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1、1解题原则原则一、两个句子必须要用连词连接，如果没有连词连接，则需要用非谓语动词例1. _ many times, but he stillcouldnt understand it.A. Having been told B. Having told C. He had been told D.Though he had been told例2._ many times, he stillcouldnt understand it.A. Having been told B. Having told C. He had been told D.Though he had told解析：例1中
2、有连词but连接，表明前后都是句子，所以答案为C。例2中后面是一个句子，而且没有连词，所以前面不是句子，应该用非谓语动词，根据句意此处为被动，所以答案为A。原则二、不及物动词无-ed形式非谓语动词，及物动词有宾语时用-ing形式，无宾语时用-ed形式例3. _ in the mountains for aweek, the two students were finally saved by the local police.A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing解析：lose为及物动词，现在后面没有宾语，所以用-ed形式，答案为B。例4.
3、 _, I really believe thatId prefer not to make any change now.A. Considered all the possibilities B. Taking all the possibilities intoconsiderationC. Taken all the possibilities into consideration D.Giving all the possibilities解析：把。考虑进来结构为take sth into consideration，现在take后面有宾语all the possibilities，
4、所以用-ing形式，答案为B。原则三、being done 表示“正在被”，一般不作状语，只作定语。非谓语动词的完成时形式to have done或having done强调该动作发生在句子谓语动词之前例5. _ to reach them on the phone, wesent an email instead.A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed解析：根据句意“我们没有打通电话，就给他们发了个邮件”，没有打通电话应该发生在发邮件之前，所以用having done，答案为D。例6. Tim Bemers-Lee is generally
5、considered _ the World Wide Web, on which all the information is shared byall.A. to have founded B. having founded C. founding D. tofound解析：根据句意，Tim Bemers-Lee创立万维网应该是过去的事情，而且be considered后面应该用动词不定式，所以应该用to have done，答案为A。原则四、非谓语动词作定语时，表示将来用-to do，表正在进行用-ing，表示已经完成用-ed例7. The play_ next month aims m
6、ainlyto reflect the local culture.A.produced B.beingproduced C.to be produced D.having beenproduced解析：根据本题中的时间状语next month，可知the play将要于下月被创作出来，表将来应该用to do，所以答案为C。例8.The trees _ in the storm havebeen moved off the road.A. being blown down B. blown down C. blowing down D. to blow down解析：根据句意“被暴风雨刮倒的树
7、已经从路上移走了”，树被刮倒是过去已经完成的动作，表已经完成用-ed形式，所以答案为B。原则五、介词后跟-ing形式，可以在-ing前加逻辑主语例9. The discovery of new evidence led to_.A. the thief having been caught B. the thief to be caught C. catch the thief D. the thief being caught解析：本题led to中的to是介词，后面应该用-ing形式，the thief作-ing的逻辑主语，所以答案为D。例10. At the beginning of c
8、lass, thenoise of desks _ could be heard outside the classroom.A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closed C. being opened and closed D. to open and close解析：本题the noise of中的of是介词，后面应该用-ing形式，desks作-ing的逻辑主语，所以答案为C。原则六、-ing形式或to do可作主语或宾语，-ed形式则不可以例11. _ in a heavy traffic jamis quite an unpleasa
9、nt experience.A. Caught B. Having caught C. Being caught D. To catch解析：本题中is为系动词，前面应该作主语，用-ing形式，所以答案为C。例12 _twice a year, whether it is a caror a bus or a truck, is the rule that every driver must obey in this city.A. Examining B. Examined C. Being examined D. Having been examined解析：本题中is为系动词，前面应该作
10、主语，用-ing形式，所以答案为C。原则七、be+-ed+介词结构常可把be去掉保留-ed+介词做状语例13：Michaels new house is like a hugepalace, _with his old one.A. comparing B. compares C. to compare D. compared解析：“和相比较”结构为be compared with，现在做句子的状语，所以只保留非谓语动词，把动词be去掉，答案为D。例14 _ with a difficult situation,Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice
11、.A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing解析：“面对”结构为be faced with, 现在做句子的状语，所以只保留非谓语动词，把动词be去掉，答案为C。原则八、非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语必须和句子主语保持一致，和句子主语构成主谓关系时用-ing形式，构成动宾关系是用-ed形式。其逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时，要在非谓语动词前加逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构例15. _ twice, the postman refused todeliver our letters unless we changed our dog.A. Being bitt
