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1、高考英语写作高分同义替换(一)1.充满abound with/in、be awash with/in这一组的几个短语是比较偏中性的,搭配各种词基本都可以。1.1 Large cities abound with/in entertainment options and tourist attractions.大城市充满了娱乐设施和旅游景点。1.2 Some developing countries are awash with cheap labour, making them ideal for setting up large factories 有些发展中国家有大量廉价劳动力,使得这些国
2、家非常适合建立大工厂。2.充满不好的事物be riddled with、be fraught with、be rife with这几个短语专门表示充满不好的事物。后面可以接problem/danger/difficulty等词或其他贬义性质的词。比如:2.1 The driverless car, despite its huge promise, is still fraught with potential problems.无人驾驶汽车尽管有很大的前景,但是目前充满了很多潜在的问题。2.2 Social media are rife with misinformation and rum
3、ours about celebrities.社交媒体上充满了虚假信息以及关于明星的谣言。3.充满了人或物be teeming with、be clogged with、be crowded with、be bustling withbe teeming with通常表示充满着移动的人/动物。比如,可以用来描述某个地方挤满了人群。3.1 The tourist attraction is teeming with travellers from home and abroad.在这个旅游景点,来自国内外的游客络绎不绝。3.2 The nearby river is teeming with i
4、ndustrial waste.附近的河流充满了工业废料。be clogged with表示挤满了人或物;被.堵住了。比如be clogged with traffic交通堵塞。3.3 Subway entrances being clogged with shared bikes is a familiar sight in large cities.地铁口堵满了共享单车在大城市很常见。be crowded/thronged with通常表示挤满了人。因为crowd/throng作名词时都是表示人群。比如:3.4 During rush hours, city buses and subwa
5、ys are crowded/thronged with commuters.在高峰时段,城市公交和地铁里挤满了通勤者。bustling表示熙熙攘攘的,be bustling with后面通常接people/noise/activity/life等词。其中,be bustling with life表示充满生机。3.5 Urban centres are always bustling with people and noise.市中心总是充斥着人群和噪音。4.充满某种情感be consumed with、be overcome with sth、be imbued with这几个短语都表示充
6、满某种情绪,用法和意思基本相同,其主语多数情况下是人。4.1 Instead of being consumed with despair, he kept his spirits up and brace himself for another challenge.他没有充满绝望,而是打起精神准备另一项挑战。be imbued with的主语还可以是与人相关的事物,比如文章、演讲等。4.2 His speech was imbued with a sense of patriotism.他的演讲充满了爱国情怀。5.其他be saturated with、be dotted withsatur
7、ate表示使饱和。be saturated with可以表示充满着,强调的是数量已经多的不能再多了。如:5.1 Since urban centres are saturated with residential areas, property developers have to turn their eyes to the suburbs.由于市中心的居住区已经满了,房地产开发商不得不将关注点转向郊区。dot作名词表示小点。be dotted with则表示到处都遍布着.。常用来描述自然景观或某个地方的地理特征。如:5.2 Major cities are dotted with skys
8、crapers and highways.大城市到处都是高楼大厦和高速公路。(二)1.应对(deal with)表示应对的单词和短语较多,其中大家用的频率最高的应该是下面几个:deal with/cope with/tackle/address/handle。还有很多表示应对的表达,下面再介绍几个:approach作动词可以表示以某种方式应对。由于表示“以某种方式”,因此一般会搭配表示方式的状语,比如in a.way/manner、from a different angle。1.1 Developed and developing countries tend to approach the
9、 issue of global warming in different ways.发达国家和发展中国家通常以不同的方式应对全球变暖。wrestle with/grapple with两个短语意思差不多,表示努力应付;设法解决。如:1.2 The government has yet to wrestle with/grapple with the problem of youth unemployment.政府还需尽力解决青年失业问题。【have yet to do sth有待做某事】come/get to grips with表示开始着手应对。其中,come to do sth表示开始做
10、某事(比如:Many young people have come to recognise the importance of living a green lifestyle.很多年轻人已经开始意识到环保生活方式的重要性了)。1.3 Japan must come to grips with its rapidly ageing and shrinking population.日本必须开始着手应对其快速衰落并缩减的人口。【ageing为英式拼写,aging为美式拼写】2.控制;遏制(control/limit)curb和keep sth in check表示控制,约束(通常是不好的事物)
11、。如:2.1 Parents should set a good example in life so as to curb childrens undesirable behaviour.父母应该在生活中做个好榜样,从而遏制孩子的不良行为。如果是表示某事不受控制,则可以用:sth be left unchecked。这个短语来源于leave的一个结构:leave sth adj使.处于某种状态。如:Global warming, if left unchecked, will do immeasurable harm to peoples lives and the natural envi
