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1、备战中考：英语阅读理解专项训练讲义考点2 0阅读理解、第考点 详 解?记叙文一、材料特点人物故事类的阅读理解是中考英语的常考材料之一。这类文章一般可分为人物传记和短篇故事两类。1.人物传记主要涉及某人的生平事迹、趣闻轶事、生活背景、个性特征、成长和奋斗历程等，其特点是以时间的先后或事件的发展为主线，脉络清楚，可读性较强。2.短篇故事与人物传记不同的是,这类文章一般描述的是某一件具体事情的发生发展或结局，有人物、时间、地点和事件。命题往往从故事的情节、人物或事件之间的关系、作者的态度及意图、故事前因和后果的推测等方面着手，考查考生对细节的辨认能力以及推理判断能力。二、解题技巧1.阅读人物传记类文
2、章时应该抓住时间线索来获取有关信息，即主人翁在某个时间做过什么，然后通过分析推理、综合归纳的方法进行解题。2.阅读短篇故事类材料时，同学们一定要根据主要情节掌握文章主旨大意，同时抓住每一个细节，设身处地地根据文章内容揣摩作者的态度和意图，根据情节展开想象，这样的话即使是深层理解题也可迎刃而解。说明文 英语说明文，顾名思义，就是一种以“说明、解释 为主要表达方式的英语文体。它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等作科学解说的。它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。
3、说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔人才。然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。说明文阅读理解的特征一般说来，英语说明文与其他文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即 W ho玲 w hatfwh
4、en-where-how-why。1.who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物）2.what：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途）3.when和 where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途）4.how：通过什么方式表现出来的？5.why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？做说明文阅读理解题的时候，一定要记住上面的wh-word。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。议论文议论文往往有观点，有事实，逻辑性强，命题往往从事实的有关细节及文章的主旨或作者的表达意图等方面着手，考查我们的思维能力和判断能力。所以考生要培养根据上下文猜词的
5、能力，或者说根据情境能揣测作者的意图。议论文的阅读同其他体裁文章的阅读理解一样，可以有主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测等几种出题方式。二、解题方法：一、重视文章标题，找准全文主题句，把握文章主旨标题往往是全文的主题，审视标题，有利于理解全文，提高解题效率。主题句对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用。根据主题句既可以知道文章议论的是什么，也可以知道作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。议论文题材偏难，但其框架一般都很清晰，多采用总一分一总的结构，交替使用正面和反面的论证方式。通常，先总说现象或观点；其次，正面陈述、反面论证；最后作者表明自己的态度，再次总结文章。通常主题句会出现在文章的首句或
6、句末，在这些地方要多留意表示归纳的词汇，也可以在具体事例之后或之前的表示观点的陈述句中寻找。二、细读文章，注意文章细节理解除主旨题外，细节理解题也是阅读理解题中的基础题，它主要考查学生对文中的具体事例、数字、时间、地点等的理解。经常出现排序题（按事情发展顺序排序），图表题（按文章内容找出正确图形），正误题（依据文章内容对所列的陈述进行正误判断）。对这种题型，无论细节题如何变化形式，立足点都应是从文章中找出相应词句作为依据。虽然答案中有的细节在文中很清楚，但可能与问题无关。细节题的破解一般用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、分析、对比，有根据地排除干扰项
7、，选出正确答案。假如问题采用的是反向思维，题中含有not或 except等表示否定意义的词，则需要更加留意。此法可以加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率。做此类题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。三、理解整体语篇，掌握作者意图做推理判断题要求考生在阅读理解整体语篇的同时，对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，站在作者的视角，而不是主观臆断、凭空想象，从而走入误区。英语文章讲究使用主题段与主题句，段与段之间通常有过渡性词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯。有时文章还会在时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑推理上运用较高级的手段进行组编。要想准确、深刻地理解文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握全篇的文脉
8、，即句内、句间和段落间的修辞手段或逻辑关系。作者往往在构思语篇前会进行预先设定：读者知道什么，不知道什么，读者可能与自己共同拥有什么样的生活经验、思想见地和需求欲望等，然后设计一些隐藏在语篇深层的 潜台词。因此，这类试题要求考生利用主题句进行推测，揣摩文字背后作者的意图，运用背景知识去挖掘文章的深层含义，从而正确理解作者的言外之意，同时认真体会文章的语气与感情基调。四、多读多背，扩大词汇量，掌握猜词技巧由于当今的阅读文章题材广泛，体裁多样，经常出现一词多义，甚至出现没学过的词汇。许多学生感到困扰很大，有的甚至烦躁得难以坚持阅读下去。要解决阅读中的生词问题，一是要扩大英语词汇量，二是要学习并掌握
9、一些猜测生词词义的方法，如：利用同义、反义、上义、下义、词的集合、词的搭配等关系；利用照应、替代、省略、定义、举例等情境关系；利用词缀、转化、合成等构词法；利用后置定语或同位语等语法结构；利用前后对比或因果推理法等。总之，想要提高阅读能力，尤其是对考生来说难度较大的议论文阅读，学生应能从篇章和试题双方面入手。通过观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习方法，优化阅读理解中议论文的解题思路和方法策略，提高学生自主学习的能力。应用文阅读理解之应用文包含广告、招聘、咨询和建议、通知等类型的文章。满分技巧解答广告图表类题，要仔细阅读表格中的内容，表格类阅读材料一般都直观地表达出所要传递的信息。考生只要能看懂各
10、个项目的意义，即可找出所设问题的答案。这类材料一般不涉及难度太大的题目。纵观历年各省市的中考题可以看出广告图表类的文章在阅读理解中占有相当大的比重，一般四篇阅读理解中至少有一篇是广告图表类。广告图表类的文章属于应用文的行列。考生在阅读这类材料时，主要从两方面入手：一是了解图表的主题，确定图表的主要内容，二是推敲图画上的文字或数字，找出它们之间的关联或试图表达的含义。回、跟踪训练-/AI was eighteen years old when I told my father that I wanted to go to sea.I wanted to make money and seethe
11、 world.He didnt agree.“A quiet life is best,son,he said.Please stay with your mother and me.Your brother left us and we neversaw him again.We dont want to lose you,too.If you need money.Ill help you.He had tears in his eyes.But I didnt want to listen.A year later I went to the city of Hull and board
