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1、All About ChocolateA Reading AZ Level U Leveled BookWord Count:1,694Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.www.readinga-All About ChocolateLEVELED BOOK UBy Robert CharlesORUWritten by Robert CharlesAll About Chocolate www.readinga-24Glossarycacao (n.)the tree from which we get choc
2、olate (p.5)conching the process of smoothing a chocolate mixture(p.14)consume (v.)to eat or buy(p.21)fermentation (n.)a natural changing process that occurs in many foods and plants(p.10)ingredients (n.)the different food items that go into a dish or recipe(p.14)machete (n.)a long,thick knife(p.8)mi
3、lls (n.)machines that use animal,wind,or steam power to grind things(p.18)mole (n.)a spicy Mexican sauce made with chile and strong chocolate(p.20)plantations (n.)large farms with many workers(p.6)Indexcocoa,13,19Columbus,Christopher,16Cortez,Hernando,16,17,19fermentation,10plantations,6pulp,9,12242
4、3ConclusionIt took a long time for chocolate to become popular outside the regions of Central and South America where cacao trees were first grown and used.Over the years,people added things such as sugar and milk to the long and complicated process of making chocolate from cacao beans.Today,people
5、around the world eat millions of kilograms of chocolate,making it the worlds most popular sweet.The next time you eat chocolate,think about how it was made.All About Chocolate Level UAll About ChocolateLevel U Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Robert CharlesIllustrated by Cende HillAll rights reser
6、ved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Front cover,back cover,title page,pages 3,4(top left,top right,bottom right),19:ArtToday;page 4(bottom left,center):Artville;page 6:Wolfgang Kaehler/LightRocket/Getty Images;page 7:iS 8:Winfield Parks/National Geographic Stock;page 9:Foodcollection/Getty Images;page 10
7、:Owen Franken/Corbis Documentary/Getty Images;page 11:Leo Ramirez/AFP/Getty Images;page 12:Edward Rozzo/Corbis;page 13 top:iS Broek;page 13 bottom:iS Balderas;pages 18,20:Learning A-Z,Inc.;page 22:Brand X Pictures;page 23:iS JohnsonSpecial thanks to Nadia Larsen of Choc-alot in Tucson,Arizona.Correl
8、ationLEVEL UQ4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA233Table of ContentsIntroduction.4Where Chocolate Comes From .5 Preparing the Beans .8From Beans to Chocolate .12History of Chocolate.16Chocolate Today .20Try This!.22Conclusion .23Glossary .24Index .24All About Chocolate Level U22 Yummy Chocolate B
9、rownies Make sure you have an adult to help you do with any cutting or handling of hot foods.1 Gather these ingredients:1 cup butter or margarine 4 squares(1 oz.each)of unsweetened chocolate(also called bakers chocolate)4 eggs 2 cups white sugar 2 teaspoons vanilla extract 1 1/2 cups all-purpose flo
10、ur 1 teaspoon baking powder pinch of salt 2 Preheat the oven to 350F(180C).Rub grease over a 9x13-inch(15-cup)baking pan.3 Melt the butter in a saucepan over medium heat on the stovetop.After the butter is melted,take it off the heat and stir in the chocolate until it is melted and mixed in.Add the
11、eggs one at a time,stirring thoroughly.Then add the sugar and vanilla,stirring the mixture until smooth.4 In a separate bowl,mix the flour,salt,and baking powder.Gently pour the butter,chocolate,and sugar mix into the flour and stir it until the flour is completely wet.5 Pour the mixture into the ba
12、king pan and spread it evenly.6 Bake for 25 to 30 minutes until the brownies begin to pull away from the sides of the pan.7 Let the brownies cool in the pan before you cut them.Makes 12 brownies.Try This!4IntroductionAsk people about their favorite sweet thing to eat,and theyll probably say its choc
13、olate.People around the world love chocolate.They love it so much that every year they eat more chocolate than any other sweet.If you have ever wondered where chocolate comes from and how its made,then read on.21Each year people around the world consume tons of chocolate.The people of Switzerland co
14、nsume more chocolate per person than anyone else in the world.They are joined in their love of chocolate by people in many other European countries.The table below shows chocolate consumption in the top ten chocolate-consuming countries.1 Switzerland.22.4 lbs.10.1 kg 2 Austria.20.1 lbs.9.1 kg 3 Irel
15、and.19.5 lbs.8.8 kg 4 Germany.18.0 lbs.8.2 kg 5 Norway.17.9 lbs.8.1 kg 6 Denmark.17.7 lbs.8.0 kg 7 United Kingdom.17.5 lbs.7.9 kg 8 Belgium.13.2 lbs.6.0 kg 9 Australia.13.0 lbs.5.9 kg 10 Sweden.12.9 lbs.5.8 kgMOLDOVA LITHUANIA LATVIA ESTONIALUX.CROATIA SLOVENIA SWITZERLAND ICELAND ALGERIA LIBYA EGYP
16、T SAUDI ARABIA TUNISIA MOROCCO JORDAN ISRAEL LEBANON ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN GEORGIA SYRIA IRAQ RUSSIA UNITED KINGDOM FINLAND AUSTRIA SWEDEN NORWAY GERMANY FRANCEHUNGARY ROMANIA BULGARIA TURKEY DENMARK POLAND BELARUS CZECH SLOVAKIA NETH.BELGIUM IRELANDAUSTRALIA Top Chocolate-Consuming Countries on a Per-