12、ronment.全球变暖如若不加控制,将会对人们的生活和环境带来不可估量的危害。stem the tide of sth控制某事的势头。还可以在tide前面加个rising,表示持续增长的势头。如:2.2 Measures to stem the rising tide of juvenile delinquency have paid off.遏制青少年犯罪上升势头的措施已经获得了成效。 counter可以表示减轻(某事的不良影响)。常用搭配:counter the effects of sth = mitigate the effects of sth。如:2.3 Extra-curric
13、ular activities can help students counter/mitigate the effects of academic pressure.课外活动有助于学生减轻学业压力的影响。combat表示防止;减轻(问题)。比如:combat crime(打击犯罪)、combat global warming(减轻全球变暖)。【近义词】fight 防止;与.作斗争。上面两个短语中的combat都可以换成fight。再比如:fight poverty与贫困作斗争。(三)1.root cause(根本原因)root cause是个固定短语,表示根本原因,就相当于fundament
14、al cause。如:The root cause of childrens addiction to the internet is a lack of parental company.孩子沉迷网络的根源在于缺少父母的陪伴。root还有个短语可以表示原因:be/lie at the root of sth是某事的根源。其中,lie与be一样,也是个系动词。这个结构还可以进行倒装,变成:At the root of sth lie(s)/is(are) sth. 如:Children of today are often obsessed with the internet. Many ma
15、y blame this on technology products, but at the root of this problem lies/is a lack of parental supervision.如今的小孩通常会沉迷于网络。很多人会可能会将此归咎于科技产品,但该问题的根源是父母监管的缺失。2.culprit(罪魁祸首)culprit可以表示某件不好的事发生的原因,相当于中文中的“罪魁祸首”。culprit后面可以接介词in或behind,即culprit in/behind sth。如:Unhealthy lifestyles are the main culprit be
16、hind many chronic diseases.不健康的生活方式很多慢性疾病的罪魁祸首。表示某件不好的事发生的原因,还有下面两个常用短语。这两个短语可以搭配副词partly/largely/entirely来表示原因的程度。be responsible for sth | Rising global temperatures seem to be partly responsible for some extreme weather events.全球气温上升似乎是一些极端气候事件发生的部分原因。be to blame (for sth) | Carbon emissions are l
17、argely to blame for global warming.碳排放是全球变暖的主要原因。=Carbon emissions are the chief culprit behind global warming.3.driver/engine/catalyst(驱动力)这几个词都表示某种变化或发展的驱动因素,因此后面可以接的词相对有限,比如:change/revolution/growth/reform。这几个词介词搭配有所不同:driver of sth/engine of sth/catalyst for sth。举几个例子:Technological progress serv
18、es as a key driver of productivity.科技发展是推动生产力的一个主要因素。 Technological advance and national stability are two engines of economic growth.科技进步和国家稳定是经济发展的两大驱动力。The advent of 5G will act as a catalyst for revolutions in numerous industries.5G的到来将会推动很多行业的变革。4.contributor to sth(促成因素)contributor to sth表示某事的
19、促成因素,来源于动词短语contribute to sth。使用contributor to sth 表原因时,说明导致这件事的原因有很多个,这也是来源于contribute to sth的意思:是.的原因之一。比如:Cars are one of the principal contributors to air pollution.汽车是空气污染的主要因素之一。【同义短语】a contributing factor (to sth)(起作用的因素),=a factor that contributes to sth。这里的介词to相当于与前面contributing搭配的。也可以写成a c
20、ontributing factor in,因为单独的factor搭配的介词就是in:a factor in sth。如:Human activities are a contributing factor to/in global warming.人类活动是造成全球变暖的一个因素。还有个与contributing factor构词法相同的短语:driving force某事背后的主要推动力。a driving force behind sth=a force that drives sth。这个短语与上面第4组几个词的意思类似。(四)1.便宜的;低廉的(cheap/inexpensive)e
21、conomical、affordable、within the reach/means of sbeconomical表示物品或某种做法成本较低。经常用作句型It is economical to do sth. 注意,不要写成了economic。The most economical way for firms to select competent applicants may be to raise the entry requirement.企业选择有能力的的求职者的最低成本的方式可能就是提高门槛要求。It would be both climate-friendly and econ
22、omical to switch from fossil fuels to renewable energy.从化石燃料转向可再生能源既环保又成本低廉。affordable表示可负担的起的。这个词既可以描述具体的事物,也可以直接描述表示价格/费用的词。比如affordable housing(廉价的住房)、an affordable price/cost(低廉的价格/成本)。affordable的还有名词形式:affordability可负担性。如:Solar energy is prized for its abundance and affordability.太阳能因其充裕性和低廉性而备
