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1、绝 密 启 用 前 2021年 全 国 硕 士 研 究 生 招 生 考 试 英 语（二）试 题（科 目 代 码：202）考 生 注 意 事 项 女 1.答 题 前，考 生 须 在 试 题 册 指 定 位 置 上 填 写 考 生 编 号 和 考 生 姓 名；在 答 题 卡 指 定 位 置 上 填 写 报 考 单 位、考 生 姓 名 和 考 生 编 号，并 涂 写 考 生 编 号 信 息 点。2.考 生 须 把 试 题 册 上 的“试 卷 条 形 码”粘 贴 条 取 下，粘 贴 在 答 题 卡 的“试 卷 条 形 码 粘 贴 位 置”框 中。不 按 规 定 粘 贴 条 形 码 而 影 响 评 卷
2、结 果 的，责 任 由 考 生 自 负。3.选 择 题 的 答 案 必 须 涂 写 在 答 题 卡 相 应 题 号 的 选 项 上，非 选 择 题 的 答 案 必 须 书 写 在 答 题 卡 指 定 位 置 的 边 框 区 域 内。超 出 答 题 区 域 书 写 的 答 案 无 效：在 草 稿 纸、试 题 册 上 答 题 无 效。4.填（书）写 部 分 必 须 使 用 黑 色 字 迹 签 字 笔 书 写，字 迹 工 整、笔 迹 清 楚：涂 写 部 分 必 须 使 用 2 B铅 笔 填 涂。5.考 试 结 束，将 答 题 卡 和 试 题 册 按 规 定 交 回。（以 下 信 息 考 生 必 须
3、认 真 填 写）:考 生 编 号 考 生 姓 名Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)fbr each numbered blank and mark A.B,Cor D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Ifs not difficult to set targets fbr staff.It is much harder,1.to understand their negativeconsequences.Most work-relate
4、d behaviors have multiple components.2_one and the othersbecome distorted.Travel on a London bus and youll 3 see how this works with drivers.Watch people geton and show their tickets.Are they carefully inspected?Never.Do people get on withoutpaying?Of course!Are there inspectors to 4 that people hav
5、e paid?Possibly,but very few.And people who run fbr the bus?They arc 5.How about jumping lights?Buses do so almostas frequently as cyclists.Why?Because the target is 6.People complained that buses were late and infrequent.7,the number of buses and bus lanes were increased,and drivers were 8_ o r pun
6、ishedaccording to the time they took.And drivers hit these targets.But they 9 hit cyclists.If thetarget was changed to 10,you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing.If thecriterion changed to safety,you would get more 11 drivers who obeyed traffic laws.But boththese criteria would be
7、at the expense of time.There is another 12:people became immensely inventive in hitting targets.Have you Bthat you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on lime?Tailwinds?Of course not!Airlines have simply changed the time a 14 is meant to take.A one-hour flight is now billedas a two-h
8、our flight.The L5 of the story is simpl已 Most jobs are multidimensional,with multiple criteria.Choose one criterion and you may well 16 others.Evctything can be done faster and madecheaper,but there is a 17 Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument ag
9、ainst target-setting.But it is an argument for exploringconsequences first.All good targets should have multiple criteria 18 critical factors such astime,money,quality and customer feedback.The trick is not only to 19 just one or even twodimensions of the objective,but also to understand how to help
10、 people better 20 the objective.英 语（二）试 题.1.（共 14页）1.A therefore B however C again D moreover2.A Emphasize B Identify C Assess D Explain3.A nearly B curiously C eagerly D quickly4.A claim B prove C check D recall5.A threatened B ignored C mocked D blamed6.|Aj punctuality|B hospitality C competition
11、D innovation7.L A Yet L B J So C Besides D Still8.A hired B trained C rewarded D J grouped9.A only fB rather C once D 1 also10.fA comfort B revenue C efficiency DI security11.A friendly BJ quiet C cautious D diligent12.A purpose|B problem C prejudice D policy13.A reported|B revealed C admitted D not
12、iced14.A break IB trip C departure D transfer15.A moral B background C style D form16.A interpret B criticize C sacrifice D tolerate17.A task B secret C product D cost18.A leading to B calling fbr C relating to D accounting fbr19.A specify B predict C restore D create20.A modify|B 1 review C present
13、 fD achieveSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C orD.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1英 语（二）试 题 2（共 14页）“Rcskilling is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a require
14、ment ifwe plan to have a future where a lot of would-bc workers do not get left behind.Wc know wcarc moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly,as will therequirements of the jobs that remain.Research by the World Economic Forum finds that onaverage 42 per cent of the*core ski
15、lls*within job roles will change by 2022.That is a veryshort timeline.The question of who should pay fbr reskilling is a thorny one.For individual companies,the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in demand and replacethem with those whose skills arc.That does not al
16、ways happen.AT&T is often given as thegold standard of a company who decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than gowith a fire-and-hirc strategy.Other companies including Amazon and Disney had also pledgedto create their own plans.When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy though,
17、thefbcus usually turns to government to handle.Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have beenarguably languid at best,and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employersbegging fbr workers,even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.With the pandemic,unemployment is very high
