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1、高考英语写作高分同义替换（一）1.worryingly/alarmingly/disturbingly/dangerously描述不好的现象worrying/alarming/disturbing表示令人担忧的，带有贬义的性质。变成副词worryingly/alarmingly/disturbing，可以放在描述数值高低/描述现象的贬义形容词前面，表示.得令人担忧。 In most of the rich world, the proportion of the unemployed is still disturbingly high.在大多数发达国家，失业人口比例依然高得令人担忧。相比于使
2、用very high来说，这里用disturbingly high更加地道，非常符合母语人士的写作风格。There are some concerns that artificial intelligence is evolving alarmingly fast.有些人担心，人工智能现在发展的过快。注意，alarmingly fast是带有贬义的意味。如果只是表示发展很快这个中性的意思，则可以写成develop/advance+apace/by leaps and bounds。dangerously adj表示.达到了危险的程度。比如大城市的污染程度非常高，就可以这样写：Large cit
3、ies have seen dangerously high levels of pollution in recent years.大城市近年来污染程度非常高。2.unusually/surprisingly/astonishingly描述数值高低/程度这几个词同样是来源于形容词：unusual/surprising/astonishing异常的；惊人的。unusually/surprisingly/astonishingly+adj表示.得惊人，强调某种特征超过说话者预期/超过正常情况。与上面一组词不同的是，这一组副词可以描述好的事物，也可以描述不好的事物，使用范围很广。 A health
4、y lifestyle proves astonishingly useful in keeping diseases at bay.事实证明，健康的生活方式对于预防各种疾病异常有用。【=highly useful】 In an era when knowledge matters more than labour, it is unusually tricky to earn a comfortable living as manual workers.在一个知识比体力劳动更重要的时代，通过做体力工作来过很舒服的生活是件非常困难的事。3.vanishingly/negligibly描述数量少
5、vanishingly/negligibly主要修饰small/low等表示数量/程度低的形容词，搭配形容词，表示极少的/极小的。negligibly的形容词形式为negligible不重要的；极小的；而vanishingly并没有形容词形式。The chance of people without degrees securing a well-paid job is vanishingly small.没有学位的人找到高薪工作的可能性极小。Modern technology allows access to the internet at vanishingly low cost.当代科技
6、使得上网的成本非常低。New-energy vehicles, with negligibly low carbon emissions, are far more climate-friendly than their conventional counterparts.新能源汽车的碳排放量几乎为零，其环保性远远高于传统汽车。【negligibly low carbon emissions=negligible carbon emissions】（二）1.拥有(have)enjoy/boast、be home to、be blessed with/be endowed with、be pos
7、sessed of/possessenjoy/boast这两个词用作褒义的语境，表示拥有某种优势或好的东西。其中，boast的主语一般是地点/企业等(boast主语是人时，则表示吹嘘；自夸)。比如：1) Large companies tend to boast/enjoy a comfortable working environment and a well-developed mechanism for advancement.大公司有着舒适的工作环境和完善的晋升机制。2) People with high levels of education enjoy more access to
8、 decent jobs than those without.受教育水平高的人相比于受教育水平低的人来说，享有更多的获取好工作的机会。be home to表示是.存在/居住的地方。主语只能是表示地点的名词。比如：New Zealand is home to many picturesque landscapes and rare animal species.新西兰有着很多美丽的景观和稀有的动物物种。be possessed of一般用来描述人，表示人拥有某种品质或能力/技能。相比于possess来说更加书面化。如：This school is aimed at teenagers who
9、are possessed of special talents.这所学校专门针对有着特殊才能的青少年。be blessed with/be endowed with这两个短语既可以用来表示人具有某种好的特征，也可描述某个地方具有某种天然优势。比如：1) South Africa is blessed with/endowed with abundant mineral resources.南非有大量的矿物质资源。2)Some children are blessed with/endowed with a great aptitude for learning languages.一些孩子对
10、于学习外语有着很大的天赋。2.缺乏(lack)be lacking/wanting in、be devoid of、be deprived/starved of、be deficient/poor in sthbe lacking in sth是lack的固定短语，表示缺乏某事。这里的lacking是形容词，而非动词ing。【同义短语】be wanting in sth/be devoid of sth。Applicants who are lacking/wanting in experience are likely to be screened out by recruiters.缺乏经
