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1、小学英语语法大全第一章名词一、定义名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示详细的东西,也可以是表示抽象的 东西。二、分类1.名词可以依据意义分为一般名词和专出名词如:John is a studentstudent是一般名词,John是专出名词一般名词前可以用不定冠词a/an,定冠词the或不加冠词,专出名词前一般不 加冠词,专出名词的首字母要大写。3.专出名词专出名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专出名词,多为独一无二的 事物。三、名词的数1、名词分为可数名词和不行数名词。可数名词可数名词分为单数和复数。名词单数就是该词本身,在其前面加a或an。1)单数如a desk (一张桌子)a
2、n old desk (一张旧书桌)2)复数:要表示一个以上概念时,要用名词复数形式规则改变1) 一般状况下加-S如 book-books (书) desk-desks (书桌)2)以 s ,x ,ch , sh 结尾加-es如 box-boxes (盒子) bus-buses(公共汽车)3)以辅音字母+结尾,变y为i再加-es。如 city-cities(城市)country-countries(国家)留意以元音+y,干脆加s。如:daydays(天),boy-boys(男孩)4)以f或fe结尾,复数一般变f或fe为v再加-es如 knife-knives(书),half-halves(半)
3、留意有少数词后干脆加s,如roof-roofs (屋顶)5)以。结尾(1)辅音字母加o结尾名词的加-es如 tomato-tomatoes(西红柿)potato-potatoes(土豆)(2)元音字母加。结尾名词的加-s如 piano-pianos (钢琴),zoo-zoos(动物园) photo-photos (照片),kilo-kilos(千克)不规则改变1)元音字母发改变。如 man-men(男人)woman-women(妇女) tooth-teeth(牙齿),foot-feet(脚)mouse-mice(老鼠)policemanpolicemen(警察)2)词尾发生改变。如 child
4、-children(小孩),ox-oxen(公牛)3)单、复数形式相同。如 fish-fish(鱼),sheep-sheep(绵羊),deer-deer(鹿),Chinese-Chinese(中国人),yuan-yuan(元)4)形似单数,实为复数意义。如 people(人,人们)these people police(公安,警察)ten police留意fish作鱼肉讲时不行数,没有复数。 鱼。hair和fruit通常作单数,表示总体。 用这两个词的复数形式。(不说 a people, 可说 a person)(不说 a police, 可说 a policeman)fishes指各种不同种
5、类鱼或指几条若表示若干根头发或若干种水果,则需如Would you like some more fruit?你要不要再吃点水果? China has some good frits,中国有一些好的水果。(指种类) She has a few white hairs,她有几要白头发。His black hair is going white.他的黑发渐渐变成灰白色。7)有些名词只有作复数。trousers(裤子) shorts(短裤)jeans(工装裤)goods 商品clothes 衣服sunglasses(太阳镜)surroundings(环境)savings(储蓄) writings(作
6、品)集体名词表示一群人或物的名词叫集体(或集合)名词。Traiffic 交通 furniture 家私 information 信息 traffic 交通 luggage 行李 Family 家庭 police 警察 audience 听众English 英国人 publicequipment 仪器把集体当作一个整体时,用作单数;若考虑构成这些集体的各个成员时, 看作复数。My family is a large one.我家是个大家庭。My family are all workers.我的家人都是工人。不行数名词air空气 coffee咖啡 gas汽油 luck运气bread面包 cott
7、on棉花 glass玻璃meat 肉闻 paper 纸 tea sand 沙 smoke 烟 water 水 wealth 财宝 务 homework 作业chalk 粉笔change 零钱 cloth 布fire火food食品fun乐趣grain谷物grass草ink墨水money 钱music 音乐 news 新茶rain雨rice米snow 雪 sugar 糖 waste 废物weather 天气 wind 风 housework 家量的表达可数名词可以干脆用数词来修饰two applessome, a lot of, a few 用等表示多少 some problems对可数名词的数量
8、提问用how many不行数名词的量有以下两种表示方法:1) some, a little, a lot of, plenty of 用等表示多少。如 There is much water in the bottle ,瓶中有很多水。III tell you much good news,我要告知你很多好消息。We should collect some useful information 我们应当收集一些有用的消J息、o2)用单位词表示。用8 . . . of表示Oa cup of ( 一杯),a bottle of (一瓶)a piece of ( 一张),a pair of shoe
9、s (一双鞋)如 two cups of tea (两杯茶)Jive pieces of paper (五张纸) 名词全部格名词全部格表示名词的所属关系。由两种形式构成:S属格和of全部格1 .表示有生命的东西的名词及某些表示时间、距离、星球、世界、国家等无 生命的东西的名词后加S来表示全部关系。a mile, s distance 一英里的距离 the moon s light 月光today s newspaper 今日 的报纸但假如该名词是以-s或-es接尾,则只在该名词后加来构成全部格。3 hours walk三小时的路程 two miles distance两英里的距离2 . of全
10、部格用法主要用以表示无生命的名词the gate of the school, he window of the room。3 .双重全部格所谓“双重全部格(double genitive) ”,是指名词全部格或名词性物主 代词同of构成的全部格,即“of+名词全部格”。双重全部格有以下几个特 征:1) “of+名词全部格”中的名词必需表示人,不能表示事物。因此,我 们可以说:a play of Shakespeare5s (莎士 比亚的一个戏剧),a friend of my wifes (我妻子的一个挚友),但却不能说a funnel of the ship飞或a leg of a tab
11、lets, 而且该名词必需是特指的,不能是泛指的。我们可以说:a friend of the doctors (这位医生的一个挚友),a novel of the writer (那位作者的一部小 说), 而不能说 a friend of a doctors 或 a novel of a writers。2)除了修饰的缘由外,用双重全部格主要是由于被修饰词有排他性的 限定词。如冠词、某些不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词、数词等。比如我 们 不能说 an our old acquaintance, 而 必需说 an old acquaintance of ours (我 们的一个老相识);不能说ma