18、indeed.In February,at 3.5 per cent and5.5 per cent respectively,unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were atgenerational lows and worker shortages were everywhere.As of May.those rates had spikedup to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent,and although many worker shortages had disappeared,no
19、t all had done so.In the medical field,to take an obvious example,the pandemic meant thatthere were still clear shortages of doctors,nurses and other medical personnel.Of course,it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctorin a few weeks,no matter who pays fbr it.But
20、even if you cannot close that gap.maybe youcan close olhers,and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned.That seems to be thecase in Sweden:When forced to furlough 90 per cent of their cabin staff,ScandinavianAirlines decided to start up a short retraining program that reskillcd the laid-of
21、f workers tosupport hospital staff.The effort was a collective one and involved other companies as wellas a Swedish university.21.Research by the World Economic Forum suggestsA an increase in full-time employmentB an urgent demand for new job skillsC a steady growth of job opportunitiesD a controver
22、sy about the core skills英 语（二）试 题 3（共 14页）22.AT&T is cited to s h o w.A an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategyIBJ an immediate need for government supportC the importance of staff appraisal standardsD the characteristics of rcskilling programs23.Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada
23、A have driven up labour costsB have proved to be inconsistentC have met with fierce oppositionI D have appeared to be insufficient24.Wc can Icam from Paragraph 3 that there wasA a call fbr policy adjustmentI B I a change in hiring practicesC a lack of medical workersD a sign of economic recovery25.S
24、candinavian Airlines decided t o.A j create job vacancies fbr the unemployedB prepare their laid-ofT workers fbr other jobsC retrain their cabin staff fbr better servicesDI finance their staffs college educationText 2With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050,and forecas
25、ts thatagricultural production in some regions will need to nearly double to keep pace,food securityis increasingly making headlines.In the UK,it has become a big talking point recently too.for a rather particular reason:Brexit.Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towar
26、ds the UKimporting food.The country produces only about 60 per cent of the food it eats,down fromalmost three-quarters in the late 1980s.A move back to self-sufficiency,the argument goes,would boost the farming industry,political sovereignty and even the nations health.Soundsgreat-but how feasible i
27、s this vision?英 语（二）试 题.4.（共 14页）According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds,UK,85 percent of the countrys total land area is associated with meat and dairy production.That supplies80 per cent of what is consumed,so even covering the whole country in livestock farmswould
28、nt allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures,but they are still grave.To become much moreself-sufficient,the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods,andprobably also farm more intensively meaning fewer green fields and more fac
29、tory-styleproduction.But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldnt help.There is a good reason why theUK is dominated by animal husbandry:most of its terrain docsn,t have the right soil or climateto grow crops on a commercial basis.Just 25 per cent of the countrys land is suitable for crop grow
30、ing,most of which is already occupied by arable fields.Even if wc converted all thesuitable land to fields of fruit and veg-which would involve taking out all the nature reservesand removing thousands of people from their homes-we would achieve only a 30 per centboost in crop production.Just 23 per
31、cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown,so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only 30 per cent of our fresh produceneeds.That is before we look fbr the space to grow the grains,sugars,seeds and oils thatprovide us with the vast bulk of our current
32、caloric intake.26.Some people argue that food self-sufficiency in the UK wouldA be hindered by its population growthBJ contribute to the nations well-beingC become a priority of the governmentD pose a challenge to its farming industry27.The report by the University of Leeds shows that in the UKA far
33、mland has been ineftkiently utilizedB factory-style production needs reforming|C most land is used for meat and dairy productionD more green fields will be converted fbr fanning28.Crop-growing in the UK is restricted due to|A its farming technology英 语（二）试 题.5.（共 14页）B its dietary traditionC its natu
