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1、高二语法讲与练 虚拟语气 概述 虚拟语气是各种英语考试中考察最多的一种。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达：1.非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况，或说话人的主观愿望。2.强制性虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、劝告等意思，表示强烈地要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的，其特点是主从句时态的不一致，而起一般有明显的标志。一、If 型 If条件状语从句表示的虚拟语气，其句型结构如下：特别值得注意的是，这种虚拟语气的形式存在交叉虚拟，即如果从句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致(例如：从句动作发生在过去，主句动作发生在现在)，谓语动词要根据表示的时
2、间进行调整。例如：If Peter had applied for the post,he would probably get it now.要是彼得申请了那职位，他很可能现在就得到了。If he had left for Shanghai yesterday,he would get there now.如果他昨天动身去上海的话，他现在已经到那里了。二、Wish 型 1.wish 后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，其句型结构如下：与过去事实相反 从句的谓语动词用 had done 与现在事实相反 从句的谓语动词用 did 与将来事实相反 从句的谓语动词用 would/could do I wish
3、they would change the menu.他们要是改变一下菜单就好了。I wish I hadn t spent so much money.我要是没花那么多的钱就好了。同样地，在 as if/as though引导的宾语从句中和以 if only 引导的带有感叹色彩的虚拟语气句子中，谓语动词与 wish 引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。2.由 if only 引导的虚拟语气 与过去事实相反 if only 谓语动词用 had done 与现在事实相反 if only 谓语动词用 did If only she had asked someones advice!她要是征求了别人的
4、意见就好了！3.由 as if/as though even if/even though 引导的虚拟语气 与过去事实相反 谓语动词用 had done 与现在事实相反 谓语动词用 did He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself.谈论起罗马来就像他去过似的。He orders me as though I were his wife.他向我发号施令就好像我是他的妻子似的。三、强制性虚拟语气 1.表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词+that+(should)+动词原形，其中 should 经常被省略。这类动词包括：advis
5、e，ask，command，decide，decree，demand，desire，determine，direct，insist，maintain，move(动议，规定)，order，prefer，propose，recommend，require，stipulate，suggest等等。例如：It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios(should)not be played after 11 oclock at night.酒店管理人员恳请房客在晚上 11 点之后不要打开收音机。2.以上动词转化为名词，如 su
6、ggestion，proposal，demand，order，command，advice，desire，requirement，request，agreement，determination，preference，resolution，indication，后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用 should+动词原形，should 可以省略。例如：We are all for your proposal that discussion should be put off.我们都支持你推迟讨论的建议。3.值得注意的是，只有 suggest意为“建议”、insist 意为
7、“坚持认为”时，从句用虚拟语气，当 suggest意为“暗示”、insist 意为“坚持说”时，从句不用虚拟语气。例如：When the son suggested that they should go to park on Sunday,the expression on his father suggested that he agreed with him.当儿子提议星期天去公园时，父亲用表情表示了默许。The boy insisted that he didnt cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持说他没有在考试中作弊。(考试已经结束)The boy insisted t
8、hat he shouldnt cheat in the exam.这个孩子坚持认为不应该在考试中作弊。(考试还未进行)4.It is/was+形容词/过去分词+that+(should)+动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性，即某人对某事的反应。这类词包括：important，natural，desirable，possible，astonishing，advisable，anxious，appropriate，compulsory，crucial，eager，essential，fitting，imperative，improper，necessary，obl
9、igatory，preferable，proper，urgent，vital，shocked，requested，amazing，strange，odd，ridiculous，surprising，unthinkable，incredible 等等。例如：It is important that students graduating from universities should have not only theory but also practice.大学毕业生不仅要有理论知识，更要有实践经验，这一点很重要。It is surprising that they should kill
