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1、专题04 押阅读理解之说明文说明文主旨大意题：归纳大意型和主旨提炼性说明文多是说明某种物体或者现象背后的原因和做法，把握what, why, how 等有助于总结篇章主旨。说明文的段落含义较为清晰，分析段落结构把握段落主旨有助于把控全文主旨。说明文的写作意图是：说明文五大技能要素：1. 能获取文章具体信息2. 能根据文章具体信息进行简单的推测3. 能根据上下文推测生词词义4. 能理解作者观点、意图、态度5. 能理解归纳文章的主旨大意五大阅读题型：1. 事实细节题2. 细节推断题3. 猜测词义题4. 推测意图、观点、态度5. 理解归纳主旨要义答题应试技巧：1. 关注文章脉络结构。2. 关注每一部
2、分的主题句，也就是说读完每部分就要弄清它的Main idea。3. 采取略读（Skimming），关注主题句，其余支持信息（Supporting information）扫视即可。4. 如题目是细节理解题则通过扫读（Scanning）有针对性地对读过的某部分仔细辨别具体信息。5. 通过上下文保证猜测词义题不失分。6. 文章主旨大意题，不能以偏概全也不能范围太大。7. 关注题目题干与选项的匹配。如题目为推理判断题，而如果选了事实题，那就不对了。8. 对一些推测作者接下来要写的内容或第一段前面所写的内容可通过文章承上启下的特点关注文章最后一段或第一段的内容。特别注意：阅读理解题的干扰项的设置具有一
3、定的迷惑性。它不仅能检测出考生理解、概括、推断等逻辑思维的精确性、深刻性，而且对考生心理素质也是一种检验，干扰项的干扰性一般体现在以下五个方面：1. 脱离原文；2. 以偏概全；3. 扩缩范围；4. 偷换概念；5. 正误并存。（2022四川巴中统考中考真题）Embroidery (刺绣) is an important traditional art form in Chinese culture. The most famous embroidery styles are Su embroidery from Suzhou, Shu embroidery from Sichuan, Xiang
4、 embroidery from Hunan and Yue embroidery from Guangdong. Shu embroidery has the longest history of all. Since modern machines can make cheaper embroidery products today, fewer people buy hand-made Shu embroidery products. There are also very few young embroiderers. The skill is endangered. Meng Dez
5、hi, a national-level inheritor (传承人) of the art form, has been making Shu embroidery for forty years. She used to work at the Chengdu Shu Embroidery Factory. But in 2006, the factory went broke and Meng lost her job. Wanting to save the art, Meng wanted to have her own place and teach Shu embroidery
6、 to others. Its hard work. Embroidery takes time and patience. Workers need to divide each silk thread (线) into more than ten or even thirty pieces. Each piece is thinner than a single human hair. In 2016, Baidu invited Meng to make a homepage logo for Qixi Festival. It was a small logo, but it requ
7、ired the use of 45 types of sewing techniques (针法) and 35,000 stitches (针). Meng is teaching in different universities and communities to save Shu embroidery. She believes that Shu embroidery stands for thousands of years of Sichuan culture and should be saved. “I feel that I have the responsibility
8、 to pass on Shu embroidery skills to young people, to let it run from generation to generation.” She said.1How many embroidery styles are mentioned in the passage?AThree.BFour.CFive.DSix.2Why are the Shu embroidery skills in danger of dying out?ABecause Shu embroidery has the longest history.BBecaus
9、e embroidery takes time and patience.CBecause the Shu Embroidery Factory went broke.DBecause there are fewer people buying hand-made Shu embroidery products.3What does the underlined word “broke” mean?A破产B损坏C违反D折断4How is Meng trying to save Shu embroidery?ABy making more Shu embroidery products.BBy
10、making more logos for companies like Baidu.CBy teaching in different universities and communities.DBy encouraging young people to learn the skill.5What does the passage mainly talk about?AEmbroidery needs protecting.BA traditional art form.CA famous embroiderer.DA hard job.【答案】1B 2D 3A 4C 5A【导语】本文主要
11、介绍了刺绣的类型和刺绣的特点，以及孟40多年来都在制作蜀绣，之后破产但仍以另一种方式拯救蜀绣。1细节理解题。根据“The most famous embroidery styles are Su embroidery from Suzhou, Shu embroidery from Sichuan, Xiang embroidery from Hunan and Yue embroidery from Guangdong.”可知，文章提到了苏绣、蜀绣、湘绣和粤绣，此处共提到4种刺绣品。故选B。2细节理解题。根据“Since modern machines can make cheaper em
12、broidery products today, fewer people buy hand-made Shu embroidery products. There are also very few young embroiderers. The skill is endangered.”可知，由于现代机器可以制作更便宜的刺绣产品，越来越少的人购买手工蜀绣产品，年轻的刺绣师也很少，所以这项技能岌岌可危。故选D。3词义猜测题。由“Meng lost her job”判断，前面应该是指工厂倒闭。因此broke是“破产”的意思。故选A。4细节理解题。根据“Meng is teaching in d
