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1、考点03 介词（核心考点精讲精练）1. 三年真题考点分布题型语法填空高考考点介词新高考I卷2023by2022as2021新高考II卷2023with20222021from2. 命题规律及备考策略【命题规律】近3年新高考卷对于名词的考查共计4次，主要考查：1常用介词的基本用法；2短语中的介词；【备考策略】熟练掌握介词及介词短语的基本用法；重点在句子中或在语篇中训练介词的用法。【命题预测】语法填空对介词的考查仍然会成为高考的重点，主要集中考查介词短语的基本用法，根据习惯用法或固定句型确定介词。1.单个介词的意义aboard搭乘（飞机、列车、轮船等）about关于；向各处；在附近above在之上
2、；在上游；超过程度across 从表面穿过；在对面；在(身体某部位)上He swam across the river.他游过河。Theres a bank right across the street. 街对面就有一家银行。A big smile spread across her face.她脸上洋溢着开心的笑容。after在之后；追赶；仿照against与相反；与对抗；与逆向；倚靠；以 为背景；为防备;违背；反对；对不利；倚靠；衬托She was forced to go there against her will. 她被迫去那里。I wont have you say anythi
3、ng against my teacher.我不容许你说老师的坏话。The evidence is against him.证据对他不利。Put the ladder against the wall.把梯子靠着墙放置。The white building looks beautiful against the blue sky.在蓝天衬托下，这栋白楼很漂亮。along沿着；循着among在中间；在内部；被所环绕；之中的一个around环绕；在周围；在四处；绕过；将近as当作；作为；充当at 在(地点、时间、空间)；以(某种价格、速度等)；朝At school, we always had a
4、 lot of afterclass activities. 在学校我们总是有很多课外活动。School is over at 4 oclock in the afternoon. 下午四点放学。The train goes at a speed of 120 km/ph.火车时速每小时120公里。Dont shout at me. 不要朝我大声嚷嚷。before在之前；比早；比先behind在之后；落后于below在之下；在的下游；低于beneath在之下beside在旁边；在附近besides除了之外；除却between在之间beyond 超出的范围；为所不及；除了；在的另一边The be
5、auty of the West Lake is beyond words/beyond description.西湖美景无法用语言描述。The big fire was beyond their control.他们无法控制大火。He appears to have almost no personal staff, beyond a secretary who cant make coffee. 他看来似乎没有任何雇员，除了一个连咖啡都不会煮的秘书。The road continues beyond the village up into the hills. 那条路经过村子后又往上延伸到
6、群山中。but除了之外；除外by 被；表示程度或增减的幅度；按来计算；经由；乘(交通工具)；在之前I was attacked by a dog.我被一条狗袭击。We defeated the visiting team by 3 goals.我们以三个球的优势击败来访的球队。The cleaners get paid by the hour.清洁工按小时计算工资。He went out by the back door.他从后门出去的。He goes to school by bike.他骑车上学。Ill have it done by tomorrow. 我将于明天之前让人做完这件事。de
7、spite 尽管(后接名词短语或宾语从句)They had a wonderful holiday, despite the bad weather.尽管天气恶劣，他们仍然过了一个愉快的假期。Despite what others say, I think he is a very nice boy.不管别人说什么，我认为这个孩子不错。down向下；往下；沿着during在期间；在之间except除之外for 给；对；为；为了得到；对来说；多达；向；支持；表示I have a present for you. 我有个礼物给你。The doctor knew that there was not
8、hing he could do for her. 医生知道自己无能为力帮不了她。I paid $3 for the ticket. 我花三美元买了张票。She looks young for her age. 就她这个年龄来说，她显得年轻。We have been talking for a good half hour. 我们足足谈了半小时。I set off for work. 我动身去上班。We have studied the arguments for and against nuclear energy. 我们研究了支持和反对核能的论点。Whats the French for
9、“happy”？ 法语“开心”怎么讲？from从；自从；出自；因为in在之中；在时候；在之后；在状态下；在方面；穿着；戴着She looked in her bag, but her keys were not there.她朝她的手提包里看了看，但钥匙不在里面。Leaves change colour in autumn. 树叶在秋天改变颜色。The street is about a mile in length.这条街长约一英里。In all the confusion, it is quite possible that some people got tickets without
10、paying.在混乱中极有可能有人没付钱就得到票了。inside在里面；在内into进入内；往里；变为like像minus减去near在近旁；接近of是的；之中的；由制成的；有性质的off 远离；从上移开；在附近；休息；减价Once we were off the main freeway, the trip felt more like a vacation. 我们一离开主高速公路，这次旅行感觉就更像是一次度假了。Keep off the grass. 勿踏草坪。There are a lot of islands off the coast. 沿海有很多岛屿。You look tired.