23、受重视。还有个形容词经常和affordable并列:affordable and accessible能负担的起并且易于获取。within sbs reach/means表示某人可以负担的起。与之相反的是beyond sbs reach/means(某人负担不起的),这个短语在之前一篇关于beyond的文章中也讲到过。Thanks to government subsidies, going to college is now within the means of most households.由于政府的补贴,如今上大学是大多数家庭都可以负担的起的。2.昂贵的;价格高的(expensive
24、)costly、exorbitant/eye-watering/prohibitive、unaffordable、beyond sbs reach/meanscostly表示昂贵的。与expensive类似,costly只能描述具体的东西,不能描述cost/price/expense等带有具体数值性质的词。比如,不能写成a cheap/expensive price,要写成a low/high price。exorbitant/eye-watering/prohibtive表示过高的。exorbitant则只能修饰带有数值性质的词,如cost/price/expense/rate/fee。如:
25、Exorbitant/eye-watering/prohibitive housing prices and intense competition prompt some youngsters to retreat from large cities.过高的房价和激烈的竞争促使一些年轻人逃离大城市。exorbitant/eye-watering/prohibtive这几个词也可以加-ly变成副词,并搭配expensive/high,表示过于昂贵的;(价格/成本)过高的。如:1 Unlike public education, the private type is exorbitantly/
26、eye-wateringly/prohibitively expensive.与公立教育不同,私立教育费用昂贵。2 The cost of starting a business is exorbitantly/eye-wateringly/prohibitively high for those fresh out of college.对于刚毕业的学生来说,创业的成本非常高。unaffordable与affordable一样,既可以描述具体的事物,也可以直接描述表示价格/费用的词。For children from disadvantaged backgrounds, private tu
27、ition is either unaffordable or unavailable.对于出身贫寒的孩子来说,私人补习要么负担不起,要么无法获取。3.穷人/富人(the poor/rich)表示穷人/富人,最简单就是the poor/the rich,其中,the+adj结构用于泛指某个群体。还可以将其中的poor/rich换成其他同义词:穷人:the impoverished/the needy/the disadvantaged富人:the affluent/the wealthy/the well-off表示富人和穷人,还有个固定表达:the haves/the have-nots。这
28、个表达和pros and cons(优缺点)很类似,属于“组合表达”,要放在一起使用,一般不将the haves或the have-nots单独使用。如:More needs to be done to narrow the gap between the haves and the have-nots.想要缩小贫富差距,还有很多要做的。这里的between the haves and the have-nots也可以改为另一个常见表达:between rich and poor,这个就相当于between the rich and the poor的简化。上面2组中讲到了一个beyond/w
29、ithin sbs means,其中的means表示钱财;财富。通过这个词也可以构造两个穷人/富人的表达:people of means(富人)/people of slender means(穷人)。其中,of用于引导人的重要特征,再比如a young man of ambition(有志向的年轻人)。最后再讲几个表示有钱/没钱的后置定语结构:N+with financial difficulties有经济困难的.。如:Schools should not discriminate against students with financial difficulties.学校不应该区别对待家
30、庭条件差的学生。N+on a (tight) budget消费能力低的.。如:Families on a tight budget may find online learning a poor substitute for classroom learning. 经济条件差的家庭可能会发现在线学习远不如课堂学习。其中,介词on+金钱/收入/食物 可以表示某人依靠.生存,作后置定语或与动词搭配构成短语。如:live on a diet of vegetables(靠吃素食生存) | families on low incomes(低收入家庭)=low-income families。N wit
31、h deep pockets这个表达很形象,根据字面意思就能猜出意思:很有钱的.。如:People with deep pockets may well be the biggest beneficiary of this policy.有钱人很可能会该政策的最大受益者。(五)1.阻碍(prevent)hinder、hamper、impede、frustratehinder/hamper/impede这几个词用法差不多,都表示阻碍事物的正常发展。Poor educational qualifications hinder/hamper/impede ones career developmen
32、t.学历差会阻碍一个人的职业发展。 Population ageing, which results partly from lower births rates and partly from longer life expectancies, hinders/hampers/impedes a countrys economic growth.人口老龄化是由出生率降低和寿命延长所造成的,会阻碍一国的经济增长。frustrate除了表示使沮丧,还可以表示阻碍;挫败。frustrate经常与effort/attempt/plan这些表示人物行为的词搭配。如:The dramatic rise
33、in fossil-fuel-powered vehicles may frustrate our efforts to combat global warming.燃油汽车的大幅增加可能会阻碍我们在减轻全球变暖方面所做的努力。除此之外,hinder和impede还可以改为名词形式:be a hindrance/impediment to:Failure to obtain a higher degree may be a hindrance/impediment to career development.没有获得高等学历可能会阻碍职业发展。【同义表达】be a block/obstacle
34、/barrier to是.的阻碍。Lack of expertise is a major block/obstacle/barrier to securing high-paid jobs.缺乏专业技能是获得高薪工作的一个主要阻碍。上面这组短语中的to是介词,因此后面的动词要用ing形式to securing,而不是to secure。判断to是介词还是不定式,基本可以遵循下面这个规律:一般来说,如果这个to后面可以接名词,则这个to是介词,后面接动词时要加ing。2.促进(promote)foster、encourage、facilitate、expeditefoster和encourag