34、ral conditionsD its commercial interests29.It can be learned from the last paragraph that British peopleA rely largely on imports fbr fresh produceB enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumptionC are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intakeID arc trying to grow new varieties of grains30.The authors a
35、ttitude to food self-sufficiency in the UK isA defensiveB doubtfulC tolerantID optimisticText 3When Microsoft bought task management app Wunderlist and mobile calendar Sunrisein 2015,it picked two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley.Microsofts own Office dominates the
36、market fbr“productivity“software,but the start-upsrepresented a new wave of technology designed from the ground up fbr the smartphone world.Both apps,however,were later scrapped,after Microsoft said it had used their bestfeatures in its own products.Their teams of engineers stayed on,making them two
37、 of the manyacqui-hires that the biggest companies have used to feed their great hunger fbr tech talent.To Microsofts critics,the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise are examples of a remorselessdrive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in their path.*They boughtthe seedlings and cl
38、osed them down,complained Paul Arnold,a partner at San Francisco based Switch Ventures,putting an end to businesses that might one day tum into competitors.Microsoft declined to comment.Like other start-up investors,Mr.Arnolds own business often depends on selling start ups to larger tech companies,
39、though he admits to mixed feelings about the result:*I thinkthese things are good fbr me,if I put my selfish hat on.But arc they good fbr the Americaneconomy?I dont know.The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that question.This英 语（二）试 题.6.（共 14页）week,it asked the five mo
40、st valuable US tech companies fbr information about their manysmall acquisitions over the past decade.Although only a research project at this stage,therequest has raised the prospect of regulators wading into early-stage tech markets that untilnow have been beyond their reach.Given their combined m
41、arket value of more than$5.5 trillion,rifling through such smalldealsmany of them much less prominent than Wunderlist and Sunrisemight seem besidethe point.Between them,the five biggest tech companies have spent an average of only$3.4billion a year on sub-$1 billion acquisitions over the past five y
42、earsa drop in the oceancompared with their massive financial reserves,and the more than$130 billion of venturecapital that was invested in the US last year.However,critics say the big companies use such deals to buy their most threateningpotential competitors before their businesses have a chance to
43、 gain momentum,in some casesas part of a,*buy and kill tactic to simply close them down.31.What is true about Wunderlist and Sunrise after their acquisitions?A Their engineers were retained.*B Their market values declined.nC Their tech features improved.D Their products were re-priced.32.Microsoffs
44、critics believe that the big tech companies tend toA exaggerate their product qualityI B eliminate their potential competitorsC treat new tech talent unfairlyD ignore public opinions33.Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions m i g h t.A weaken big tech companiesI B worsen market competition
45、C harm the national economyD discourage start-up investors34.The US Federal Trade Commission intends t o.A limit Big Techs expansionB encourage research collaborationfC examine small acquisitions英 语（二）试 题.7.（共 14页）D supervise start-ups*operation35.For the five biggest tech companies,their small acqu
46、isitions have:A brought little financial pressureB raised few management challengesC set an example fbr future deals|D J generated considerable profitsText 4WeYe fairly good at judging people based on first impressions,thin slices of experienceranging from a glimpse of a photo to five-minute interac
47、tion,and deliberation can be not onlyextraneous but intrusive.In one study of the ability she called*thin slicing,n the latepsychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent 1 O-second video clips ofprofessors and to rate the instructors overall effectiveness.Their ratings correlated str
48、onglywith students*cnd-ofAscmcstcr ratings.Another set of participants had to count backwardfrom 1.000 by nines as they watched the clips,occupying their conscious working memory.Their ratings were just as accurate,demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.Critically,another group
49、was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for theirjudgment,before giving the rating.Accuracy dropped dramatically.Ambady suspected thatdeliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues,such as certain gestures or utterances,rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals for
50、m a holistic impression.She foundsimilar interference when participants watched 15-sccond clips of pairs of people and judgedwhether they were strangers,friends,or dating partners.Other research shows were belter at detecting deception from thin slices when wc relyon intuition instead of reflection.