12、en B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To bebitten解析：本题考查非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语应和句子主语the postman一致，the postman应该是被咬，所以答案为B。例16._ in the fields on a Marchafternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.A. To walk. B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked解析：本题考查非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语应和句子主语he一致, he 和walk应该是主动关系，所以答案为B。例17. While
13、 watching television,_.A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbellrings解析：根据“非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语必须和句子主语保持一致”的原则，watching的逻辑主语应和后面句子主语一致，所以句子主语应为“we”，答案为C。例18. The children went home from thegrammar school, their lessons _ for the day.A. finishing B. f
14、inished C. had finished D. were finished解析：本题没有连词，所以后面应用非谓语动词，the lessons是非谓语动词的逻辑主语，和非谓语动词构成独立主格结构。根据句意应是“被完成”，所以答案为B。原则九、不定式做状语一般有两种：目的状语和出乎意料的结果状语(表示顺其自然的结果用-ing形式)。另外，某些形容词(表喜、怒、哀、乐)做表语后跟不定式可以表示原因例19._, you need to give all you haveand try your best.A Being a winner B To be a winner C Be a winne
15、r D Having been a winner解析：根据句意“要想成为获胜者，你要付出所有，尽最大努力”，此处表目的，所以答案为B。例20. The news reporters hurried to theairport, only _ the film stars had left.A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told解析：本句句意为“记者们匆匆赶到机场，却被告知明星们已经走了”，表出乎意料的结果常常用only to do，所以答案为B。例21. The glass doors have taken theplace of the woo
16、den ones at the entrance, _ in the natural light duringthe day.A. to let B. letting C. let D. having let解析：本题句意为“玻璃门替换了木头门，自然光就进来了”，自然光进来时顺其自然的结果，所以用doing, 答案为B。例22.How glad I am _ you !A. seeing B. to see C. saw D. having seen解析：本题是I am glad to see you 的感叹句形式，to see you 是原因状语，答案为B。原则十、 非谓语动词的否定原则是在
17、非谓语动词前加not，有not to do, not doing, not having done, not to have done几种形式例23_that he was in great danger,Eric walked deeper into the forest.A. Not realized B. Not to realize C. Not realizing D. Notto have realized解析：本题考查doing的否定形式not doing，答案为 C。例24. What worried him most was _ tovisit his sick child.
18、A. his being not allowed B. his not being allowed C. his not allowing D. having not been allowed解析：本题考查being done的否定形式not being done; his 为not being done的逻辑主语，所以答案为B。例25. Sarah has decided _ away onholiday this summer.A. dont go B. to not go C. not going D. not to go解析：本题考查to do的否定形式not to do, 所以答案为
19、D。2用法o 句法功能：1. 不定式主、表、宾、补语(宾补&主补)、定、状、同位语2. 动名词主、表、宾、定、同位语3. 分词表、补语(宾补&主补)、定、状用法对比： 一、不定式与动名词做主语：1、动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为，不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为：Collecting information about childrens health is his job. Its necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher.2、常用不定式做主语的句型有：常用结构：It+be+ adj./n.+ for s
20、b. to dosth. (常见形容词: difficult , important, necessary, impossible, etc.) It+be+adj. + of sb. to do sth. =sb. be + adj. + to do sth. (常见形容词:clever, silly, foolish, stupid, wise, kind, rude, impolite,careless, cruel, crazy, etc.)3、常用动名词做主语的句型有：Its no good (use, fun) doing sth. Its (a) waste of time on
21、es doing sth. Its worth while doing sth.二、不定式、动名词、分词做表语：1、不定式做表语常表示谓语动词所表示动作之后发生的动作。不定式一般紧跟在系动词如: be, seem, remain, appear等后面, 用来说明主语的内容。这类结构中的主语一般为名词，如：idea, purpose, hope, plan, intention, wish, dream, etc. My purpose is to teach them a lesson.有时句子主语也可以是不定式或名词性从句。 To be strict with students is to
22、be responsible to them. What I want to do is (to )tell you the truth. The only thing he could do was ( to) tell the truth.如果主语中含有do的任何形式, 那么不定式可以省去to。2、动名词做表语是对主语内容的解释，这时主语与表语位置可互换，动名词常用于口语中。 Its full-time job is laying eggs.3、分词做表语:现在分词作表语：一般表示主动或主语的性质和特征, “令人”的, 主语多数情况是sth.过去分词作表语：一般表示被动或说明主语情感心理上
