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1、高中英语语法第11讲定语从句及配套高考真题练习常考点必备点限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句；关系代词引导的定语从句；关系副词引导的定语从句as引导的定语从句；“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句考点一关系代词1 关系代词that与which(1)用that的情况先行词是all, something, everything, anything, nothing, little, much, few等不定代词；先行词被all, any, every, no, little, much, some等词修饰；先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级修饰，或先行词本身是序数词或形容词的最高级；先行词被the only,
2、 the very(正是，恰是), the last等修饰；先行词中既有人也有物；在which或who引导的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句；先行词是the way，并在定语从句中充当状语时，关系代词用that/in which或省略关系词。This is the very film that I want to see.这正是我想看的一部影片。The famous writer and his book that you referred to just now are wellknown now.你刚才提到的那位著名作家和他的书现在非常有名。(2)只用which的情况引导非限制性定语从句；关系代词
3、充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前；引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体或部分概念。The result was not the same as they had expected, which was rather disappointing.结果与当初预料的不一样，这让人觉得很失望。2 关系代词which与as引导的非限制性定语从句whichas位置只能放在先行词的后面位置灵活，可位于句首、句中也可置于句末。搭配无动词的限制谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如：see, hear, know, expect, remember等。意思这一点正如，正像的那样She
4、 married again, which was unexpected.她再婚了，这是始料不及的。She married again, as we expected.正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。3 其他关系代词关系代词先行词在从句中所作成分who人主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语whom人宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)whose(of whom/of which)人或物定语Each graduate standing on the playground, who was accompanied by a parent, would be awarded a diploma by
5、the headmaster.每个毕业生都由父亲或母亲陪伴着站在操场上，等待校长给他们颁发文凭。My daughter, whose job requires her to do a lot of travelling, is always away from home.我的女儿总不在家，她的工作需要她经常出差。考点二关系副词先行词关系副词在从句中的作用与“介词关系代词”的关系表示时间的名词：time, day, year等when作时间状语相当于at/in/on/during which表示场所的名词：park, place，country, house等where作地点状语相当于in/at
6、/to/on which表示理由的名词：the reasonwhy作原因状语相当于for whichWe live in an age when more information is available with great ease than ever before.我们生活在一个比以往任何时候都容易获得更多信息的时代。Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.古代中国是各诸侯国之间经常发生战争的地方。Can you tell me the reason why (for which)
7、you are late again?你能告诉我你又迟到了的原因吗？名师点津(1)先行词为抽象名词point, position, situation, stage, state, case, scene 等，其后常用where引导定语从句。He said if we really got to the point where we needed to use life jackets, he would have already died of terror.他说如果我们真的到了需要用救生衣的地步，他早就吓死了。(2)reason作先行词时，若关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，定语从句要用that
8、或which引导。The boss doesnt want to hear any reason (that/which) you give.老板不想听你所给的任何理由。考点三“介词关系代词”结构1 “介词关系代词”结构的用法“介词关系代词”既能引导限制性定语从句，又能引导非限制性定语从句。先行词指物时，关系代词用which；先行词指人时，关系代词用whom；关系代词whose与所修饰的名词也可同时放在介词之后。The USA is a large country in which many different dialects are spoken.美国是一个大国，在那里有许许多多不同的方言
9、。He is the person on whom you can depend.他是你可以信赖的人。He was the man from whose room the thief had stolen his bag.他就是被小偷从房间里偷走包的那个人。2 “介词关系代词”结构中介词的确定(1)根据定语从句中动词、形容词所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.(turn to sb for help)在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。Ph
10、ysics is the subject in which every student in our school is interested.(be interested in)物理是我们学校每个学生都很感兴趣的学科。(2)根据与先行词搭配的具体含义而定。Ill never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.(during that time)我永远不会忘记我在乡下度过童年的那段时光。(3)根据所表达的意思来确定。The colourless gas without which we cant l
11、ive is called oxygen.这种无色的气体就是氧气，离了它我们无法生存。3 “介词关系代词”结构的变式(1)“介词关系代词不定式”结构：“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句有时可以与“介词关系代词不定式”转换。She must have time in which she could grow calm (in which to grow calm)她需要时间冷静。Franks dream is to have his own garden in which he can produce many beautiful flowers (in which to produce many
12、beautiful flowers)弗兰克的梦想是拥有自己的花园，在里面可以种植许多漂亮的花。(2)“名词/代词/数词介词关系代词”结构：He told us a story in English, the meaning of which I couldnt understand completely.他用英语给我们讲了一个故事，我不能完全理解它的意思。There are about 400 students in our grade, most of whom are from Haidian District.我们年级大约有400名学生，其中大多数来自海淀区。名师点津(1)语法填空题型中
13、确定是定语从句的方法：设空处无提示词；空前的主句完整，空后的句子不完整；对设空前的某一名词或代词起限定作用。此时应考虑填定语从句的关系词。(2)掌握“3步法”解题技巧：分清限制与非限制在先行词的后面出现逗号的是非限制性定语从句。that不能引导非限制性定语从句；which引导的非限制性定语从句可代表主句的全部或部分内容，which意为“这一点”；as引导非限制性定语从句，可置于句中或句首，也可置于句末，意为“正如”。其后的谓语动词多是be seen, be known, be reported, be mentioned, be said, be often the case等。寻找先行词，判
