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1、2023年高中英语基础语法定语从句讲义一、有关定语从句的概念(1)定语从句：就是在复合句里充当定语的从句，它通常紧靠在 所修饰的名词或代词后面。(2)先行词：就是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。(3)关系词：；关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词不仅起连 接作用，而且还代表先行词并在定语从句中担任某一句子成分，关系 代词作主语、宾语、定语、表语等，关系副词作状语。如：This is the book that my father bought me yesterday, 这 就是我父亲昨天帮我买的那本书。说明：句 中修饰 the hook 的 that my father boug
2、ht me yesterday 就是定语从句：被定语从句所修饰的the book这是先行词：代表the book的关系代词that在定语从句中作bought的直接宾语。The time when he lives is not known.他到达的时间还不知道。说明：句中when he arrives是定语从句，被定语从句修饰的 the time是先行词，关系副词when作时间状语。二、关系代词的一般用法先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who,作宾语用whom或who,作 定语用whose；先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which, 作定语用of which或whose均可。在限制性定语
3、从句中which, who. whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。This is the man who helped me yesterday, 这就是昨天帮助 我的那个人。（作主语）The teacher （who/whom that） you want to see is coming 你 要见的老师来了。（作see的宾语，可以省略）I met a boy whose father was a astronaut. 我认识一位男孩, 他的父亲是宇航员。（作定语）Here is the coat which that will be made to you.这是一件 做给
4、你的衣服。（作主语）This is the factory（which that） we visited last year.这 就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。（作visited的宾语，可以省略）He has a book whose cover （=the cover of which） is very beautiful.他有一本封面非常漂亮的书。三、关系副词的一般用法关系副词有when where why,在定语从句中作状语，分别表示 时间、地点和原因。when的先行词通常是time, day, season, age occasion 等时间名词：where的先行词通常是place ci
5、ty torn village house case situation scenes笔地占或情形名词：why的先行词只 能是reason。关系副语when和where有时可用“介词+which”代替，why可用for which 代替。如：There are occasions when (=on which) one must yield.任何 人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where (二in which) I was born. 北京 是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our
6、offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？注意：先行词虽然是时间或地点，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾 语时，要用关系代词。(1)The factory where his father worked has closed.他父亲 曾工作的那家工厂关闭了。(作状语)比 较: The factory which that was built in 1978 has closed. 1978年建的那家一关闭了。(作主语2) 1111 never forget the days when we lived together. 我 永远也忘不了我们一起生活的那些日子。(作状语)比较：Ill never
7、 forget the days that we spent in Australia 我永远也忘不了我们在澳大利亚度过的那些日子。(作及物动词spent 的宾语)(3)The reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten badmeat.她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。(作状语，用关系副词)比 较: The reason (that) he gave for his absence was obliviously fabricated他所说的钟席理由显然是编造的。(作gave 的宣语，用关系代词四、习惯上要用that引导的定语从句(1)当先行词
8、是指物的 all, little, few much, any, anything everything, nothing, none, the one 时，或先行词被 all, little, few much, any, every, no 等修饰时。All that can be done has been done.能做的都已经做了。He will tell you everything that he heard about it.他将 告诉你他所听到的关于这件事的一切。There is little work that is fit for you,没什么工作适合 你做。I hav
9、e eaten all the food that is left.我把剩下的所有食 物都吃了。(2)先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时，或者先行词被序数词(包 括last, next),最高级形容词及the only, the very等修饰时。This is the best that has been used against pollution. 这是用来防止污染的最好办法。This is the very book that I am looking for. 这正是我一 直在寻找的那本书。(3)先行词包括人和物时They often talk about the people and
10、the things that they are interested in.他们常常谈论那些他们感兴趣的人和事。(4)当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为了避免重复， 多用that引导。如：Which is the house that caught fire last night?昨晚失火 的是哪座房子？Who is the lady that is playing the piano?在弹钢琴的那 位小姐是谁？五、习惯上不用that引导的定语从句(1)在非限制性定语从句中，不以能用that引导。Yesterday I met Mary, who seemed very exci
11、sed.昨天我碰至U 了玛丽，她显得非常兴奋。(2)直接在介词后作宾语时，不能用that引导，要用whom, whose 或which,且不能省略。The house in which we live is not large.我们住院的房子 不大。I know the young man with whom you live. 我认识和你住在 一起的那个年轻人。但当介词放在从句的末尾时，可以用that替代which,who替代 whom,也可以省略关系代词。如：The house (which that) we live in is not large. 我们住院 的房子不大。I know
12、the man (whom/who that) you live with.我认识和你 住在一起的那个人。(3)当先行词是指人的 all, any, few, one (s), anyone, everyone, people等时，多用whoo如：None so blind as those who wont see.睁眼不看事实的人眼 最瞎。Anyone who is over sixteen is allowed in.任何超过一六岁 的人都允许进去。I met someone who said he knew you.我碰到一个人，他说认 识你。He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick. (谚)欲加之罪，何患无辞。(4)当先行词与关系代词之间有较复杂的短语或从句隔开时。I was the only person in my office who was invited.我是 我们办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。Anew master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.有位新校长明天来，他将教你们德语