10、 the time like that.他们竟然这样打发时间，真是太奇怪了。四、其他类型的虚拟语气 1.由 would rather/sooner，would sooner，had rather，would just as soon，would prefer等结构引导的虚拟语气，其句型结构如下：与过去事实相反 would rather/sooner 谓语动词用 had done 与现在、将来事实相反 would rather/sooner 谓语动词用 did 2.由 it is time 引导的虚拟语气，谓语动词始终用 did。3.在 lest that，for fear that，in ca
11、se that，引导的表示消极意义的目的状语从句中常用虚拟语气，结构用should+动词原形。例如：I keep some candle in the house in case that electric power should fail.我在家里备了些蜡烛，以防断电。4.含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现用 if 引导的条件句，而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如：without，but for，otherwise，or，but that，given，provided，supposing，were it not for等等。例如：Given me more time,I would have w
12、orked out a more perfect scheme.再给我一点时间的话，我本可以设计出更加完善的方案。Were it not for your help,I would havent finished the work on time.要不是你的帮助，我不可能按时完成工作。5.表示祝愿或希望用虚拟语气，例如：Long live the queen!女王万岁！God bless you!上帝保佑你！考点 一、虚拟语气用于名词性从句 1）虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用。“wish+宾语从句”表示不能实现的愿望。表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时；表示将来不能实现的愿望，从
13、句中的谓语动词用“would/could+动词原形”；表示过去不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用“had+过去分词”或“could(should)+have+过去分词”。例如：I wish that the rain would stop.在表示建议、要求、命令等的动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”或是“动词原形”。The teacher suggested that we(should)clean the blackboard after class.Would(had)rather,would just as soon,would sooner,would prefe
14、r+从句结构 这几个句型都表示一种“婉转的责备”，谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。Id rather she stayed at home in such a bad health condition.expect,believe,think,suspect,imagine 等动词的否定或疑问形式的宾语从句中，谓语动词用 should+动词原形。I never expected that the problem should be so complicated.2）虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句中的运用。作表示建议、要求、命令等名词的表语从句和同位语从句，从句中
15、的谓语动词用“（should）+动词原形”。It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad 3）虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用。在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气用“should+动词原形”的结构，表示惊奇、不相信、理应如此等。常用的形容词：natural，necessary，important，urgent，probable，desirable，advisable,essential，常用的过去分词：required,demanded，suggested,recommended,ordered。Its necessary that
16、 we should have a walk now.二、虚拟语气在其他场合的运用 1）虚拟语气在 as if/as though、even if/even though 等引导的表语从句或状语从句中，如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时；指现在状况，则用一般过去时；指将来状况则用过去将来时。例如：She loves the children in the kindergarten as if they were her own.2）虚拟语气用于句型“It is(about/high)time(that).”中，定语从句的谓语动词用一般过去时(be 用 were)或 should+动词原
17、形。例如：It is high time(that)we began to work.3）虚拟语气用在 if only 引导的感叹句中。例如：If only he could come tomorrow.4）虚拟语气用在“for fear that”引起的状语从句中,其形式为 should+动词原形（should 不能省略）。例如：She put a blanket over that baby for fear that he should catch cold.1.The teacher required that no one _ late for class.A.be B.must b
18、e C.should have been D.was 1.A。此题考查虚拟语气的用法。动词 demand，require，suggest，insist，advise，order 等后接宾语从句时，从句中谓语动词应使用虚拟语气，即“should+动词原形(do/be done)”，should 可省略。2.Galileo insisted that the earth round the sun.A.should move B.move C.moves D.is moving C。insist 如果表示“坚决认为、主张”的意思，后接宾语从句时，应使用真实语气。3.I missed the fil
19、m last night.Oh,what a pity!I wish you _ another chance.A.had had B.would have C.will have D.would have had B。3 wish，其后接宾语从句时，从句中的谓语动词应使用虚拟语气。题 3 中宾语从句表示对将来动作的虚拟，谓语动词应使用过去将来时。题 4 中宾语从句表示对过去动作的虚拟，谓语动词应使用过去完成时。5.She insisted that she _ go shopping together with me.A.would B.should C.could D.might 5.B。