14、断属性(指人还是指物，表时间、地点还是原因)先行词指人：that/who/whom/whose；先行词指物：that/which/whose；表时间/地点/原因：when/where/why。判断所缺成分，确定关系词缺少主语：that/which/who；缺少动词的宾语：that/which/who/whom；缺少介词的宾语：whom/which；缺少定语：whose；缺少时间、地点或原因状语时，分别用when, where, why。巩固练习.单句语法填空1(2020新高考卷)The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for examp
15、le, formed the core collection of the British Museum which/that opened in 1759.解析分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词the British Museum(指物)，关系词在从句中作主语，故填which或that。2(2020全国卷)Because the moons body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spo
16、t where it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.解析句意：由于月球自身遮挡了(地球)与探测器之间直接的无线电通信，中国必须先将一颗卫星送入月球上方轨道的一个位置，在那里它能够向航天器和地球发送信号。分析句子结构并结合句意可知，设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词spot，关系词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导，故填where。3(2020全国卷)In ancient China lived an artist whose paintings were almost lifelike.解析句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画作
17、几乎栩栩如生。分析句子结构并结合句意可知，设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词artist，关系词在从句中作paintings的定语，两者之间是所属关系，应用whose引导该从句，故填whose。4(2019全国卷)Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, which she opened with her late husband Les.解析分析句子结构可知，逗号后是非限制性定语从句，先行词是the pet shop，关系词在从句中作opened的宾语，应用which引导非限制
18、性定语从句，故填which。5(2019浙江卷)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth that/which gives off light in the dark.解析分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词为a piece of cloth，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，故填关系代词that或which。6They were well trained by their masters, who had great experience with caring for these animals.解析分析句子结构可知，空处引导
19、非限制性定语从句，先行词为their masters，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用who引导从句，故填who。7BMI is an international recognized measurement tool which/that gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.解析分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词指物，关系词在从句中作主语，故填which或that。8The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the g
20、overnment started a soiltesting programme that/which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmersand 2011，fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.解析空处引导定语从句，先行词为a soiltesting programme，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，故填that或which。9Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full
21、sentences.解析分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故填where。10All of a sudden, he thought of the time when he was trapped in a small town.解析分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，关系词在从句中作时间状语，故填when。.单句改错1(2020全国卷)Thank you for your letter, what really made me happy.whatwhich解析分析句子结构可知，此处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为letter，指物，关系词在从句中作主语，应用w
22、hich引导该从句。故将what改为which。2(2019全国卷)One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground. wherewhen解析One afternoon是表示时间的名词，后面的定语从句应用when引导。故将where改为when。3(2019全国卷)In the caf， customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.whatthat/
23、which解析分析句子结构可知，此处为限制性定语从句，先行词是the historical environment，指物，定语从句中缺少主语，应用that或which引导从句。what可以引导宾语从句、表语从句等，但不可以引导定语从句。故将what改为that或which。4In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.thatwhich解析分析句子结构可知，逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词为garden
24、，指物，应用which引导非限制性定语从句，that不可以。故将that改为which。5The dishes what I cooked were Moms favourites.whatthat/which或去掉what解析分析句子结构可知，dishes后跟的是定语从句，what不能引导定语从句，应用that或which引导。关系词在定语从句中作cooked的宾语，可以省略，因此也可以去掉what。.单句写作(注意正确使用定语从句)1(2020全国卷)导游带我们到草莓地，在那里我们看到了新鲜诱人的红草莓。The guide led us to the strawberry field, w
25、here we saw fresh inviting red strawberries.2你不在的时候，我们班参加了英语口语比赛，我们在比赛中获得了第一名。During your absence, our class participated in an English oral competition in which we came first.3我和同学们非常高兴听到你这个暑假将在我们学校待一个星期，在此期间你将向我们介绍西方国家的艺术。My classmates and I are overjoyed to hear that youll stay in our school for
26、one week this summer vacation, during which time youll give us a presentation about art in Western countries.4我写信邀请你参观中国剪纸展览会，该展览将于5月5日星期六在我们学校礼堂举行。Im writing to invite you to visit a Chinese papercutting exhibition, which will be held in our school hall on 5th May Saturday.5欢迎任何有兴趣的学生参加。Any student who is interested is welcome to participate.学科网（北京）股份有限公司