40、110-story towers would include some structural innovations.The Port AuthorityThe Port Authority of New York and New Jersey is an organization formed in 1921.Its purpose was to develop,modernize,and operate trade and transportation facilities in both New Jersey and New York City.The Port Authority st
41、ill owns and manages much of the 16-acre(64,750 sq m)World Trade Center complex.The Port Authority was in charge of building the George Washington Bridge,which connects Manhattan and New Jersey.8Building an EmpireBy the late 1920s,New York Citys skyline had risen to new heights.It was during this ti
42、me that two of the citys best-known structures were built.In 1928,the builder of the seventy-seven-story Chrysler Building wanted to make it the worlds tallest.So fierce was the competition for this title that the Chrysler builder smuggled a tall spire onto the top of his structure.The secret plan w
43、orked:in 1930,the Chrysler Building became not only the worlds tallest structure but also the only one to stand taller than 1,000 feet(305 m).The Chrysler Buildings reign would not last.Just blocks away,a steel-framed behemoth was rising.Not only would the Empire State Building take the crown for wo
44、rlds tallest,but it would also come to define the city it called home.The Chrysler Building was funded by businessman Walter Chrysler.9Workers broke ground on the Empire State Building in January 1930.Amazingly,it was completed just 410 days later.The steel and granite building had 103 floors and st
45、ood over 1,400 feet(427 m)tall.More than 3,000 workers contributed skills and labor to finish the building.The completed building had 64 working elevators that took less than one minute to get to the 80th floor.An outside observation deck on the 86th floor and an inside deck on the 102nd floor provi
46、ded panoramic views of the city.The Empire State Building symbolized New York City.It was named one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World and was featured in many books and movies.It wore the crown of worlds tallest building for nearly forty years until deposed by twin giants rising in the lower part of Manhattan.The Empire State Building during construction(above)and completed(below).Four-and-a-half stories were added per week.A New Skyline Level W