20、insist 如果是“坚决要求(做)”的意思，后接宾语从句时，应使用虚拟语气，即：should+动词原形，should 可以省略。6.Professor Smith suggested that we _ waste time discussing the problem of little importance.A.wouldnt B.should C.couldnt D.not D。suggest 表示“建议”时，其后接的宾语从句应使用虚拟语气，这里省略了 should 7.Shall I tell them the news?No,I would rather they _ know.A
21、.dont B.didnt C.wont D.wouldnt 7.B。would rather 后接宾语从句时，从句中谓语动词应使用虚拟语气。表示对现在或将来的虚拟，应使用过去时(7、9 题)；10.Im a student now,but I wish I _ a superstar like Jordan.A.be B.am C.become D.were D。wish 后接宾语从句时，如果谓语动词是系动词 be 且从句表示与现在事实相反的愿望，不论是第几人称，虚拟语气中常常使用 were。同步练 一、判断正误 1.【误】If Della hadnt sold her hair,she c
22、ouldnt buy the gold watch for Jim.【正】If Della hadnt sold her hair,she couldnt have bought the gold watch for Jim.【析】对过去情况虚拟的条件句中,从句应用过去完成时,主句应用情态动词的过去式形式+have done。2.【误】I wish I wasnt busy yesterday and could finish with the recorder.【正】I wish I hadnt been busy yesterday and could have finished with
23、 the recorder.【析】在 I wish that 从句中,动词应用虚拟语气形式。与过去事实相反时,从句谓语动词为 had+动词的过去分词;3.【误】He insisted that he should be really very tired and that he must be allowed to have a rest.【正】He insisted that he was really very tired and that he should be allowed to have a rest.【析】在 desire,insist,request,require,reco
24、mmend,suggest,command,demand以及 order 等这些表示命令、建议、要求等词后面的宾语从句中,谓语动词用 should+动词原形,should 可以省略。4.【误】Its time that you have gone over the whole book.【正】Its time that you went over the whole book.or Its time that you should go over the whole book.【析】在 Its(high)time(that)后面的宾语从句中,其谓语通常用动词的过去式或 should+动词原形。
25、5.【误】It is important that we shall close the window before we leave.【正】It is important that we(should)close the window before we leave.【析】在 It is important(necessary,strange,natural,desirable等)后面的 that 主语从句中,谓语动词应用 should+动词原形,should 可以省略。6.【误】If only my grandpa see this film with us now.【正】If only
26、my grandpa could see this film with us now.【析】if only 表示要是就好了、但愿虚拟语气的感叹句。本句说的是现在的情况,应用情态动词的过去式加动词原形;如果是过去的情况,应用过去完成时态。7.【误】His suggestion that you must try once more sounds reasonable.【正】His suggestion that you(should)try once more sounds reasonable.【析】作 suggestion,advice,idea,demand,plan,proposal,r
27、equest等名词的表语从句或同位语从句时,从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构(should)+动词原形。8.【误】It is demanded that the wounded must be sent to hospital right away.【正】It is demanded that the wounded(should)be sent to hospital right away.【析】在 It is demanded(ordered,requested,suggested,desired等)that.这一结构中,主语从句中的谓语动词要用(should)+动词原形。9.【误】Wh
28、en a pencil is partly in a glass of water,it looks as if it breaks.【正】When a pencil is partly in a glass of water,it looks as if it were broken.【析】在 as if(though)引导的表语从句或状语从句中,如果从句表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去式;表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词用had+过去分词;表示与将来事实相反,谓语动词用would(might,could)+动词原形。10.【误】I would rather he should come
29、tomorrow than today.【正】I would rather he came tomorrow than today.【析】在 would(had)rather引导的宾语从句中当从句表示现在或将来的时间时,谓语动词要用一般过去时;表示过去时间时,谓语动词要用过去完成时。11.【误】Without your help,we will not make such rapid progress.【正】Without your help,we would not have made such rapid progress.【析】我们有时用一些介词短语(如:but for,without,