11、验的求职者可能会被招聘者筛选掉。lacking也可用作某事缺乏：sth be lacking，此时缺乏的事物是放在主语的位置。如：At a time when the majority of people lead a fast-paced life, patience is distinctly lacking.在大多数人们过着快节奏生活的时代，耐心这一品质明显很缺乏。be deprived of sth来源于主动语态deprive sb of sth剥夺某人某事。be starved of sth来源于starve sb of sth使某人得不到所需的东西。这两个被动短语强调的都是因外界因
12、素而得不到某物。比如：Left-behind children are deprived/starved of love and attention, and are therefore likely to develop mental health problems.留守儿童缺乏爱和关注，因此可能出现心理健康问题。【因为家庭原因而缺乏爱和关注】be deficient/poor in sth与第一组的be lacking in sth用法差不多。比如：a diet poor/deficient in nutrients缺乏营养的饮食 | students who are deficient
13、in common sense没有常识的学生。这两个形容词还可以与名词构成合成词n-deficient/n-poor，表示缺乏某物的。【反义词】n-rich。如：a vitamin-deficient diet缺乏维生素的饮食 | a resource-rich country资源丰富的国家。需要注意，这些由表语形式变形而来的合成词多数情况下是在名词前作定语，很少作表语。3.想要；渴望(want)be desious of、be hungry/thirsty for、be desperate for/to do 、have an appetite for、crave for/long for/
14、yearn forbe desirous of是个非常正式的书面用语。be desirous of (doing) sth就相当于desire sth/desire to do sth。如：Countries desirous of cutting carbon emissions can impose a carbon tax on businesses.想要减排的国家可以对企业征收碳税。hungry/thirsty也可以表示想要的；渴望得到的，很容易与其本义联系起来，非常好记。比如乔布斯的一句经典名言：Stay hungry, stay foolish.(求知若饥，虚心若愚)，这里的hun
15、gry就是表示对未知事物的渴求。其中，hungry与上一组的deficient一样，也经常与名词构成合成词：n-hungry对某事渴求的。比如：knowledge-hungry college students=college students who are hungry/thirsty for knowledge(渴望知识的大学生)。同理，名词hunger/thirst则可以表示强烈的渴望：young peoples hunger/thirst for education(年轻人对于教育的强烈渴望)。这里再补充一个同义词：appetite | Todays youth have an in
16、satiable appetite for entertainment news.当今的年轻人对于娱乐希望有着无法满足的欲望。desperate表示非常需要的，程度非常大，用作be desperate for sth和be desperate to do sth，类似于eager for sth/eager to do sth（很多形容词和名词都遵循这个for sth/to do sth的结构模式）。如：Children living in deprived areas are desperate to receive/desperate for quality education.(贫困地区
17、的儿童非常渴望获得优质教育)crave for/long for/yearn for这几个动词短语意思用法差不多，都表示非常渴望。比如：In todays internet era, countless young people crave for/long for/yearn for online stardom in the hope of making a fortune.(在如今这个互联网时代，无数的年轻人想要在网上出名，期望以此来赚大钱)这几个动词都可以加上ing变成名词形式：craving/longing/yearning，都可以用作have+a craving/longing/y
18、earning+for sth/to do sth。（三）1.提高技能(improve skills)除了improve之外，表示提高技能，还可以hone/upgrade/update这几个词。其中，hone/upgrade+skill与improve+skill意思相同，而update则侧重表示技能跟上时代的发展。In an era of rapid technological progress, even high earners need to hone their skills to maintain their employability.在科技日新月异的时代，即便是高薪者也需要提升
19、技能来保持其就业能力。Teachers and municipal workers should be encouraged to upgrade their skills, notably in computer literacy.应鼓励教师和市政工作人员提高技能，特别是在计算机使用能力方面。literacy在这里表示在某方面的知识。再比如：digital literacy网络素养、cultural literacy文化素养。It is of vital importance for people to constantly update their skills throughout th
20、eir career life so as to keep up with technological change.人们在职业生涯中不断更新技能，从而跟上科技变更，这一点至关重要。2.专长；专门知识(professional knowledge)expertise、area of expertise、know-how、wherewithalexpertise表示专门知识；专长。表示在某个领域的专长，有两种搭配方式：expertise in+sth/doing sth adj+expertise【常用的形容词有technical/financial/medical/business/scien