17、Person,Per-Year BasisAll About Chocolate Level U5Where Chocolate Comes FromIt might surprise you to learn that chocolate actually grows on trees.That doesnt mean that you can pick a chunk of chocolate from a tree branch and eat it.In fact,the chocolate growing on trees looks,tastes,and smells nothin
18、g like the chocolate you eat.The tree that gives us chocolate is the cacao(kah-KOW)tree.It is an evergreen tree that can grow to be over 40 feet(12.2 meters)tall.Chocolate comes from beans that are found in large pods on the tree.Cacao trees grow where it is hot and wet.Mostly,they grow near the equ
19、ator.When young,these trees need protection from the wind and sun.But as they grow older,they can grow in full sunlight.The shaded areas of the map show where cacao trees grow close to the equator,where it is hot.AsiaAustraliaAfricaS.AmericaN.AmericaEquatorEuropeAll About Chocolate Level U20Chocolat
20、e TodayMost of the chocolate made in factories today is used to make chocolate candy.Other chocolate goes into ice cream,chocolate drinks,and baked goods such as cakes and doughnuts.Even a sauce called mole(MOLE-ay),used in Mexican cooking,is made from chocolate.Do You Know?Recent medical studies sh
21、ow that there are definite medical benefits in eating chocolate.The benefits are linked to dark chocolate,rather than milk chocolate.Some of the medical benefits include a reduction in heart disease and blood pressure.Some specialty shops sell only chocolate treats.6The cacao tree originated in the
22、Amazon River region of South America.Through the course of history,the tree spread to other parts of South America,Central America,and Mexico.It was also introduced to other parts of the world,including Africa,in 1870.Today,more than two thirds of the cacao in the world comes from western Africa.Bra
23、zil is the next largest producer.Today,most cacao trees are grown on farms called plantations.It takes four to five years before a cacao tree begins to grow pods.Cacao trees have large,smooth,shiny green leaves that stay on the tree year-round.They have lots of small white or yellow flowers that blo
24、om during the year.The flowers give off a bad smell that attracts flies to pollinate the plants.Some of the flowers change into pods,but most do not.Only about one out of every ten or twenty flowers will become a pod.Cacao trees grow in the wild,as well as on plantations.19 History of Chocolate20071
25、6571828184718751894191320090015021528All About Chocolate Level U7The pods are shaped like little footballs.They grow on the trunk and larger branches of the tree throughout the year.Workers trim the branches to make sure that they get the most pods possible from the trees.The pods are green when the
26、y first form,but they change to a golden or reddish color as they get ripe.The pods are picked when they are ripe or mature.Since cacao tree roots grow close to the surface and are easily damaged,workers have to be careful not to step on the trees roots when they remove the pods.These pods contain t
27、he beans that will be used to make chocolate.All About Chocolate Level U18worthless because they had no idea what the beans were used for.It is widely rumored that Spanish monks were the ones who finally shared the secret of how chocolate was made with other Europeans,changing the world forever.Unti
28、l the 1600s and 1700s,chocolate was a luxury food for royalty and powerful church officials.During the 1600s,people began grinding large amounts of cacao beans in mills,producing much more chocolate and lowering the cost.The invention of smooth milk chocolate also increased the treats popularity.The
29、 first chocolate shop in London,England,was opened in 1657.In the 1700s,a steam-driven chocolate grinder was invented,allowing factories to quickly make tons of affordable chocolate.Today,chocolate is a favorite and affordable treat in many countries.Chocolate is enjoyed with gusto by people of all
30、ages.8Preparing the BeansTaking the pods from the cacao trees is the first step in making chocolate.Its not the pods that are importantits the 20 to 50 beans found inside the pods,which are actually the trees seeds.It takes a lot of beans and a lot of work to make a kilogram(2 lbs)of chocolate.About
31、 800 beans,removed from 20 to 40 pods,are needed.First,the pods are gathered,and then someone using a large blade called a machete(mah-SHET-ee)cuts each pod open with one or two forceful whacks.A skilled pod breaker can break open as many as 500 pods in a single hour.A harvester cracks open cacao po
32、ds to get at the seeds.17was value in cacao beans.The great Aztec ruler Montezuma had served Cortez a drink made from cacao beans.The Aztecs told Cortez that it was the drink of the gods.They believed that cacao beans gave them added wisdom and strength.They placed so much value on cacao beans that
33、they used the beans as a form of money.Cortez saw much more value in the beans as money than as a drink.He planted cacao trees so that he could use the beans,not for chocolate,but as money.It was his way of growing money on trees.Cortez brought back knowledge of how to make the chocolate drink,but i