30、otherwise,in that case等),或通过上下文来表示含蓄的条件,这时主句要用虚拟语气。本句是对过去事实进行假设的虚拟语气的句子,without your help相当于 if we hadnt had your help,因而主句应当用情态动词的过去式加上动词的完成体形式。12.【误】If it werent for my job,I will come with you.【正】If it werent for my job,I would come with you.用 If it were not for.表与现在相反,谓要用 would(should)加原形;用 If i
31、t had not been for.这一结构来表达与过去事实相反的情况,谓语动词要用 would(should)加动词的完成体。二、难点 1.I _ that the old man had lived with his daughter ten years ago，but he is still living alone.A.think B.was thinking C.had thought D.have thought C。一些表心理活动的动词(如 think，suppose，guess，hope 等)可用“过去完成时或一般过去时后接宾语从句”表示一个“与事实不符的过去的想法、猜想或希
32、望”。2.I _ to go to your birthday party，but I had to look after my mother in hospital.A.loved B.have loved C.should love D.should have loved D。可用“should/would+have liked/loved+to do sth.”表示“过去本来想要做某事而未曾做到”。3.They _ a lecture at 8：30，but they had to put it off because the speaker didnt arrive on time.A
33、.were to have held B.were to hold C.held D.had held A。可用“was/were+to have done sth.”表示“过去本来计划、安排做某事，但并未做到”。4.I would rather not _ with her about it，but I didnt control my feelin gs at that time.A.quarrel B.to quarrel C.have quarreled D.had quarreled C。可用“would rather+have done sth.”表示“主观上本来宁愿做某事，而实际
34、上却没有做”，用否定式则表示“主观上本来宁愿不做某事，而实际上却做了”。5.I cant recite the poem.Well，you are supposed _ it many times yesterday evening.A.to read B.to have read C.reading D.having read B。be supposed有“应该”之意，后面只接不定式，若不定式用完成式，表示“过去本来应该做某事，而实际上没有去做”，用否定式意思相反，此用法也含有批评、责备、抱怨之意。6.If I _ in health，I _ swimming in the lake wit
35、h them yesterday.A.was；went B.was；was going C.were;would go D.had been；would have gone D。当 if条件状语从句表示对过去情况的假设时，从句谓语用 had done，主句用 would have done。7.I went to see my uncle last night.Otherwise，I _ Mr.Smith at my house.A.met B.would meet C.had met D.would have met D。有时虚拟 if 条件从句不出现，而是通过某些词语(如 otherwis
36、e，or，without，but for，but 等)暗示虚拟语境，这时句子要用虚拟语气，注意要准确判断时间，决定句子谓语动词形式。此题显然与过去相关。1.高考真题 条件状语从句 1：If there were no subjunctive mood，English _ much easier（MET1984）Awill be Bwould have been C could have been D would be 分析：虚拟语气用在与现在事实相反的条件句中时，从句中的谓语用动词的过去式（be 的过去式用 were），主句的谓语动词用 should would 动词原形。故本题正确答案为 D
37、。2：You didnt let me drive If we _ in turn，you _ so tired （NMET1996）Adrove；didnt get Bdrove；wouldnt get C were driving；wouldnt get D had driven；wouldnt have got 分析：虚拟语气用在与过去事实相反的条件句中时，从句中的谓语用 had 过去分词，主句的谓语动词用 should would have 过去分词。故本题正确答案为 D。3：If he _，he _ that food Luckily he was sent to the hospi
38、tal immediately （NMET1993）Awas warned；would not take Bhad been warned；would not have taken Cwould be warned；had not taken Dwould have been warned；had not taken 分析：本题考查与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。故本题正确答案为 B。4：If it _ for the snow，we _ the mountain yesterday （NMET1991）Awere not；could have climbed Bwere not；could cli
39、mb Chad not been；could have climbed Dhad not been；couldclimb 分析：本题考查与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。If it had not been for 常以固定句型的形式出现，意思是“如果不是；如果没有”。故本题正确答案为 C。注：与将来事实可能相反的非真实条件句到目前为止尚未考过，但应引起考生的重视。其结构为：条件从句中的谓语用动词的过去式（be 的过去式用 were）were to 动词原形should 动词原形，主句的谓语动词用 should would 动词原形。如：If you dropped were to drop shou
40、ld drop the glass，it would break 假如你把玻璃杯掉在地上，它会打碎的。5：It is hard for me to imaginewhat I would be doing today if I _ in love，at the age of seven，with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown （2002 上海高考）Awouldnt have fallen Bhad not fallen Cshould fall Dwere to fall 这是一个错综时间条件句，主句表达的是与现在事实相反的情况，而从句表达的是与