11、 Why dont you take tomorrow off? 你很憔悴。为什么明天不休息一天呢？If you buy more than ten, they knock 10% off. 如果你买十个以上，他们打九折。on 在上；一就；关于；是一员；在具体的某一天Some children are playing on the playground.一些孩子在操场上玩耍。On his arrival, he began to work.他一到达就开始工作。This is a book on history. 这是一本历史书。He was on a research team.他是研究队中的
12、一员。On a cold evening, he paid a visit to a farmers house in the village. 在一个寒冷的夜里，他去村里一户农民家拜访。onto到之上opposite在的对面outside在的外面over 在上；超过；多于；在期间；俯视；胜过；通过He sprinkled sugar over his cereal.他在麦片粥里撒上了糖. They have advantages over the students in faraway villages.他们比偏远村庄的学生有优势。She stayed in New York for ove
13、r a month.她在纽约待了一个多月。They will have a party over the weekend.周末他们有个聚会。The doctor bent over the patient in bed, asking if he was feeling any better.医生在病床边弯下腰，询问病人是否好些了。She had great personal influence and power over her followers.她对自己的追随者有强大的个人影响力和操纵力。I dont want to talk about this over the telephone
14、.我不想在电话里谈论此事。past经过；超过per每；每一plus加；加上round绕一周；绕行于四周since自从；从以来through 从内部穿过；透过They walked through the thick forest.他们步行穿过茂密的森林。He could just make out three people through the mist.透过薄雾他勉强能看出有三个人。throughout遍及于；整个期间；从头到尾till/until直到；到为止to向；到；面向towards朝方向；走向；对于under在之下；未满；受管辖；正在之中up往上；登上with 用(具体的工具)；附
15、带有，具有；和；随着Please write with a pencil. 请用铅笔写。He is a man with a strong will. 他是一个意志坚强的人。I have an appointment with Dr Black, but I need to change it. 我和布莱克博士有约，但是我得改一下时间。With the final exam approaching, the students are working harder.随着期末考试临近，同学们学习更努力了。within 在之内；在里面We should have the test results w
16、ithin 24 hours. 我们24小时内出化验结果。The noise seems to be coming from within the building. 吵闹声像是从楼房里传出来的。without 没有；在没有的情况下We couldnt have finished the task without your timely help. 如果没有你们的及时帮忙，我们完不成任务。Without so much as a word of thanks, Ben turned and went back into the office. 本连一个谢字也没有，转身就回到了办公室。（单个介词
17、的用法）（20231月新高考浙江卷 语法填空）Hutongs represent an important cultural element of the city of Beijing. Thanks to Beijings long history _63_ capital of China, almost every hutong has its stories, and some are even associated with historic events. 【答案】as【解析】考查介词。句意：感谢北京作为中国首都的悠久的历史，同时每一条胡同都有自己的故事，甚至有一些还跟历史事件有
18、关。根据句意可知，空格处译为“作为”，as是介词意为“作为”，符合句意。故填as。1(2023北京清华附中高三阶段检测)_ one peaceful morning, I begged my mom to let me go outside.【答案】On【解析】考查介词的用法。句意：在一个平静的早晨，我请求我妈妈让我出去。在具体的某一天的早上，用on，此处位于句首，故填On。2(2023云南师大附中高三阶段检测)_ the flower market, the orchids are worth at least 10，000 dollars each.【答案】At【解析】考查介词的用法。句意