23、的感受, “感到的”,主语多数是sb. exciting, excited annoying, annoyed amazing, amazed boring, boredconfusing, confused encouraging, encouraged embarrassing, embarrassedfrightening, frightened; inspiring, inspired现在分词做表语表示主语的性质与特征；进行时表示正在进行的动作。 The task of this class is practising the idioms. （现在分词做表语） With the he
24、lp of the teacher, the students are practising the idioms. （现在进行时）过去分词作表语表示主语所处的被动状态或完成某动作的状态。而被动语态表示主语所承受的动作。 The village is surrounded by high mountains.（过去分词做表语） The enemy was surrounded by the Red Army.（被动语态） He is well educated.（过去分词做表语） He has been educated in this college for three years.（被动语
25、态）注意:过分除修饰sb.以外,还可修饰表示神态、声音等的名词, 说明主语的心理状态。 He had a _ (terrifying, terrified) look in his eyes. The boy answered in a _ (frightening, frightened) voice.三、不定式与动名词做宾语：1、下列动词跟不定式做宾语： want, wish, hope, expect, ask, demand, pretend, care, decide, happen,long, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, c
26、ause, afford, beg, manage,agree, promise等。2、在下列动词或动词短语后用动名词做宾语： 常见动词: advise, avoid（避免）, appreciate（感激）, admit（承认）,consider(考虑), complete, delay, deny（否认）, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish,forbid, forgive, imagine, miss, mind, mention, permit, practise, risk（冒险）, suggest (建议), understand, etc. 常见短语: be
27、 busy, be worth, burst out,feel like, cant help (忍不住), cant stand, set about, succeed in, beengaged in, persist in, insist on, be fond of, dream of, prevent(from), keepfrom, stop(from), protectfrom, set about, spend/waste(in) be/get used/accustomed to, look forward to,object to, pay attention to, ge
28、t down to, devote oneself/ones life ( energy,effort, time) to, make contributions to, admit to, owe to,【lead to, stick to, listen to, referto, turn to, thanks to, owing to, due to后接名词,一般不接动名词】3、某些动词后既可接动名词,也可接不定式： 常见动词: begin/start, continue; love,like, dislike, hate, prefer; need, want, require; fo
29、rget, remember, regret;mean, try, go on, stop, be used to, cant help三种情况下,一般接不定式做宾语:主语是sth.;本身用于进行时;做宾语的动词表示情感、思想或意念时(如:like, love, understand, realize,understand, know, etc.)love, like, dislike, hate, prefer, 如表示经常性的动作, 用动名词作宾语;如表示特定或具体的动作,多接不定式. I like_(play) chess during my spare time. I like_(pl
30、ay) at chess with the chess master now.need, want require He wants _(repair) the bike for me. The bike needs/wants/ requires_(repair).forget,remember, regret The light in the office is still on. I forgot _ (turn) it off. Ill never forget _(see) the musical comedy in New York. Remember_( meet) me ton
31、ight. I remember _(take) to Beijingwhen I was a child. Iregret _ (inform) you that you are dismissed. Iregret _( not take ) his advice.mean, try, go on, stop, be used to, cant help What do you mean _ (do ) with it? _(miss) the train means _(wait) for another two hours. Hesbeen trying _ (get) you on
32、the phone. Lets try_ (knock) at the back door. He paused and went on _ (explain) the text to us. Go on _(do) the other exercise after you have finished this one. Wood is used to _(make) paper. He is used to _(get) up early. She couldnt help_( do ) the housework, for she was busy. People couldnt help
33、_(laugh) at the foolish emperor in theprocession.4、动名词作need, want, require, be worth的宾语时，用主动式代替被动式The washing-machine needs repairing.（或用：needs to be repaired） The point wants referring to. This English novel is well worth reading. The situation in Russian required studying.下列句子惯用不定式主动语态. The house
34、is to let/to be let. 这房子待出租。 He is not to blame for everything四、不定式与分词在句中做宾语补足语：1、以下动词后跟不定式做宾语补足语：动词/动词词组+宾语+to不定式: 常见动词: want, wish, ask, tell, order,beg, allow, permit, help, advise, persuade, cause, force, warn, invite, urge,encourage, prepare, call on, would like, wait for, etc. I got them to jo
