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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Writing and ArtWrite a newspaper article for students about the World Trade Center.Include the construction and destruction of the Twin Towers as well as future plans for that area.Social StudiesConstruct a map of New York City,including five
2、major buildings that are part of the citys current skyline.Use information from the book and additional resources as needed.ConnectionsA New SkylineA Reading AZ Level T Leveled BookWord Count:1,196www.readinga-Written by Susan LennoxTWZLEVELED BOOK TA New Skylinewww.readinga-How has New York Citys s
3、kyline changed?Focus QuestionWritten by Susan LennoxA New Skyline16Glossaryarchitects(n.)people who design buildings (p.6)commerce(n.)the buying and selling of goods;business or trade(p.10)complex(n.)a group of buildings close to one another used for a common purpose(p.10)efficient(adj.)making good
4、use of time or resources(p.12)excavating(v.)uncovering or digging out(p.14)innovations(n.)new ideas,products,or ways of doing something(p.11)landmark(n.)an important historical building or site;an object on land that marks a place(p.8)populated(adj.)inhabited by living things(p.5)skeleton(n.)a frame
5、work that supports a structure,such as a building (p.6)spire(n.)the pointed top of a tower or other building(p.8)unveiled(v.)uncovered or revealed(p.14)vertically(adv.)in a way that is straight up and down(p.12)16A New SkylineLevel T Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Susan LennoxAll rights reserved
6、.www.readinga-CorrelationLEVEL TP3838Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAFront cover:The Brooklyn Bridge spans the East River from Brooklyn to Lower Manhattan Island.Title page:A photo taken from a helicopter shows a spectacular birds-eye view of Lower Manhattan Island.Page 3:A construction worker per
7、ched on a beam(top)bolts the framework of the Empire State Building,1930.A Port Authority policeman(bottom)monitors traffic from his electric patrol car in the Holland Tunnel,New York City.Photo Credits:Front cover,back cover:Ultima_Gaina/iStock/Thinkstock;title page:Giovanni Gagliardi/123RF;page 3(
8、top):Corbis;pages 3(bottom),10,12:Bettmann/Corbis;page 4(top):Vichaya Kiatying-Angsulee/123RF;page 4(center):AndreyKrav/iStock/Thinkstock;page 4(bottom):MIHAI ANDRITOIU/iStock/Thinkstock;page 5:Historic Map Works LLC/Historic Map Works/Getty Images;page 8:Alan Schein Photography/Corbis;page 9(top):E
9、wing Galloway/Alamy;page 9(bottom):cmarcus/iStock/Thinkstock;page 11:SSPL/The Image Works;page 13:Tamara Beckwith/REX USA;page 14:Brett Critchley/D;page 15:Vladone/iStock/ThinkstockarchitectscommercecomplexefficientexcavatinginnovationslandmarkpopulatedskeletonspireunveiledverticallyWords to Know15N
10、earby,a new 104-story tower has been constructed.Nicknamed the Freedom Tower,the structure rises an astonishing 1,776 feet(541 m).The buildings height symbolizes the year of the United States independence.At the top is a lighted spire that is visible for miles.Several other high-rise buildings are b
11、eing constructed at the site as well.By the year 2020,the new World Trade Center complex should be complete.New Yorks ever-changing skyline will reflect the spirit of a city that continues to adapt and grow.One World Trade Center,completed in 2014,is over 400 feet(122 m)taller than the original Twin
12、 Towers.A New Skyline Level T153Table of ContentsIntroduction .4Growing the Big Apple .5Building an Empire .8Twin Giants Rise,Then Fall .10A New Tower Rises from the Ashes .14Glossary .16A New Skyline Level T14A New Tower Rises from the AshesThe World Trade Center tragedy was devastating.New Yorkers
13、 mourned the loss of their neighbors and their landmark.They vowed to rebuild the World Trade Center.Excavating the ruins of the old towers took time.Plans for the site took years to develop.There were many construction ideas and strong opinions about what should be built on the site.Finally,the Por
14、t Authority unveiled the design for the new World Trade Center complex.One area was set aside as a memorial park for those who had lost their lives that day.The sites of the original buildings are now pools with cascading waterfalls.A memorial museum contains items from the old towers.One of the two
15、 reflecting pools at the World Trade Center Memorial.Both feature the largest human-made waterfalls in the United States.4IntroductionWhat would Paris be without the Eiffel Tower,or London without its clock tower,Big Ben?Famous structures such as these,along with surrounding buildings,create an outl
16、ine against the sky,called a skyline.Skylines identify places,just as your fingerprints identify you.Unlike fingerprints,however,skylines dont stay the same forever.They change,sometimes slowly and sometimes suddenly.New York City is a great example of a place whose skyline has seen both slow and ra
17、pid change.In recent years,New Yorks skyline has changed dramatically.Buildings and structures have risen,fallen,and risen again.LondonParisNew York13The Twin Towers were a striking addition to the citys skyline.For thirty years,the World Trade Center towers were the tallest buildings in New York.Th
18、en disaster struck.On the morning of September 11,2001,hijackers flew two passenger jets into the towers.Within an hour after the attack,the South Tower began to fall and crumble to the ground.The North Tower soon followed.New Yorkers watched in disbelief as these enormous structures were reduced to
19、 heaps of burning rubble.Nearly three thousand people died as a result of the attack.On September 11,2001,terrorists flew two planes into the Twin Towers.A New Skyline Level T5Growing the Big AppleNew York City was first settled in the seventeenth century.During the nineteenth century,its population
20、 exploded.The end of the Civil War brought freed slaves from the South in search of work.Later,waves of Europeans immigrated to the United States through the port of New York.Many of them stayed on New Yorks Manhattan Island.By the late 1800s,New York was the most densely populated city in the count