19、：在花卉上，兰花至少值1万美元。此处at指：小地点。意为：在花市场。注意首字母要大写。故填At。3(2023山东省齐鲁名校高三大联考)An employer might be asked to answer a problem _ thinking like another member of their team.【答案】by【解析】考查介词的用法。句意：雇主可能会被要求像团队的另一个成员一样思考来回答问题。此处by意为：通过方式。故填by。4(2023河北省唐山市高三检测)I did feel a sense of loss _ not becoming an academic educa
20、tor, and I worried Id be letting down the people.【答案】for【解析】考查介词的用法。句意：我确实为没有成为一名学术教育工作者感到了一种失落感，我担心我会让人们失望。此处for表示原因。故填for。2.复合介词的意义 according to根据 along with随同一起；除了之外 apart/aside from除之外 as a result of因为；由于 as a consequence of因为 because of因为；由于 on account of因为 due to由于；因为 owing to由于；因为 thanks to由于
21、；幸亏 as for/to至于；关于；就而言 as with至于；与一样 but for要不是的话 by means of以方式；借着 except for除之外 in addition to加之；除了之外 in case of万一；在有情形时 in/by comparison with与相较；较之 in contrast to与相比 contrary to违反；与相对 for fear of以免；以防 in spite of虽然；尽管 instead of代替；而不 out of出于；因为 regardless of不顾；不管 with/as regard to关于 in terms of用
22、字眼；用措词；从观点；从的角度as opposed to与相对；而不是（复合介词的用法） (2022全国乙卷)Maybe it is because _ the combination of fresh air, smooth movement and exercise.【答案】of【解析】考查介词的用法。句意：也许是因为新鲜空气、舒缓动作和体育锻炼相混合的结果。because后面接从句；而because of后面接名词短语。故填of。 (2022新高考卷)So instead _ tying him up, I just kept a close eye on him. 【答案】of【解析】
23、考查介词的用法。句意：所以没有把他绑起来，我只是密切盯着他。instead of “而不是，代替”。故填of。3.表状态的介词短语at work在工作at play在玩耍at war在交战at lunch在吃午饭at table在吃饭at rest在休息in use在使用中in store贮藏着；准备着in shape身体良好的；健康的in place适当的；在适当位置的in order井井有条的；有序的in need穷困的；贫穷的in debt欠债的；欠人情的in danger处于危险中的；有危险的in peace平安的；安心的on duty在值班on show/exhibition在展览中
24、on fire着火的；燃烧着的；兴奋的on strike在罢工on sale在出售；廉价出售on holiday在度假on leave在休假中under discussion在讨论中under construction在建设中under arrest被捕；被拘留的under repair在维修中；在修复中under investigation在调查中under way在进行中，在举行4.介词短语的意义at the age of 5;at age 5;at 5在5岁时at ones service随时为某人服务；听凭某人的吩咐at (the) sight of当看到时at first sight
25、乍一看；初看起来at a loss茫然；不知所措at all costs不惜一切代价at the cost of以为代价at any rate无论如何；至少at hand在手边；在附近at the mercy of任凭摆布at the expense of以为代价；由付费by the age of 5；by age 5到5岁时by means of用；依靠by all means当然可以；尽一切办法；务必by no means决不；并没有by way of经由；通过方法by and by不久；迟早by chance/accident偶然；碰巧by mistake错误地；无意地by far最；得
26、多by hand用手；用体力for sale出售的；待售的for free免费地for nothing免费的；白费地for ever/good永远；永久地for the sake of为了；为了的利益in advance预先；事先in between介于两者之间in brief简单地说in detail详细地in general-般来说；大体上in line with与一致in particular特别；尤其in relation to关于；涉及in return作为报答；作为回报in return for作为对报答in the way挡道in turn依次；轮流；转而in vain徒劳；白费
27、力on a large/small scale大小规模地on (an/the) average平均；通常on behalf of代表on business因公on hand在场；在手边on purpose故意地on second thoughts经重新考虑on the go忙碌on the point of即将的时刻out of date过时的out of order出故障的out of place不适当的out of practice久不练习；荒疏out of sight看不见；在视野外out of touch不联系；不接触above all首先；尤其是after all毕竟；究竟ahead