35、e比较类似,这两个词的宾语既可以是好的事物,也可以是坏的事物(助长)。主要区别:foster的宾语经常是某种思想或观念,而encourage的宾语更多的是某种行为。 Besides teaching knowledge, schools should also foster a sense of patriotism in students.除了传授知识,学校也应该培养学生的爱国精神。Excessive exposure to violence on the internet will encourage undesirable behaviour in young children.过度接触
36、网络上的暴力信息会助长儿童的不良行为。NB:表示引起某人行为、思想或身体的变化时,可以用in来连接人,即vt+n+in sb。再比如:Compulsive gaming always leads to myopia in children.过度玩游戏总是会引起小孩近视。facilitate表示使便利;使更容易,其英文释义为make something easier,后面接某个过程或活动。近义词词:ease。The development of green technologies will facilitate/ease the transition to a low-carbon socie
37、ty.环保技术的发展将会促进向低碳社会的转变。Modern inventions facilitate/ease housework.现代的发明便利了家务。facilitate还有名词形式:facilitator促进.的事物。用作a/the facilitator of sth。如:The smartphone, although serving as a facilitator of communication, often diverts peoples attention and causes a waste of time.智能手机尽管可以促进交流,但是经常分散人们的注意力,浪费人们的
38、时间。expedite表示加快,宾语同样是某个过程。常用搭配:expedite the process of sth。如:Rather than expedite/expediting the learning process, rote memorisation may undermine ones thinking abilities.死记硬背并不会加快学习过程,而是会逐渐影响思考能力。(六)1.必要的(necessary)essential/indispensable、be a must、requisite/prerequisite for sth essential/indispens
39、able必要的。这两个词可以作修饰词修饰名词,也可以作表语。其中,indispensable常用作be indispensable for sth/doing sth。A) The internet has become an essential/indispensable part of young peoples lives.互联网已经成为了年轻人生活中必不可少的一部分。B) Regular exercise is indispensable for maintaining a healthy body.经常运动对于保持健康的身体必不可少。must可以作名词,表示必需的事物。只用作单数,即
40、Sth be a must。must-have也可以表示必需品,但是这个词不太正式,写作中尽量少用。Regular exercise is a must for young children.经常锻炼对于小孩来说是必要的。requisite/prerequisite表示某事发生的必备条件。通常与介词for搭配:a requisite/prerequisite for sth。A university degree has become a requisite/prerequisite for entry into many professions.大学学位已经成为进入很多职业的必要条件了。re
41、quisite/prerequisite也可以作形容词。此时只能修饰名词,不能作表语。如:prerequisite knowledge必备的知识 | He lacks the requisite experience for the job.他缺少该工作必需的工作经验。2.(做某事)必需的上面一组中讲了一些表示“必需的”形容词前置定语。那么如果要表示更复杂的意思“做某事必需的”,则需要用到后置定语,通常会用到下面两个结构:needed for sth/to do sthnecessary for sth/to do sth这两个结构分别是分词作后置定语和形容词短语作后置定语。还原成完整句就是:
42、Sth is needed/necessary for sth/to do sth.需要注意,在needed/necessary to do sth这个结构中,to do sth是目的状语,与前面的needed/necessary并非一个整体,需要分开理解:Sth is needed/necessary | to do sth. A) Some workers lack the skills needed/necessary to climb the career ladder.一些工作者缺乏攀登事业阶梯所必需的技能。B) Schools should educate students on
43、the knowledge and skills needed/necessary for future success.学校应该教育学生将来成功所必须的知识和技能。3.依赖,取决于(depend on)rely on、hinge on、be reliant/dependent onrely on和depend on在表示依赖时,可以相互替换。People today rely mainly on smartphones to obtain information.如今人们主要依靠智能手机获取信息。hinge on表示完全依赖于/取决于。程度较大。Poor childrens academic
44、 performance hinges on their own efforts.贫困儿童的学习成绩完全取决于他们自己的努力。be reliant/dependent on是rely on/depend on的形容词形式。意思相同。Most college students remain reliant on their parents financial support.大多数大学生仍然需要依靠父母的资助。rely/depend两个词的名词形式分别为reliance/dependence。如:Modern society increasingly rely/depend on technology.=Modern society is increasingly reliant/dependent on technology.modern societys increasing reliance/dependence on technology【名词短语】在正式的书面语中,有时会将这些短语中的on改为upon,更加书面化。即:depend/rely upon、upon、hinge upon、be reliant/dependent upon。7