13、ifferent universities and communities to save Shu embroidery.”可知，孟正试图通过在不同的大学和社区教蜀绣来挽救这一艺术。故选C。5主旨大意题。根据“Embroidery is an important traditional art form in Chinese culture.”，“The skill is endangered.”和“Meng is teaching in different universities and communities to save Shu embroidery.”可以判断，本文主要讲述“刺绣需
14、要保护”。故选A。（2022四川绵阳统考中考真题）Snow forests make up about 30% of the worlds total forest areas. These wonderful woodlands are not as famous as the Amazon rainforests but they are just as important. Snow forests are found in the far north of the world, in areas that are quite cold and usually have a lot of
15、 snowfall. They lie across parts of Canada, China, Finland, Japan, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the US. Snow forests have very cold winters that can last up to six months. But even so, they are home to many kinds of animals, including foxes, mice and wolves. In the US and Canada, as many as five billi
16、on birds from more than 300 species live in the forests in the breeding (繁殖) season. These woodlands perform an important job: helping to take in harmful gases. The gases are given off by burning coal, oil and gas, which can cause climate change. However, snow forests are facing several problems. Tr
17、ees are being cut down faster and faster for their wood, which can be used for building. Some forests are being cleared to make space for new roads and houses, or to allow coal and gas industries to grow. Whats worse, as the world gets warmer, Canada and Russia have seen terrible fires spread throug
18、h the forests. Luckily, environmental and wildlife groups around the world are working hard to protect snow forests. This means that cutting down trees is controlled in some areas and the forests are seen as areas of special scientific interest. When wood is needed, replanting plans and careful fore
19、st management help to reduce the human influence so that the forests are managed in a way that they can survive and regrow.6Where are snow forests mainly found?AIn South America.BIn the north of the earth.CIn the UK and Canada.DIn the south of the earth.7What do we know about snow forests from this
20、passage?AThey need a long time to grow up.BThey are famous just like rainforests.CThey produce best wood for building.DThey are important to many animals and birds.8What mainly causes snow forests to be in danger?AHeavy snowfall.BAir pollution.CHuman activities.DAnimals waste.9Whats the purpose of t
21、his passage?ATo call on us to protect snow forests.BTo invite people to visit snow forests.CTo compare rainforests to snow forests.DTo describe the wildlife in snow forests.10What does the writer think of snow forests future?AHopeful.BAwful.CDoubtful.DWonderful.【答案】6B 7D 8C 9A 10A【导语】本文是一篇说明文，向我们介绍关
22、于雪地的相关内容并号召人们保护雪林。6细节理解题。根据“Snow forests are found in the far north of the world”可知，雪林在世界的最北部。故选B。7推理判断题。根据“But even so, they are home to many kinds of animals, including foxes, mice and wolves. In the US and Canada, as many as five billion birds from more than 300 species live in the forests in the
23、 breeding season.”可知，雪林是许多动物的家园，包括狐狸、老鼠和狼。在美国和加拿大，300多种鸟类中多达50亿只在繁殖期生活在森林里。由此推知，它们对许多动物和鸟类都很重要。故选D。8细节理解题。根据“Trees are being cut down faster and faster for their wood, which can be used for building. Some forests are being cleared to make space for new roads and houses, or to allow coal and gas indu
24、stries to grow. Whats worse, as the world gets warmer, Canada and Russia have seen terrible fires spread through the forests.”可知，各种人类活动导致雪林处于危险之中，故选C。9主旨大意题。本文主要向我们介绍关于雪地的相关内容并号召人们保护雪林。故选A。10推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知，作者认为雪林的未来的有希望的，故选A。（2022浙江衢州统考中考真题）Have you ever thought about why you are the way you are?
