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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.The Hard Stuff!All About BonesA Reading AZ Level U Leveled BookWord Count:1,691QLEVELED BOOK UThe Hard Stuff!All About BonesRUXWritten by Lisa Trumbauerwww.readinga-CorrelationLEVEL UQ4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAThe Hard Stuff!All Ab
2、out BonesLevel U Leveled Book Learning AZISBN 1-59827-258-6Written by Lisa TrumbauerAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Front cover:iS Kaulitzki;back cover:Michal Heron Photography;title page:iS Galbraith;pages 4(all),6,8(head),10,12(all),13(all),14(bones art,kids),15,17(bones art),18,19(
3、right),22:Jupiterimages Corporation;page 5(all):MedicalRF.com/Corbis;page 7:Oguz Aral/123RF;page 8(skull):Derrick Neill/D;page 9:iS Biczo;page 11:iS King;pages 14(arm photo),17(leg photo):Craig Frederick/Learning AZ;page 16:iS Abildgaard;page 17(left):S Krinke;page 19(left):Sebastian Kaulitzki/123RF
4、;page 20:Gunilla Elam/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers,Inc.;page 21:Stacy Barnett/123RF;page 24:iS BucklinWritten by Lisa Trumbauerwww.readinga-The Hard Stuff!All About BonesThe Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level U 2324Glossaryappendages(n.)external body parts that stick out of the body,such as
5、 arms or legs(p.14)ball-and-socket a joint that fits together joint(n.)as a ball fits into a glove (p.19)bone marrow(n.)spongy material in the center of bones that creates blood cells(p.20)cartilage(n.)an elastic tissue found in humans and other vertebrates(p.9)fused(adj.)joined together(p.10)hinge
6、joints(n.)joints that open like a door(p.19)legumes(n.)plants with seed pods,such as beans,lentils,and peas (p.22)ligaments(n.)tissues that connect one bone to another bone(p.5)precise(adj.)exact in movement or operation(p.15)spinal cord(n.)a collection of nerves that are protected by vertebrae (p.1
7、1)sutures(n.)joints or seams between skull bones(p.7)swivel joints(n.)joints that can tilt or turn(p.19)tendons(n.)tough tissues that attach muscles to bones(p.5)vertebrates(n.)animals with backbones(p.4)pelvisfemurclaviclehumerusradiustibiaspinal columnulnapatellafibulacraniumanklebonesHuman Skelet
8、onrib cagefoot boneshand boneswrist bonesCorrelationLEVEL UQ4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAThe Hard Stuff!All About BonesLevel U Leveled Book Learning AZISBN 1-59827-258-6Written by Lisa TrumbauerAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Front cover:iS Kaulitzki;back cover:Michal Heron P
9、hotography;title page:iS Galbraith;pages 4(all),6,8(head),10,12(all),13(all),14(bones art,kids),15,17(bones art),18,19(right),22:Jupiterimages Corporation;page 5(all):MedicalRF.com/Corbis;page 7:Oguz Aral/123RF;page 8(skull):Derrick Neill/D;page 9:iS Biczo;page 11:iS King;pages 14(arm photo),17(leg
10、photo):Craig Frederick/Learning AZ;page 16:iS Abildgaard;page 17(left):S Krinke;page 19(left):Sebastian Kaulitzki/123RF;page 20:Gunilla Elam/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers,Inc.;page 21:Stacy Barnett/123RF;page 24:iS BucklinWritten by Lisa Trumbauerwww.readinga-The Hard Stuff!All About Bones
11、The Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level U 2324Glossaryappendages(n.)external body parts that stick out of the body,such as arms or legs(p.14)ball-and-socket a joint that fits together joint(n.)as a ball fits into a glove (p.19)bone marrow(n.)spongy material in the center of bones that creates blood cel
12、ls(p.20)cartilage(n.)an elastic tissue found in humans and other vertebrates(p.9)fused(adj.)joined together(p.10)hinge joints(n.)joints that open like a door(p.19)legumes(n.)plants with seed pods,such as beans,lentils,and peas (p.22)ligaments(n.)tissues that connect one bone to another bone(p.5)prec
13、ise(adj.)exact in movement or operation(p.15)spinal cord(n.)a collection of nerves that are protected by vertebrae (p.11)sutures(n.)joints or seams between skull bones(p.7)swivel joints(n.)joints that can tilt or turn(p.19)tendons(n.)tough tissues that attach muscles to bones(p.5)vertebrates(n.)anim
14、als with backbones(p.4)pelvisfemurclaviclehumerusradiustibiaspinal columnulnapatellafibulacraniumanklebonesHuman Skeletonrib cagefoot boneshand boneswrist bonesThe Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level U 2122Bones need to stay healthy to remain strong.Exercising regularly is the best way to keep your bon
15、es in good working order.Eating a well-balanced diet helps the bone marrow to produce healthy blood cells.Legumes(such as pinto beans or peas),other vegetables,and fruits are good for your bones.Foods rich in calcium,such as dairy products and fortified soy milk,rice milk,and orange juice,can also h
16、elp bones to grow.Your bones give your body its shape,and they also give you much more.They give you the ability to move,sit,stand,and write.You wouldnt be you without your bones!Bones help you do all kinds of fun activities.Keeping Bones HealthyEven though bones are very strong,they can break if th
17、ey are hit hard enough.Healing a broken bone requires a little help from a doctor and a great deal of help from bone cells.For a bone to heal correctly,the bone must be put back the way it was before the break.Doctors may need to move around the broken bones to put them back together.Then they place