28、 of time提前far from远非；远离once in a while偶尔to the point切中要害；切题up to date最新式的，紧跟时代潮流的up to多达；取决于（复合介词的用法）（2023新高考卷 语法填空）There you will find them prepared differentlymore dumpling and less soup, and the wrappers are pressed hand rather than rolled. 【答案】by【解析】考查介词。句意:在那里你会发现它们的准备方式有所不同更多的饺子和少许的汤,包子皮是用手压的,
29、而不是擀出来的。此处为固定短语by hand“用手”。1(2023海南省北师大万宁附中高三模拟演练)Then when the businessmen did business, they could use that paper instead _ having to carry a truckload of coins around.【答案】of【解析】考查介词短语的用法。句意：后来，当商人做生意的时候，他们就能用纸币，就不用带着一车硬币到处跑。此处考查介词短语instead of，意为：而不是。故填of2(2023福建省泉州市高三质量检测)Thanks _ cuttingedge dig
30、ital technology, the virtual model is “detailed to millimeters”【答案】to【解析】考查介词短语的用法。句意：多亏了尖端的数字技术，致使虚拟模型能具体到毫米。考查短语thanks to意为：幸亏，多亏。故填to。3(2023四川省内江市高三考试)According _ a new study from the Mac Arthur Research Network on an Aging Society, by 2050 Americans may live 3.1 to 7.9 years longer than the gove
31、rnment expects.【答案】to【解析】考查介词短语的用法。句意：根据一项新的来自Mac Arthur Research Network的关于老年社会的研究显示：截止到2050年，美国人的平均年龄比政府预期的要长增长3.1到7.9岁。考查短语according to意为：根据。故填to。5. 介词短语的意义辨析 at a time一次；同时；连续地 at one time曾经；一次；同时 at the same time同时；但是 at times有时；偶尔 at no time从不；决不 in time及时；迟早；合拍子 on time准时；按时 in no time立即；一下子
32、from time to time偶尔 for the time being暂时 for a moment片刻；一会儿 for the moment目前；暂时 at the moment此刻；正当那时 in a moment马上；一会儿后 at the beginning of在之初；在开头 in the beginning最初；起初 at the end of在末；在结束时 in the end最后 on ones own独自；靠自己 of ones own自己的；特有的 (all) by oneself (alone; without help) 独自一人；单独地；独自地 to onese
33、lf (not shared with anyone) 独享的；独自拥有的；只给自己 for oneself亲自 of oneself自动地 in oneself本身 in words用语言；用言语 in word口头上 in a/one word总而言之；一言以蔽之 with words用语言 with these/the words说完后 in other words换句话说 with pleasure(口语)当然了；很愿意；愿意为您效劳 for pleasure为了玩；为了取乐6.介词的特殊意义 1above有“超出（某种能力）”之意。 His bravery to save the c
34、hild from drowning is abovepraise.他拯救溺水小孩的勇气非言辞所能赞扬。 This book is far/well above me. 这本书的内容太深，我看不懂。 2against有“违背，违逆，反对，对不利，倚靠，碰撞，预防，衬托”之意。 She was forced to marry against her will. 她被迫违背自己的心愿嫁了人。 We were rowing against the current. 我们划船逆流而上。 Are you for or against the death penalty? 你赞成还是反对死刑？ The e
35、vidence is against him. 证据对他不利。 Put the piano there, against the wall. 把钢琴放在那儿，紧靠着墙。 They took precautions against fire. 他们采取了防火措施。 Her red clothes stood out clearly against the snow. 她的红衣服在白雪中格外显眼。 3among有“在其中，是之一”之意。 A British woman was among the survivors. 幸存者中有一位英国妇女。 He was among the last to le
