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1、 A STUDY OF GENERATIONALLY-BASED PERCEPTIONS OF THE SPRING FESTIVAL AND CHRISTMAS by Yang Sha A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School and College of English in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Under the Supervision of Professor Michael H. Prosser & Professor
2、 Steve J. Kulich Shanghai International Studies University December 2007 声 明 本学位论文是我在导师的指导下取得的研究成果。在本学位论文 中，除了加以标佳和致谢的部分外，不包含其他人已经发表或公布过 的研究成果，也不包含我为获得任何教育机构的学位或学历而使用过 的材料。与我一同工作的同事对本学位论文做出的贡献均已在论文中 作了明确的明说。 学位论文作者签名： 签名日期： 2 叫年 W 月外日 学位论文使用授权声明 上海外国语大学有权保存学位论文的电子和纸质文档，可以借阅 或上 网公开本学位论文的全部或部分内容，可以向有关
3、部门或机构送 交并授权其保存、借阅或上网公布本学位论文的全部或部分内容。对 于保密论文，按保密的有关规定和程序处理。 学位论文作者签名： 物 $ 签名日期巧年 M 月外日 导师签名： 签名日期： 尹年 /Z 月 Acknowledgements I most want to acknowledge the twenty informants who contributed to my research. I also thank my friends who helped me find some of the young informants. I owe great gratitude t
4、o my two supervisors Professor Michael H. Prosser and Professor Steve J. Kulich. They brought me to the fresh and interesting field of intercultural communications, and their knowledge, insight, attitude towards academics and teaching helped me gain new perspectives both on my academics and my life.
5、 Steve9s efforts to get me an opportunity to participate in the Summer Institute of Intercultural Communications in Portland, US and Michaels strong encouragement and support greatly contributed to my wonderful experience in the US. They helped me develop my topic in November, 2006, and then gave me
6、 suggestions, recommended me resources, revised my outline, and guided me through the whole process of writing my thesis. I am grateful to Michael and Steve for their patience to answer my questions via email, phone and face-to-face communication. I would like to thank Michael for carefully revising
7、 my thesis three times. Many thanks should also go to Cooper Wakefield, who helped me identify this topic and gave me very useful guide. I am also grateful to Professor Yu Fei for her honest, critical and very helpful suggestions on my thesis. Special thanks are due to Dr. Robert Brownlow, a friend
8、and my third American advisor I got to know at the Summer Institute of Intercultural Communications in the US. He has been giving me warm help and support in my study plan and future work, and he spent much time revising my thesis and gave many honest, creative and valuable suggestions. Besides, I a
9、m touched by his spontaneous respect for my family and Chinese culture. Many people have given me help more or less in my thesis writing. My IC fellows Zhang Rui, Shen Jie, Du Jiaming, Pan Xiaoqing, Chen Suke and Zhao Zhao contributed their own ideas and opinions in constructing my topic. My roommat
10、es, friends and I shared happiness and bitterness of the thesis writing journey, and their support and care helped drive away boredom and fatigue in this long journey. I must also thank my late grandmother, my parents and elder sister, whose years of patient support and unconditional love allowed a
11、little girl to grow up into a well-educated, responsible, courageous and open-minded person. Special thanks are given to my beloved mother, who always asked about how my thesis was going on and pushed me forward. Her insight, courage, optimism and struggling spirit is an example to me. Abstract Rece
12、nt years have brought a decline in the traditional flavor of long standing Chinese festivals, including the influential Spring Festival. Conversely, the Western celebration of Christmas seems to be more welcomed than the Spring Festival. Despite many discussions about the two festivals in China, few
13、 scholars made a comparison of the perceptions of the young people and middle-aged and older people reflected from the two festivals. Through interviewing twenty natives of Shanghai-ten students and ten middle-aged and older people who work and have retired, about their conceptions of the Spring Fes
14、tival and Christmas, the author tries to seek the generational similarities and differences in how the Spring Festival and Christmas are experienced in Shanghai, China, and the reasons for the similarities and differences. The thesis first traces the history of western modernization, and then summar
15、izes the history of Shanghais modernization and westernization in the background of Chinas modernization and westernization. Following, the psychological responses of the Chinese people to modernization are discussed and the two festivals are compared in history and cherished old and new customs. Af