12、ed a ship for Lond.It wasSeptember,1651.That night there was a storm.Strong winds pushed the ship and I started to feel afraid and very sick.This wasa mistake,I thought.I promise Ill go home to my parents soon.But the next day the sea was calm and it wassunny.My friend,whose father was the captain（船
13、长），laughed at me.A storm?he said.That was nothing.Youre not a real sailor（水手）yet.Lets have some fun and forget about this.And so I joined my friend and forgotmy promise.Then a few days later a bigger storm hit us.The waves were like mountains around the ship and all of thesailors were sick and afrai
14、d,not only me.After a few hours some men on another boat saved us,but our ship wentdown to the bottom of the sea.When we arrived on land,the people were very kind to us and gave us money.My friends father told me to go home.Z/The ship went down on your first voyage（航程）He said,“The seawill only bring
15、 you more bad luck.I didnt listen.I went to London and boarded another ship.This time I went on a voyage along the coast of Africa.The voyage was a great success,in fact,it was my onlysuccessful voyage.I bought gold home to England and sold it for three hundred pounds.Soon I decided to returnto Afri
16、ca and make more money.This time,I was the captain of the ship.(Adapted from Robinson Crusoe ByD aniel D efoe)1.Robinson Crusoes father was sad because_.A.he wanted a quiet life B.his son needed moneyC.his son wanted to leave home D.he lost his job2.On Robinson Crusoes first voyage_.A.his ship went
17、down B.he arrived in BrazilC.he went home to his parents D.he was the captain of the ship3.What made Robinson Crusoe forget his promise?A.He was lost at sea.B.He was laughed by his friend and he wanted to have some fun.C.The sea was calm and it was sunny every day.D.He forgot his parents.4.Which is
18、the best title for the passage?A.Off to see the world B.Robinson Crusoes first voyageC.A quiet life D.Robinson Crusoes trip to Africa【答案】1.C2.A3.B4.A【分析】文章是一篇记叙文。讲述了一段特殊的海上旅程。1.细节理解题。根据第二段“Please stay with your mother and me.Your brother left us and we never saw himagain.We dont want to lose you,too
19、.，可知，他父亲难过是因为他想离开家，而他弟弟离开家后再也没有回来，所以他父亲担心再也见不到他而难过。故选C。2.细节理解题。根据第六段The ship went down on your first voyage（航程）.”可知，第一次航海时船沉到了海底。故选A。3.细节理解题。根据文章第四段That was nothing.Youre not a real sailor（水手）yet.Let/s have some fun andforget about this.可知，我被朋友嘲笑，也想要玩得开心。故选B。4.主旨大意题。根据文章第一段I wanted to make money and
20、 see the world.可知，我航海是想赚钱和看看世界。off to see the world去看世界。故填A。BCan you imagine a sea of sand three times bigger than India?This is the Sahara D esert,the largestdesert in the world.It covers 11 countries in North Africa and is over 9 million square kilometers.Thats more than25%of Africa.（2）ln the Saha
21、ra,temperatures are very different during the day and at night.It is much hotter during the daythan at night.D uring the day,the hottest time is between 2 p.m.and 4 p.m.when temperatures rise to 33团.But itis very cold at night-the coldest time is at 4 a.m.,when temperatures fall to-10,The Sahara is
22、very dry.Theprecipitation（降水量）in a year is only about 70 millimeters.Because of the extreme temperatures in the desert,itis a very difficult place to survive（求生）.Marco Rivera,our survival expert,has some tips.（3）Take warm clothes and a blanket（毛毯）.You will need a hat,long trousers and a woollen coat
23、 to keep youwarm at night.D uring the day,cover your body,head and face.Clothes protect you from the sun and keep waterin your body.You will also need a warm blanket at night.It can get cold very quickly.When the temperature drops,it can be a shock and make you feel even colder.A car is easier to se
24、e than a person walking in the desert.You can also use the mirrors from your car tomake planes and other cars notice you.You can use your car tyres（轮胎）to make a fire.A fire is easy to see.It willhelp people find you and it will keep you warn at night.Try to drink some water at least once every hour.