21、tific】【例句】It takes considerable business expertise to excel in the commercial world.想驰骋商界，需要有很丰富的商业知识。area/field of expertise表示擅长的领域。可以与介词within/outside搭配：【例句】How to interact with people from all walks of life falls outside many graduates area of expertise.如何与各行各业的人交涉并不是很多毕业生擅长的领域。=How to interact w
22、ith people from all walks of life is unfamiliar territory(不熟悉的领域) to many graduates.know-how与expertise意思相同，但是略微有些非正式。【例句】Governments come to find it an economic imperative for universities to equip students with the know-how needed in the world of work.政府开始发现，让高校使学生具备职场所需的专业知识和技能，对于经济发展来说有必要。wherewi
23、thal表示完成某事所需的技能、资金。【例句】Some traditional manufacturers may lack the technical wherewithal to reduce their carbon footprint.有些传统制造商可能缺乏降低其碳排放所需的专业技术。3.掌握；通晓(knowledge/understanding of sth)literacy、familiarity、grasp、commandliteracy表示对某方面的了解。如：scientific literacy科学素养。还可以记一下其形容词和反义词：literate/illiterate/i
24、lliteracy。其中，形容词literate/illiterate可以与副词搭配，如：technologically illiterate对科技不熟悉的 | politically literate懂政治的。familiarity表示通晓。与familiar一样，与介词with搭配：【例句】Familiarity with the internet/Digital literacy is commonly seen among the young but less so among the elderly.熟悉互联网在年轻人中很常见，但在老年人中则没那么常见。grasp和command类似
25、，都可以表示熟知，掌握。表示对语言的掌握时，经常会用这两个词。【例句】A good grasp/command of English is a prerequisite for many jobs today.熟练掌握英语是如今很多工作的前提条件。（四）1.人们(people)one、individuals、the public、mankind/humanity这些词都可以用于替代最常见的people，但是使用的语境大有区别：one可以用于泛指人，相比于we来说更加书面化。这种用法经常用来说明某个一般性道理或规律。需要注意的是：在对前面出现的人称one进行指代时，主流用法是重复用one(或on
26、es/oneself)。国内一些语法或应试的书中，会出现用he来指代one的用法，这严格来说是错误的。One should work hard if one desires to climb the career ladder.如果想要在职场飞黄腾达，就应该努力拼搏。=We should work hard if we desire to climb the career ladder.One should work hard if he desires to climb the career ladder.(X)注：you也可用于泛指人，不过多用于口语等非正式语境中，正式书面语中尽量不要用。
27、the public/the general public(民众)是相对于政府(the government/the authorities)而言的。the public后面的谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用复数。比如讨论如何应对某个社会问题时，就可以分the government和the public两个主体进行讨论。Only when the public raise(s) their environmental consciousness will society progress towards an environmentally sustainable trajectory.只有当民
28、众提高其环保意识，社会才能向环境可持续的道路发展。individuals(个人)是相对于集体而言的。如：Artificial intelligence is a boon to both individuals and society at large.人工智能对个人和整个社会来说都是福利。mankind/humanity(人类)=humans/human beings，范围要大于the public。在讨论比较宏观层面的问题时，才会用到这几个词。比如全球化对人类的影响、AI与人类。Gloabl warming, which is caused largely by human activit
29、y, may pose a grave threat to nature and the whole of humanity.全球变暖很大程度上是由人类活动造成的，可能会对自然和全人类构成严重的威胁。2.小孩/青少年(children/teenagers)offspring、minor/juvenile、the young/the youth/the younger generation注：kid属于口语词汇，正式书面语中中尽量少用。offspring表示后代。一般要先提到parents/couple/mother/father之类的词才能使用offspring。类似的“相对词”还有peer/
30、counterpart。conflicts between parents and offspring父母与孩子之间的争执the problems parents have with their offspring父母与孩子之间的问题minor/juvenile表示未成年人，是与adult相对的概念。这两个词带有较强的法律色彩。It is illegal to sell alcohol to a minor/juvenile in some countries.在有些国家，卖酒给未成年人是违法的。the young是小孩和青年人的总称，与children不能同等。the young也可以替换为