12、ny their books,正确的说法是many books of theirs (他们的很多书)。再如:This demand of theirs is quite ridiculous.他们的这个要求特别可笑。“This foolish wife of mine thinks Im a great artist, ” said he.“我那愚蠢的老婆以为我是个大艺术家。”他说道。3)留意区分下列四种表达方式含义的差别:one of my brothers friends (明确表示我兄弟有一个以上的挚友)a friend of my brothers (示意我兄弟有一个以上的挚友)a f
13、riend of my brother (对我兄弟有好感的人)my brothers friend (我兄弟唯一的一个挚友或刚谈及的那一个挚友)4 .特别全部格若一样东西为两人共有,则后一个人名用全部格;假如不是两人共有, 而是各有各的,则两个名词都用全部格,且其后名词应为复数。例如:The woman dressed in blue is Mary and Alices mother.那个穿蓝衣服的妇女是玛丽和爱丽丝的母亲。You should find what the difference between Mr. Smiths and Mr. Blackscars is.你应当发觉史密斯
14、先生与布莱克先生的汽车的不同之处。一、把单数变成复数coat skirt dress house watch car brush box toy umbrella ticket fox teacher son student jobfly radiolife shelfpiano sheep foot child Chinese baby country bus photo she this is二、用所给名词的适当形式填空。1. We are(student).2. I have five(watch).3. Her father is a(doctor).4. WhaVs your(job
15、)?5. What are their(job)?6. These(shelf) are not very good.7. Two(wolf) are in the forest.8. The(housewife) are very lazy.9. I have two(knife). Do you need one?10. There is a(hero).11. This(potato) is very nice.12. There is a red(tomato) on the table.13. We have four(piano) in our school三、选择填空()1. T
16、he are on the table.A. knife B. knifes C. knives()2. We need three more to cook chips.A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes()3. What big the tiger has!A. tooth B. toothes C. teeth()4. Please remember to give the horse some.A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf()5. There are 34 in our school.A. woman teachers B. wom
17、en teachersC. women teacher D. womans teachers()6、 There on the wall .They are very beautiful.A. are photoes B. are photos C. is a photo D. is photos()7. There are four and two in the group.A. Japanese, Germen B Japaneses, GermenC. Japanese,German C.Japanese, Germans()8. Thafs art book.A. an B. a C.
18、 the D are()9. There some in the river.A. is ,fish B. are, fishs C. is, fishs D. are ,fish()10. There two in the box.A. is watch B. are watches C. are watch D. is watches()11. We should clean twice a day.A .our tooth B.we tooths C. us teeth D.our teeth()12. In Britain are all painted red.A.letter bo
19、xesB.letters boxes C.letter boxD.letters box()13.The reading-room is big and bright.A.studenfsB. studentssC.students1 D.student()14.The teacher give the pupils.A.some advice B.some advices C.many advice D.many advices()15.He has.A.two bread B.two pieces of breadC.two piece of bread D.two pieces of b
20、reads()16.Some fish swimming.A.is B .are C.l D .be()17.1 am buying trousers.A.a B.two C. a pair of D.two pair of()18.This is.A.Tom and Bobs B.Tom and BobC.Toms and Bobs D.Toms and Bob()19.The news good.A.is B.are C.no D.not()20. What are?They are apples.A.you B.this C.these D.there四、写出下列句子的复数句子。1. T
21、his is my friend.2. That is his brother.3. Is this your sister?4. Is that her cousin?5. Whats this?6. This is an apple tree.7. It is an old backpack.8. Yesjt is.五、用a/an填空:1.1s there umbrella on the desk?2 .There is island in the sea.3 .There is picture on the card.1.1 have old book.5 .apple is a kin
22、d of fruit.6 .There is armchair in the living room.7 .rd like egg.8 .Look, there is bird in the tree.9 .1s there map on the walll?10.There is bench in the park六、从所给的单词中选出恰当的词填空cuppiece pairglass bowlplate box bottle1.aof paper2.aof milk3. twoof shoes4.aof rice5.twoof bread6.threeof water7.aof tea8.tenof pencils七、翻译1 .四条鱼2 .五块面包3 .我妹妹的一张相片4 .Tom的自行车5 .女孩们的玩具6 .儿童节7 .两盒子书