36、ave. 他是最后离开者之一。 4at可表示“年龄、速度、比率、价格”。 She came up to Beijing at eighteen. 她在18岁时来到北京。 The train was traveling at 100 kilometres an hour. 那火车以时速100公里行驶。 The noise came at two-minute intervals. 每两分钟传来一次吵闹声。 I bought these shirts at 30 dollars each. 我以每件30美元的价格买下了这些衬衫。 5beyond可表示“范围、限度”，意为“超出，为所不及”。 He
37、is such a naughty boy and is beyond my control. 他是个顽皮的孩子，我实在无法管教。 This problem is far beyond my ability.这个问题远超过我的能力之外。 常用短语：beyond words/description/imagination/belief/ones power/ones reach无法用语言形容、无法用语言描述、想象不出来、不相信、管不了、够不着 6by表“时间”时，意为“在之前，不迟于”，多与过去完成时或将来完成时连用。 I have to go back by ten oclock我十点前得回去
38、。 Will you please finish the work by Friday? 请你星期五之前完成这项工作，好吗？ The train had left by the time we got to the station. 我们到达车站时，火车已离开。 By the time the letter reaches you l will have left the country到你收到这封信的时候，我已离开这个国家。 by可表示“方式、手段”，意为“借、靠”，后接动名词。 What do you mean by saying that? 你那话是什么意思？ He taught him
39、self to play the violin by practising allnight.他通过整夜训练自学拉小提琴。 by可表示“程度或增减的幅度”。 She is taller than me by three centimeters. 她比我高三公分。 We defeated the visiting team by 3 goals. 我们以三球的优势战胜了客队。 The population of this town increased by five percent lastyear.去年，这个城镇的人口增加了5%。 The bullet missed him by two in
40、ches. 子弹差一点点打中他。 House prices went up by 10. 房价上涨了10%。 by可表“单位”，意为“按；以计；依据”，此时，by之后表单位的名词通常加the。 I am paid by the hour我是按小时拿工资的。 Is this cloth sold by the metre?这种布是按米出售的吗？ 7despite意为“不管，尽管”，后接名词短语或名词性从句。 They had a wonderful holiday,despite the bad weather. 尽管天气不好，但他们仍过了一个愉快的假期。 Despite what others
41、 say,I think hes a very nice guy. 不管别人说什么，我认为他是个好孩子。 8for可表示价值交换，意为“以金额”。 I bought this set of coffee cups for$20. for有“就而言；从来看”之意。 It is quite warm for February. 就二月的天气而言，这算是相当暖和的了。 She looks young for her age. 就她的年龄而言，她显得很年轻。 He is quite tall for his age. 从他的年龄来看，他个子已是很高了。 for all意为“虽然；尽管”，相当于in s
42、pite of。 For all his efforts, he still came last. 尽管他很努力，还是落了个最后一名。 She still loves him for all that. 尽管如此，她还是爱他。 9off有“在离不远处；在沿海的海里”之意。 They lived in a little house off Harbour Street. 他们住在离哈伯大街不远处的一个小房子里。 My house is off the main road.我家离大路不远。 The ship sank a mile off that island. 那艘船在离这个小岛一英里的地方沉
43、没了。 10. on/upon有“刚就；一就”之意，后接名词或动名词。 They gave him a warm welcome on his arrival. 他一到达，就受到他们的热烈欢迎。 On arriving at the airport, he was arrested by the police. 他一到达飞机场就被警察逮捕了。 Upon his return from Europe, he set to work in earnest. 从欧洲刚回来，他就立刻着手工作。 Upon hearing from you,I shall let her know. 收到你的来信，我就会立刻告诉她。 11. over可表示“时间”，意为“在“期间；直到结束”。 Over the next few days they got to know the town well. 在以后几天中，他们逐渐熟悉了这个小镇。 She has been ill in bed over the past week.