18、 a cast around the body part where the bone was broken.The cast keeps the body part from moving so the bone has time to heal.As soon as a bone breaks,bone cells begin repairing it.Holding the broken bone in place with a cast allows the bone cells to do their job.A cast helps hold a broken bone in pl
19、ace so it can heal.The Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level U 34Body ShapersLizards have one.Elephants have one.Even fish have one.You have one,too!What do you all have?You all have skeletons.Skeletons are the bones inside animals bodies.The skeleton is a frame that has muscles,blood vessels,and skin wr
20、apped around it.Skeletons give vertebrateshumans and many other animalstheir shape.You can identify many animals just by looking at their skeletons.lionelephantcowsealmonkeyTable of ContentsBody Shapers.4Heads Up .6Put Your Back Into It .10And Now the Appendages.14Dont Get Out of Joint .18Inside You
21、r Bones .20Keeping Bones Healthy.21Glossary.23The Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level U 34Body ShapersLizards have one.Elephants have one.Even fish have one.You have one,too!What do you all have?You all have skeletons.Skeletons are the bones inside animals bodies.The skeleton is a frame that has muscle
22、s,blood vessels,and skin wrapped around it.Skeletons give vertebrateshumans and many other animalstheir shape.You can identify many animals just by looking at their skeletons.lionelephantcowsealmonkeyTable of ContentsBody Shapers.4Heads Up .6Put Your Back Into It .10And Now the Appendages.14Dont Get
23、 Out of Joint .18Inside Your Bones .20Keeping Bones Healthy.21Glossary.23The Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level U 2122Bones need to stay healthy to remain strong.Exercising regularly is the best way to keep your bones in good working order.Eating a well-balanced diet helps the bone marrow to produce h
24、ealthy blood cells.Legumes(such as pinto beans or peas),other vegetables,and fruits are good for your bones.Foods rich in calcium,such as dairy products and fortified soy milk,rice milk,and orange juice,can also help bones to grow.Your bones give your body its shape,and they also give you much more.
25、They give you the ability to move,sit,stand,and write.You wouldnt be you without your bones!Bones help you do all kinds of fun activities.Keeping Bones HealthyEven though bones are very strong,they can break if they are hit hard enough.Healing a broken bone requires a little help from a doctor and a
26、 great deal of help from bone cells.For a bone to heal correctly,the bone must be put back the way it was before the break.Doctors may need to move around the broken bones to put them back together.Then they place a cast around the body part where the bone was broken.The cast keeps the body part fro
27、m moving so the bone has time to heal.As soon as a bone breaks,bone cells begin repairing it.Holding the broken bone in place with a cast allows the bone cells to do their job.A cast helps hold a broken bone in place so it can heal.The Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level U 1920Inside Your BonesIt might
28、 seem as if bones are hard and dead,like rocks,but that is not the case.Bones are alive with millions of bone cells that need oxygen and food to survive,just like other types of cells.On the outside,a bone is hard and solid.This outer layer is the compact bone.Below the compact bone is the spongy bo
29、ne,which has holes to keep the bones light so our muscles can lift them.Inside the spongy bone is bone marrow.Bone marrow is the place where the body makes blood cells.The bone marrow in a typical adult produces more than 50 billion red blood cells every day!compact bonebone marrowspongy boneNot all
30、 joints are the same.The joint where the humerus connects to the shoulder bone is a ball-and-socket joint.The connection between the femur and the pelvis is another joint of this type.The top end of the humerus has a ball shape.This ball fits snugly into a round socket in the shoulder.The same is tr
31、ue for the femur,which fits into the pelvis.The elbow joint and the knee joint are hinge joints.Hinge joints can only bend in one direction.The joints between the vertebrae of your spine are swivel joints,which tilt and turn.Sutures connect the skull bones but do not allow much movement.The hip join
32、t is a ball-and-socket joint.An X-ray of the hip joint,which connects the pelvis and femurballsocketThe Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level U 56Heads UpPress your hand against your foreheadthe part of your face above your eyebrows.Your forehead feels hard because you can feel your skull,or cranium,unde
33、r the skin.The cranium is one set of bones in your body.It protects your brain,a very important and very soft organ.The cranium is like a crash helmet,except that it is not as strong.For that reason,you need to wear a helmet when you play some sports.These racers wear helmets to protect their skulls