31、the youth/the younger generation。It is important to educate the young about basic medical knowledge.有必要给年轻人灌输基础医疗知识。3.老年人(old people)the elderly、the aged、senior citizens/seniors、the older generationthe elderly属于the+adj结构，表示某类群体。the elderly相比于the old来说更加书面化。注意不能写成了the elder。Universities for the elder
32、ly are booming in China.中国的老年大学正在激增。elder(不是elderly)作名词表示长者；年纪更大的人。elder与前面的offspring类似，都是相对而言的，因此前面经常会加上物主代词。Children should be taught to respect their elders.应该教育孩子尊敬老人。=Children should be taught to respect the elderly.the aged=the elderly/the old。The charity provides service for the sick and the
33、aged.该慈善机构为病人和老人提供服务。senior citizen也可以表示老年人。a senior citizen=a senior。senior citizen相比于the old/the elderly来说更加文雅一些。Seniors spend nearly ten hours a day in front of televisions, smartphones and computers.老年人每天有接近十小时的时间在看电视、智能手机和电脑。the older generation与上一组中的the younger generation刚好相反。the.generation后面的
34、谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用复数。类似于the public。The older generation is/are more reluctant to embrace new technology than the younger (generation).老一代的人比年轻一代的人更不愿意接受新科技。（五）1.充满abound with/in、be awash with/in这一组的几个短语是比较偏中性的，搭配各种词基本都可以。1.1 Large cities abound with/in entertainment options and tourist attractions.大城市充
35、满了娱乐设施和旅游景点。1.2 Some developing countries are awash with cheap labour, making them ideal for setting up large factories 有些发展中国家有大量廉价劳动力，使得这些国家非常适合建立大工厂。2.充满不好的事物be riddled with、be fraught with、be rife with这几个短语专门表示充满不好的事物。后面可以接problem/danger/difficulty等词或其他贬义性质的词。比如：2.1 The driverless car, despite i
36、ts huge promise, is still fraught with potential problems.无人驾驶汽车尽管有很大的前景，但是目前充满了很多潜在的问题。2.2 Social media are rife with misinformation and rumours about celebrities.社交媒体上充满了虚假信息以及关于明星的谣言。3.充满了人或物be teeming with、be clogged with、be crowded with、be bustling withbe teeming with通常表示充满着移动的人/动物。比如，可以用来描述某个地
37、方挤满了人群。3.1 The tourist attraction is teeming with travellers from home and abroad.在这个旅游景点，来自国内外的游客络绎不绝。3.2 The nearby river is teeming with industrial waste.附近的河流充满了工业废料。be clogged with表示挤满了人或物；被.堵住了。比如be clogged with traffic交通堵塞。3.3 Subway entrances being clogged with shared bikes is a familiar sig
38、ht in large cities.地铁口堵满了共享单车在大城市很常见。be crowded/thronged with通常表示挤满了人。因为crowd/throng作名词时都是表示人群。比如：3.4 During rush hours, city buses and subways are crowded/thronged with commuters.在高峰时段，城市公交和地铁里挤满了通勤者。bustling表示熙熙攘攘的，be bustling with后面通常接people/noise/activity/life等词。其中，be bustling with life表示充满生机。3.
39、5 Urban centres are always bustling with people and noise.市中心总是充斥着人群和噪音。4.充满某种情感be consumed with、be overcome with sth、be imbued with这几个短语都表示充满某种情绪，用法和意思基本相同，其主语多数情况下是人。4.1 Instead of being consumed with despair, he kept his spirits up and brace himself for another challenge.他没有充满绝望，而是打起精神准备另一项挑战。be
40、imbued with的主语还可以是与人相关的事物，比如文章、演讲等。4.2 His speech was imbued with a sense of patriotism.他的演讲充满了爱国情怀。5.其他be saturated with、be dotted withsaturate表示使饱和。be saturated with可以表示充满着，强调的是数量已经多的不能再多了。如：5.1 Since urban centres are saturated with residential areas, property developers have to turn their eyes to the suburbs.由于市中心的居住区已经满了，房地产开发商不得不将关注点转向郊区。dot作名词表示小点。be dotted with则表示到处都遍布着.。常用来描述自然景观或某个地方的地理特征。如：5.2 Major cities are dotted with skyscrapers and highways.大城市到处都是高楼大厦和高速公路。6