21、ry.By 1925,it was the most densely populated city in the world.People needed places to live,work,and shop.The city grew northward as more stores,factories,and homes were built.However,Manhattan Island is only about 23 square miles(59.6 sq km)in area.Soon there was nowhere left to build.The only plac
22、e to grow was up.An 1884 illustration of Lower Manhattan Island shows how little of the citys skyline had grown at that time.A New Skyline Level T12People could take an express elevator straight to a sky lobby on the forty-fourth floor.Then theyd transfer to a local elevator that would stop at every
23、 floor above to get to their offices.This system was an efficient way to transport people vertically.It reduced the number of elevator shafts needed.Construction began in 1966 and took four years.The North Tower was completed in December 1970.It stood 1,727 feet(526 m)tall at the tip of its spire.A
24、restaurant atop the building called Windows on the World offered diners a breathtaking view.The South Tower,reaching 1,362 feet(415 m)high,was finished seven months later.Beneath both buildings was a parking garage;below that were railroad and subway stations.Over 3,500 workers helped build the Worl
25、d Trade Centers twin towers during their peak of construction.6To do that,different building methods had to be used.Old methods had always used walls to support a buildings weight.The walls on the ground floor had to be strong enough to support the floors and roof above them.This requirement limited
26、 a buildings height.There was no practical way to make walls thick and strong enough to support a building with many floors.A new method involved using a steel frame instead of walls to support the structure.Huge steel beams were connected to form the buildings skeleton.Then the walls were hung from
27、 the beams and attached at the bottom to the floor.The walls of the buildings upper floors did not weigh heavily on the lower floors walls.The steel frame beams held them up.Steel frame construction made it possible for buildings to reach new heights.By the turn of the twentieth century,New York Cit
28、y was home to many huge structures called skyscrapers.Soon skyscrapers were going up one after another as builders and architects competed to make the worlds tallest building.11The 110-story towers would include some structural innovations.One was the use of tube-frame construction.Each tower was si
29、milar to a hollow square pipe.Along the outside walls of the building were columns spaced close together.This reduced the need for inside support columns and created more usable floor space inside.Another innovation was the use of sky lobbies.Skyscrapers need many elevators.Yamasaki proposed an elev
30、ator system modeled after the citys subway system.The towers had both express and local elevators,just as the subway had express and local trains.Who Was Elisha Otis?How were people supposed to reach the top floors of a skyscraper?Climbing hundreds of stairs wasnt a good optionelevators were needed.
31、Early elevators,however,werent as safe as they should have been.Thanks to Elisha Otis,this problem was fixed.Otis designed the first safety elevator in 1854.The elevators platform would fall only a few inches if the cable holding it broke.He also designed engines to power the elevator.Without a doub
32、t,Otiss invention was necessary to the development of tall buildings.The next time youre in an elevator,theres a good chance youll see the name“Otis”somewhere inside!OtisA New Skyline Level T7Buildings of the New York City Skyline1 1899 Park Row Building 391 feet(119 m)29 stories2 1908 Singer Buildi
33、ng 612 feet(186.5 m)37 stories3 1909 Met Life Tower 700 feet(213 m)50 stories4 1913 Woolworth Building 792 feet(241 m)55 stories5 1930 Chrysler Building 1,048 feet(319 m)77 stories6 1931 Empire State Building 1,454 feet(443 m)103 stories7 1970 World Trade Center 1,727 feet(526 m)(North Tower)110 sto
34、ries8 2014 One World Trade Center 1,776 feet(541 m)104 stories123478651899 1908 1909 1913 1930 1931 1970 2014A New Skyline Level T10Twin Giants Rise,Then FallAfter the Empire State Building was completed,skyscraper construction slowed down.Giant structures cost a lot to build,and the American econom
35、y was not doing well.It was not until 1970 that the citys skyline would grow even higher.In the 1960s,city officials decided to build a center for international commerce in Lower Manhattan.The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was in charge of this new“world trade center.”Architect Minoru Ya
36、masaki designed the buildings.He proposed twin towers as part of a multibuilding complex.The Port AuthorityThe Port Authority of New York and New Jersey is an organization formed in 1921.Its purpose was to develop and operate trade and transportation facilities in both New Jersey and New York City.T
37、he Port Authority still owns and manages much of the 16-acre(64,750 sq m)World Trade Center complex.The Port Authority was in charge of building the George Washington Bridge,which connects Manhattan and New Jersey.8Building an EmpireIn 1928,the builder of the seventy-seven-story Chrysler Building wa
38、nted to make it the worlds tallest.The builder attached a tall spire onto the top of his structure.In 1930,the Chrysler Building became the worlds tallest structure.It also became the only building to stand taller than 1,000 feet(305 m).The Chrysler Buildings reign would not last.Just blocks away,a
39、giant was rising.The Empire State Building was soon the worlds tallest,and would also become a famous New York City landmark.The Chrysler Building was funded by businessman Walter Chrysler.9Workers began construction on the Empire State Building in January 1930.More than 3,000 workers finished const
40、ruction just 410 days later.The steel and granite building had 103 floors and stood over 1,400 feet(427 m)tall.The building had 64 working elevators.It took less than one minute to get to the 80th floor.People could visit an outside observation deck on the 86th floor or an inside deck on the 102nd f
41、loor.The Empire State Building was a symbol of New York City and was featured in many books and movies.It was the worlds tallest building for nearly forty years,until twin giants rose from Lower Manhattan.The Empire State Building during construction(above)and completed(below).Four-and-a-half stories were added per week.A New Skyline Level T