34、.The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones,starting at the top with the skull and ending at the bottom with the toe bones.Many bones have muscles attached to them by tendons.These bones help us move.Some bones protect soft organs inside our bodies,such as the heart and the brain.Many large bones ha
35、ve special areas in the center that make blood cells.Tissues called ligaments connect the bones to make up the skeleton.To learn how bones work,lets take a closer look at specific body areas.Ligaments hold the hand and foot bones together.ligamentsThe Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level U 56Heads UpPre
36、ss your hand against your foreheadthe part of your face above your eyebrows.Your forehead feels hard because you can feel your skull,or cranium,under the skin.The cranium is one set of bones in your body.It protects your brain,a very important and very soft organ.The cranium is like a crash helmet,e
37、xcept that it is not as strong.For that reason,you need to wear a helmet when you play some sports.These racers wear helmets to protect their skulls.The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones,starting at the top with the skull and ending at the bottom with the toe bones.Many bones have muscles attac
38、hed to them by tendons.These bones help us move.Some bones protect soft organs inside our bodies,such as the heart and the brain.Many large bones have special areas in the center that make blood cells.Tissues called ligaments connect the bones to make up the skeleton.To learn how bones work,lets tak
39、e a closer look at specific body areas.Ligaments hold the hand and foot bones together.ligamentsThe Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level U 1920Inside Your BonesIt might seem as if bones are hard and dead,like rocks,but that is not the case.Bones are alive with millions of bone cells that need oxygen and
40、 food to survive,just like other types of cells.On the outside,a bone is hard and solid.This outer layer is the compact bone.Below the compact bone is the spongy bone,which has holes to keep the bones light so our muscles can lift them.Inside the spongy bone is bone marrow.Bone marrow is the place w
41、here the body makes blood cells.The bone marrow in a typical adult produces more than 50 billion red blood cells every day!compact bonebone marrowspongy boneNot all joints are the same.The joint where the humerus connects to the shoulder bone is a ball-and-socket joint.The connection between the fem
42、ur and the pelvis is another joint of this type.The top end of the humerus has a ball shape.This ball fits snugly into a round socket in the shoulder.The same is true for the femur,which fits into the pelvis.The elbow joint and the knee joint are hinge joints.Hinge joints can only bend in one direct
43、ion.The joints between the vertebrae of your spine are swivel joints,which tilt and turn.Sutures connect the skull bones but do not allow much movement.The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint.An X-ray of the hip joint,which connects the pelvis and femurballsocketThe Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level
44、 U 1718Dont Get Out of JointAlong with 206 bones,the adult human body has over 100 joints.Joints are the places where bones meet.Bones are hard and unbending,but because bones are connected at joints,our bodies can bend and twist.Your joints allow you to bend and twist into unusual positions.Bones B
45、onusSometimes we say that people are double-jointed,which doesnt mean that they have two joints instead of one.Double-jointed people are more flexible than the average person because the ligaments between their joints are looser.These loose ligaments allow them to bend in unusual ways.Like the hand,
46、the foot is a complex collection of many bones.Each foot has only one less bone than a handtwenty-sixfor a total of fifty-two bones for both feet.The ankle and heel of a foot have seven tarsal bones,and the ball of a foot has five metatarsal bones.Like the hand,the foot has fourteen phalangestwo for
47、 the big toe and three each for the remaining toes.Skin and tissue on the bottoms,or soles,of the feet protect the bones from the impact of jumping and running.fibulaankle bonestoebonesballtibiapatellafemurFoot bones are cushioned by the skin and tissue around them so they dont break when you run,ju
48、mp,and hop.The Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level U 78If you feel around your head,your skull seems to be one piece.Actually,though,the skull is made up of many different bones.The bones come together at special joints called sutures.Unlike other joints,sutures dont move much.Remember touching your fo
49、rehead?This part of the skull is the frontal bone.The ridge of bone above your eyes is the supraorbital ridge.The largest part of your skull covers the top and back of your head.These two bones are the parietal(puh-RY-eh-tul)bones.The part of your skull just above your neck in the back is the occipi
50、tal(awk-SIP-ih-tul)bone,and the sides of the skull,above the ears,are the temporal bones.parietal bonefrontalboneoccipital bonetemporal bonesuturessupraorbital ridgeMajor Skull BonesIn all,your skull has twenty-two bones,not counting the six in your middle ears and one in your throat.Under your chee