25、And what does your personality (性格) connect with? Recent research has showed that the position in which we are born in our family plays a very important role in forming personality. The eldest childBeing the only child, the eldest enjoys all their parents attention. However, new parents usually expe
26、ct to see their child do well. And the eldest child generally tries to meet these expectations. As a result, the eldest children are usually polite and traditional. The problems come with the birth of another child. Suddenly the attention theyre used to receiving becomes weaker. Then, they dont feel
27、 safe and will try to do all they can to make their parents happy. The second childThe second child has no experience of life without a brother or sister, so they never know how their brothers or sisters feel when they suddenly have to share the attention. The second children are often more outgoing
28、（外向的）and always looking for ways to get attention. One of the most common ways to achieve this is by making people laugh and the second children are often the jokers of the family. Again, problems can appear when another baby arrives. Suddenly, the second child becomes the middle child and may lose
29、a clear sense of where they are. The third childWith the birth of their third baby, parents will often feel this is their last chance to bring up a child. This means the youngest child, more often than not, is spoilt (溺爱) with attention and love. This can lead them to be very self-centered, believin
30、g that the world moves around them. They are always treated as the “baby” of the family so they dont do as well as they could do. They like doing things in unexpected ways, so they are also likely to be creative.11What influences peoples personality a lot according to the text?ABirth place.BBirth we
31、ight.CBirth way.DBirth order.12What does the underlined word “they” refer to in the text?AThe eldest children.BThe second children.CThe third children.DThe parents.13Compared to the first child, the second child is _ according to the text.Amore polite and traditionalBmore humorous and outgoingCmore
32、creative and confidentDmore self-centered and creative14According to the text, if Tom thinks mainly about himself and always has new ideas, he might be _.Athe eldest childBthe second childCthe third childDthe only child【答案】11D 12B 13B 14C【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍出生顺序不同影响孩子们不同的性格。11细节理解题。根据“Recent research has
33、 showed that the position in which we are born in our family plays a very important role in forming personality.”可知，我们在家庭中出生的位置对性格的形成起着非常重要的作用。故选D。12推理判断题。根据“The second child has no experience of life without a brother or sister, so they never know how their brothers or sisters feel when they sudden
34、ly have to share the attention.”可知，第二个孩子没有兄弟姐妹的生活经验，所以他们永远不知道当他们的兄弟姐妹突然需要分享他们的注意力时是什么感觉。此处they指的是第二个孩子，故选B。13细节理解题。根据“The second children are often more outgoing（外向的）and always looking for ways to get attention.the second children are often the jokers of the family”可知，第二个孩子通常更外向，总是想办法获得关注，并且是家里的小丑。由
35、此推知第二个孩子是外向且幽默的，故选B。14推理判断题。根据“This can lead them to be very self-centered . so they are also likely to be creative.”可知，第三个孩子非常以自我为中心且很有创造力。故选C。（2022江苏南通统考中考真题）Technology and sustainability (可持续性) are two driving forces in the world today. For the agriculture department, sustainable agriculture tech
36、nology must be the new trend, and farmers should follow it.The following sustainable agriculture technologies are necessary.Smart irrigationCrops need waterthats needless to say. However, how they get water is another story.With smart irrigation technology, water can be put to good use. New irrigati