16、ter that, a qualitative method in a grounded theory basis, the interview guide, the background of the informants and method of analyzing the data are explained. The research reveals that the two groups have similar perceptions of home, alienation from relatives, decreasing positions of eating, celeb
17、ration of Christmas as personal choice and the Spring Festivals importance beyond Christmas in Shanghai. Family ties, identity, and recognition of tradition and modernity account for the similarities between the two groups. They have different perceptions in five aspects: family reunion, involvement
18、 of interpersonal relationships, over-all feelings about the festival, spending Christmas as a celebration or not and the status of familial economic condition. The reasons for the differences are social development, generation gap, and the role of different age groups. Finally, the limitations of t
19、his thesis and suggestions on further exploration of this topic are raised. in Key Words: Shanghai, modernization, westernization, the Spring Festival, Christmas, young Chinese, middle-aged and older Chinese 近年来，中国传统节日的传统味变淡了，包括最有影响力的春节，而圣诞节却 占领了一席之地，似乎比春节更受欢迎。尽管有关节日的文章众多，甚少有学者比 较在中国这两个节日所反映出来的年轻人和中
20、老年人观念的异同。本文通过采访 20 位上海本地人一 1 位在校学生和 10 位工作和已退休的中老年人 ，尝 试揭示这两个 节日所反映出来的年轻人和中老年人观念的相似和差异，并找出导致这些相似和差 异的原因。 本文首先回顾了西方现代化的历程，然后总结了中国和上海的现代化进程和受 西方现代化影响的历史，接着以心理学的观点阐述了中国人对现代化的反应。由于 要探讨两组人对这两个节日的看法，有必要从这两个节日各自的历史渊源和新旧庆 祝方式弄清楚这两个节日的文化背景。接下来论文介绍了扎根理论和定性的研究方 法，本研究的访谈纲要，受访者的简单情况和资料分析的方法。在主体部分，论文 从采访数据中分析出年轻人
21、和中老年人对这两个节日观念的相似点：家的归属感， 亲情变淡，吃被看淡，庆祝圣诞节是个人的选择，春节比圣诞节重要。存在共同点 的原因在于家庭亲情，身份认同和对传统性和现代性共存的认同。 5 个方面的观念 差异为对团圆的态度，人际交往的参与程度，对家庭经济状况在过节中的作用的认 识，对过春节的总体感觉和是否过圣诞节。存在差异的原因在于社会的变化，代沟， 不同年龄的社会角色。最后，论文指出了本研究仍需完善的地方和对进一步研究提 出了建议。 关键词： 上海；现代化；西化；春节；圣诞节；年轻人；中老年人 Contents Introduction . 1 Chapterl An Overview of
22、Modernization and Westernization in Shanghai . 5 1.1 Defining Modernization and Westernization . 6 1.2 Development of Modernization in the West . 8 1.3 Development of Modernization and Westernization in China and Chinese Peoples Behavioral Reaction . 9 1.3.1 History of Modernization and Westernizati
23、on in China . 9 1.3.2 Chinese Peopled Behavioral Reaction under Modernization and Westernization . 11 1.4 History of Modernization and Westernization in Shanghai, China . 14 1.5 A Comparison between the Spring Festival and Christmas . 17 1.5.1 History . 17 1.5.1.1 The Spring Festival . 17 1.5.1.2 Ch
24、ristmas . 18 1.5.2 Cherished CustomsOld and New . 19 1.5.2.1 The Spring Festival . 19 1.5.2.2 Christmas . 21 Chapter2 Methodology . 24 2.1 Research Questions . 24 2.1.1 A Dynamic Perspective . 24 2.1.2 A Psychological Perspective . 25 2.1.3 A Cross-cultural Perspective . 25 2.2 Methods . 27 2.2.1 Ra
25、tionale . 27 2.2.2 Interview Guide . 29 2.2.3 Recruitment and Informants . 29 2.2.4 Data Analysis . 31 2.2.5 Generalization of the Findings . 31 Chapter3 The Spring Festival and Christmas in ShanghaiSimilarities and Differences in the Perceptions of Two Generations . 32 3.1 Similarities . 32 3.1.1 H
26、ome . 32 3.1.2 Sense of Alienation . 33 3.1.3 Taking Eating for Granted . 34 3.1.4 Treating Celebration of Christmas as Personal Choice . 35 315 The Spring Festivals Importance beyond Christmas . 35 3.2 Differences . 36 3.2.1 Attitude toward Family Reunion . 36 3.2.2 Involvement of Personal Relation
27、ships . 38 3.2.3 Over-all Feelings about the Spring Festival . 40 3.2.4 Spending Christmas as a Celebration . 41 3.2.4.1 Image of Christmas in Shanghai . 41 3.2.4.2 Young Peoples Festival in Shanghai . 42 3.2.5 Status of Familial Economic Condition . 44 Chapter4 Reasons for Similarities and Differen
28、ces . 45 4.1 Reasons for Similarities . 45 vi 4.1.1 Family Ties . 45 4.1.2 Identity . 45 4.1.3 Recognition of Tradition and Modernity . 47 4.2 Reasons for Differences . 48 4.2.1 Social Development . 48 4.2.2 Generation Gap . 50 4.2.3 The Role of Different Age Groups . 52 Chapter5 Conclusion . 53 5.1
29、 A Summary of the Comparisons and Contrasts . 53 5.2 Limitations of the Study . 55 5.3 Suggestions for Future Research . 56 References . 58 Appendix . 64 Appendixl: Interview Guide in the Research . 64 Vll Introduction A decline in the festivities related to the Spring Festival and a rise in the cel
30、ebration of Christmas in the Chinese mainland have became more manifest in recent years. As a result, there has been concern expressed over the possible decline of Chinese culture and a resulting impact on the socio-cultural development of Chinese youth. Some frame this as a Chinese cultural crisis. Many articles in newspapers, magazines and on the Internet have analyzed the reasons for this phenomenon and pointed out the importance of preserving the unique culture of the traditional Spr