34、t still was not popular outside the New World.Eventually,the Spanish began mixing sugar with the drink,along with cinnamon and vanilla,and serving it hot.The drink soon became very popular among the nobility and the very wealthy.The Spanish valued chocolate so much that they kept the knowledge of ho
35、w to make it secret from the rest of Europe for almost one hundred years.The Spanish created many plantations of cacao trees in their colonies in South and Central America to ensure a plentiful source of the beans.During this time,countries at war with Spain would sometimes capture Spanish ships ful
36、l of cacao beans and would destroy the cargo as All About Chocolate Level U9The beans are then scooped out of the open pod.The beans are not brown,as you might expect.Instead,they are cream colored and covered with a soft pulp.These beans are a long way from being the chocolate you know.This is what
37、 the inside of a cacao tree pod looks like.All About Chocolate Level U16History of ChocolateAs near as historians can tell,people living in Mexico and Central America were using chocolate almost 2,000 years ago.These people enjoyed a drink called xocoatl(shoh-coh-WAH-tuhl)made from roasted chocolate
38、 beans.But if you were to try this drink today,youd find that it tastes much different than the chocolate drinks you enjoy.In fact,it was a very bitter-tasting drinkkind of like coffee.When Christopher Columbus returned from his fourth trip to the New World,he brought some cacao beans to show to the
39、 king and queen of Spain.Europeans did not know what to do with the beans,so they mostly ignored them.They were more interested in spices and other things Columbus brought back.It was not until a Spanish explorer by the name of Hernando Cortez returned from a voyage to the New World that Europeans b
40、egan to see that there 10The pulp-covered beans are put into piles or boxes and covered.As the beans come in contact with the air,they begin to change from a cream color to a purple color.The beans also change on the inside in a process called fermentation.Fermentation can take more than a week,but
41、the fermented beans still do not taste or smell like chocolate.A worker spreads the cacao beans so they can dry and then begin the fermentation process.154.Mixing5.Conching6.Pouring7.Cooling8.WrappingAll About Chocolate Level U11After the beans have fermented,they are dried.The beans are either drie
42、d outdoors by spreading the beans on large mats in the sun,or they are taken indoors and dried by hot,dry air blown from pipes.As they dry,the beans are turned.Once the beans are dry,they are placed in large cloth bags and shipped to makers of chocolate.Workers spread cacao beans to dry in the sun.A
43、ll About Chocolate Level U14The chocolate we eat is made in the final step,called conching(KONCH-ing).Conching takes place in machines with big rollers.A mixture of sugar,cocoa powder,cocoa butter,and other ingredients,such as milk and vanilla,is placed in the machines and then rolled and mixed unti
44、l smooth.The smooth mixture is poured into molds and cooled.After it has cooled and solidified,the chocolate is removed from the molds and wrapped in packages for shipping.Another popular form of chocolate is white chocolate.White chocolate is made by mixing sugar and milk solids directly with cocoa
45、 butter.1.Roasting2.Shelling3.Grinding13After the shells are removed,only the meaty part of the bean,called the nib,remains.The nibs are ground up and crushed until they become a liquid.The liquid is poured into molds where it cools into bars of bitter,unsweetened chocolate.The bars are then pressed
46、 until the most important part of the chocolate,a yellow liquid called cocoa butter,is removed.The cocoa butter drains through a screen and is collected to make the chocolate we eat.After the liquid cocoa butter is removed,the solid part of the bar is ground into a powder.Cocoa powder is sent to dai
47、ries and bakeries to flavor baked goods and dairy products.Word OriginsCacao or Cocoa?When the products of the cacao tree made their way to English-speaking countries,the Spanish word cacao became the English word cocoa.Writers and speakers of English today still use the word cacao when discussing t
48、he tree and its flowers,pods,and beans.People usually use the word cocoa when discussing the many products that come from the beans.All About Chocolate Level U12From Beans to ChocolateMaking chocolate from the fermented,dried beans is a very long and complicated process.First,the beans need to be cl
49、eaned,removing any remaining pulp or pieces of the pods.Then,chocolate makers blend different varieties of beans to make sure the chocolate has just the right flavor.The cleaned and blended beans are roasted in order to bring out the chocolate flavor.This is the stage when the beans begin to smell like chocolate.As the beans are roasted,the thin shell that covers them grows brittle.The beans pass through a special machine that cracks their shells and blows away the pieces of shell with fans.Beans roast in giant drums at a candy factory.