41、过去事实相反的情况 B 6：What would have happened _，as far as the river bank？（2001 上海高考）ABob had walked farther Bif Bob should walk farther C had Bob walked farther Dif Bob walked farther 这是一个倒装句。如果从句中有 were，had 或 should 时，可省略 if，并把以上的词提到句首，构成倒装。C。含蓄条件句 7：He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball，other
42、wise he _ a goal （2001 上海春招）Ahad scored Bscored Cwould score Dwould have scored 分析：在本题中，假设的情况不是用条件从句表示出来，而是暗含在上文中。故本题正确答案为 D。8：Without electricity human life _ quite different today （MET1991）Ais Bwill be Cwould have been Dwould be 分析：在本题中，假设的情况暗含在介词短语中。故本题正确答案为 D。9：Look at the trouble I am in！If onl
43、y I _ your advice （2003 上海春招）Afollowed Bwould follow Chad followed Dshould follow 分析：这是省去结果主句的非真实条件句。故本题正确答案为 C。wish后的宾语从句 10：How I wish every family _ a large house with a beautiful garden！（2002 上海春招）Ahas Bhad Cwill have Dhad had 动词 wish 表示愿望。表示与现在事实相反的愿望时，从句中动词用过去式；表示与过去事实相反的愿望时，从句中动词用过去完成式；表示对将来的
44、希求，从动词用 would 动词原形。本题是与现在事实相反的愿望 B 其他从句 11：_ be sent to work there？（2002 上海高考）AWho do you suggest BWho do you suggest that should CDo you suggest who should DDo you suggest whom should 当主句动词是 suggest（建议），demand，propose，order，insist（坚持），require，request 等时，从句中谓语用 should 动词原形，should 可以省略。故本题正确答案为 A。12：
45、I insist that a doctor _ immediately （MET1988）Ahas been sent for Bsends for Cwill be sent for Dbe sent for 这是一个宾语从句，doctor 与 send 之间是被动关系，故从句中用被动语态。故本题正确答案为 D。13：When a pencil is partly in a glass of water，it looks as if it _ （NMET1995）Abreaks Bhas broken Cwere broken D had been broken 在 as if 引导的表语
46、从句中，从句动词用虚拟语气或真实语气均可；在 as if 引导的状语从句中，从句动词应该用虚拟语气。对现在的虚拟用过去式，对过去的虚拟用 had 过去分词，对将来的虚拟用 would 动词原形 C 14.The doctor advised Vera strongly that she should take a holiday,but _ didnt help.(2005 全国卷 III)A.it B.she C.which D.he A。it 指前面说的话。advise 后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”或直接用动词原形。15.Dont you think it nece
47、ssary that he_to Miami but to New York?I agree,but the problem is _ he has refused to.(2005 江苏卷)A.will not be sent;that B.not be sent;that C.should not be sent;what D.should not send;what B。形容词为 necessary 的主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气用“should+动词原形”的结构，should 可以省去；如果表语从句不缺成分，常用 that 连接。16.I insist that a doctor_i
48、mmediately.(MET88)A.has been sent for B.sends for C.had been sent for D.be sent for .D。该句中的介词短语起了虚拟条件句的作用,因为假设的是现在的情况,主动词应该用“would+动词原形”的形式 17.I wish I_you yesterday.(MET88)A.seen B.did see C.had seen D.were to see C。wish 后宾从通常表示一种没有实现的愿望。该句表达的是与过去事实相反的愿望,所以应该用过去完成时。18.The rice_if you had been more
49、careful.(MET88)A.would not be burning B.would not burn C.would not have been burnt D.would not burnt C。该题是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气,从句用过去完成时,主句用“would have done”结构。19.If my lawyer_here last Saturday,he_me from going.(MET89)A.had been;would have prevented B.had been;would prevent C.were;would prevent D.were;wou
50、ld have prevented A。该题考查虚拟条件句中主句和从句的时态。抓 last Saturday 这一时状,可知与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。20.I didnt see your sister at the meeting.If she_,she would have met my brother.(NMET94)A.has come B.did come C.came D.had come D。前句中的时态和后句中的 would have met 两个信息都可以提示考生这是一个与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。21.You didnt let me drive.If we_in tur