35、in us in the discussion. They are waiting for the school bus to come. The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. （注suggest后不跟不定式做宾补。） We wish him to remain and accept the post.（注hope后不跟不定式做宾补。）动词+宾语+不带to的不定式: 常用动词: feel (一感) ; hear, listen to(二听); make, let, have(三让); see, watch, ob
36、serve, notice,look at(五看) ;help (半帮助,可带to或不带to)etc. 但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to. I saw him cross the road. He was seen to cross the road. I saw him crossing the road. He was seen _the road. I saw him carried downstairs. He was seen _ downstairs.2、下列动词后的复合宾语用分词做宾补：see, watch,notice, observe, find, hear, feel, m
37、ake, get, set, send, start, catch, have,leave, keep,等。用现在分词还是用过去分词做宾补，要看分词与宾语的关系。 We heard him _ (sing) the song when we came in. We have heard the song _ (sing) in Japanese. He watched the bed _ (carry) out of the door. He felt a great weight _ (take ) off his mind. 他感到心头如释重负。 How would you like yo
38、ur hair _ (cut)?五、非谓语动词做定语：1、不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词后，表示在谓语动词之后发生的动作或过去的某一特定动作。 He had no house to live in but alot of work to do. Our monitor is the first to arrive.2、动名词与现在分词做定语的区别：动名词做定语说明所修饰名词的用途；现在分词做定语，表示所修饰名词进行的动作。 awalking stick 拐杖（动名词， a stickfor walking） asleeping car 卧铺车厢（动名词， acar for sleeping） t
39、he rising sun 正在升起的太阳（现在分词） the changing world 变化中的世界（现在分词）3、现在分词与过去分词做定语的区别：过去分词做定语表示完成或被动的动作，现在分词做定语表示主动或进行的动作。 apiece of disappointing news =a piece of news which disappointed us） in the following years =in the years that followed） awell dressed woman =a woman who is dressed well） acar parked at
40、the gate =a car which was parked at the gate）六、不定式与分词做状语：1、不定式做状语，只表示目的、结果或原因： He hurried home only to find his money stolen.（结果状语） To make himself heard, he raised his voice.（目的状语） All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress. (原因状语)2、分词做状语可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、让步、方式、结果： Seen from the top of the hill
41、, the town is beautiful.（条件状语） Havingbeen hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry. (原因状语) He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking ratherplease(伴随状语）七、动名词的复合结构: 物主代词或名词所有格+ 动名词(作主语、宾语、表语) 代词宾格或名词普通格+ 动名词(作宾语、表语) My fathers being ill worried us greatly.=That my
42、father was ill worriedus greatly. His not being present at the party annoyed the hostess. Its no use your pretending that you didnt know the truth. What angered me most was the students failing to fulfill their duties. I think the problem is their/them not having enough time.注意: 若动名词的逻辑主语为无生命的东西,只用普
43、通格: The experiment cant be carried out because of the equipment being outof order. The news of the new hotel catching fire shocked everyone.= The news thatthe new hotel caught fire shocked everyone. The noises of the boxes being opened and closed could be heard.八、存在句的非限定形式存在句的非限定形式是there to和there be
44、ing结构。这两种结构在用法上有相同点。为便于比较，我们把它们放在一起介绍。1、作介词补足成分两种结构都可作介词补足成分。如果介词是for，便只能用there to be结构。 It is too early for there to be anyone around here. It is important for there to be a fire escape.也能用在不及物动词+for之后: They planned for there to be another meeting.如果介词不是for, 则要用 there being结构。 John was relying on t
45、here being another opportunity.2、作宾语作宾语时, 通常用there to be结构。 Members like there to be plenty of choice.能这样用的及物动词为数有限,常见的有expect, mean, intend, want,like, prefer, hate等。3、作主语和状语there being结构还能用作主语和状语。 There being a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage. There having been no rain, the ground wasdry.存在句的限定形式与非限定形式之间可以相互转换。 For there to be so few people in the streets was unusual. (=It was unusual for there to be so fewpeople in the streets.)有时限定形式与非限定形式还可以结合使用。 It is said that there are troops on the frontier. =There are said to betroops on the frontier.