37、on systems with smart technology can report soil moisture (湿度) and temperature in real time. These new technologies help farmers properly take care of crops in a more efficient way. For example, most crops have specific requirements for temperature and moisture. The new irrigation systems can show f
38、armers whether they need to make changes for their crops growing environments. In this way, they may help reduce the waste of water.DronesDrones abilities get them a place on this list. They can do a lot and most importantly, they can make the boring and tiring farm work much easier.These devices ha
39、ve high-definition cameras that take pictures and videos. Through wireless control, just at home farmers can fly the drones over the fields and check on crops. If one area of crops isnt doing well, farmers can quickly record the details and then spray chemicals with the help of the drones.Data and s
40、oftwareData is rich in this tech-driven world. Farming and data working together can greatly change the way farmers plant, harvest and water.As computers gather information, they report it all back to a central system. So when farmers learn in which area crop health needs to improve, they can use wa
41、ter and fertilizer (肥料) more efficiently, causing less waste.The three technologies are helpful for farmers to save costs, labor and energy. And they can contribute to the final goal of agricultural sustainabilitythat is to improve the environment. As these new technologies continue to develop, we a
42、re sure to have a cleaner environment.Sustainable agricultural technology is the futureand it will change the game.15According to the passage, smart irrigation can _.Amake full use of every drop of rainBdecide crops growing environmentChelp farmers water the crops when necessaryDsupport the growth a
43、nd harvest of crops efficiently16From “Drones” part, we can learn that _.Adrones can help provide water and fertilizerBdrones help farm work in a more efficient wayCfarmers can fly in their drones to check on cropsDfarmers can record the details about their drones17What is the final goal of agricult
44、ural sustainability?ATo help us have a better environment.BTo make farmers work more efficiently.CTo raise the production of crops quickly.DTo reduce farmers boring and tiring work.18The passage is mainly to _.Athink highly of the agriculture departmentBmake sustainable agriculture technologies bett
45、erCchange farmers misunderstanding of agriculture technologiesDstress the importance of sustainable technologies in agriculture【答案】15C 16B 17A 18D【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了几种必要的可持续农业技术。15推理判断题。根据“With smart irrigation technology, water can be put to good use. New irrigation systems with smart technology can r
46、eport soil moisture (湿度) and temperature in real time. These new technologies help farmers properly take care of crops in a more efficient way.”可知，有了智能灌溉技术，水可以得到很好的利用。具有智能技术的新型灌溉系统可以实时报告土壤湿度和温度。这些新技术帮助农民以更有效的方式妥善照料作物。所以可以必要时帮助农民给庄稼浇水，故选C。16推理判断题。根据“These devices have high-definition cameras that tak
47、e pictures and videos. Through wireless control, just at home farmers can fly the drones over the fields and check on crops. If one area of crops isnt doing well, farmers can quickly record the details and then spray chemicals with the help of the drones.”可知，这些设备有高清摄像头，可以拍照和视频。通过无线控制，农民在家里就可以让无人机飞越农
48、田，查看农作物。如果某一地区的农作物长得不好，农民们可以迅速记录下细节，然后在无人机的帮助下喷洒化学品。所以“无人机以更有效的方式帮助农活”表述正确，故选B。17细节理解题。根据“And they can contribute to the final goal of agricultural sustainabilitythat is to improve the environment.”可知，农业可持续发展的最终目标是改善环境，故选A。18主旨大意题。本文主要介绍了几种必要的可持续农业技术，是为了强调可持续农业技术的重要性，故选D。（2022吉林长春统考中考真题）As we all know, fresh flowers c