25、You need your water to last as long as possible.D rinkonly what you need.When you talk,you lose water from your body.Keep your mouth closed and do not talk.Ifyou eat,you will get thirsty and drink all of your water more quickly.You can eat a little,but only to stop you fromfeeling very hungry.Eat ve
26、ry small amounts of food and eat very slowly.You can live for three weeks with no food,but you can only live for three days without water.It is very important to stay out of the sun during the day.Make a hole under your car and lie there.Thiswill keep you cool and help you sleep.Find a warm place to
27、 sleep at night.A small place near a tree or a rock willbe the warmest.But be careful before you decide where to sleep.D angerous animals like snake sand scorpions（蛇砂蝎子）also like to sleep in these places.Look carefully for animals before you lie down.5.The author writes Paragraph 2 mainly to.A.expla
28、in why the desert is so hotB.introduce what size the Sahara D esert isC.tell us how difficult it is to stay alive in the Sahara D esertD.discuss why the precipitation of the Sahara D esert is so little6.Where should we sleep in Sahara D esert during the day?A.Inside the car.B.Under a big rock.C.In a
29、 hole under the car.D.In a small place near a tree.7.Marco Rivera suggests that we should in the Sahara D esert.A.walk rather than drive a carB.keep talking to make others notice usC.eat lots of food and drink much waterD.cover our body,face and head with clothes in the day8.How is the passage organ
30、ized?【答案】5.C6.C7.D 8.A【分析】本文讲述了撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠，撒哈拉沙漠早晚温差很大，所以这里很难生存，于是生存专家马可里维拉给出了在撒哈拉沙漠生存的几点建议。5.主旨大意题。根据文中“Because of the extreme temperatures in the desert,it is a very difficult place to survive（求生）.”可知本段讲述了撒哈拉沙漠温差大，难以令人生存，故选C。6.细节理解题。根据文中“It is very important to stay out of the sun during the da
31、y.Make a hole under your carand lie there.This will keep you cool and help you sleep.可知白天躲避太阳是很重要的，躺在车下的洞里可以让你保持凉爽并帮助睡眠，故选C。7.细节理解题。根据文中“D uring the day,cover your body,head and face.Clothes protect you from the sun andkeep water in your body.可知在白天用衣服遮盖身体、头部和面部，可以保护你免受阳光照射并保持身体水分,故选D。8.篇章结构题。文中第1 段介
32、绍了撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠，第 2 段介绍撒哈拉沙漠温差大，难以令人生存，第 3.6段分别讲述了生存专家马可里维拉给出的在撒哈拉沙漠生存的几点建议。故选A。CIt is not difficult to show the importance of family.You may or may not be aware（意识至lj的），but yourfamily was the first school you entered,as soon as you arrived in this world.Your arrival made your family happyand they
33、took you home and from that day on,you started learning about love,care and family relationship.Yourparents changed your wet nappy（尿布）only to stop you from crying,because you were comfortable with it.I think,this one single example is enough to convince you of the importance of family.If you are not
34、,then let me knowIhave an endless list of examples which I could draw on and on.Your family is the environment where you learned to understand and deal with the physical world.It is a timewhen you didnt bother with little things,such as the family relationship,because you knew you are the mostimport
35、ant one of your family.It is the place where you learned how family relationships work,by observing（观察）your parents,grandparents,your brothers and sisters and the other of family members deal with each other.Youmust have enjoyed meeting them on family vacations and exchanging gifts with them.What yo
36、u learned from your family becomes your value system and forms your basis（基础）of actions.Anindividual is known by his or her actions.Whenever you move from one place to another,you carry your familyhistory with you.Have you ever noticed that your opinions always agree with the values you got from you
37、r family?People are similar to the earth enveloped by its environment,which acts as a protective layer and keeps theempty space out.The earth is populated and rich because of it.For an individual,the importance of family isincalculable（不可估量的）.9.What can we learn from the first paragraph?A.Children w
38、ould first learn about family relationships.B.More examples are needed to show the importance of family.C.Everyone should realize the importance of family.D.Children couldnt usually understand love from their parents.10.Children learn to understand family relationships by.A.getting information from
39、their friendsB.experiencing failures in dealing with family relationshipsC.receiving education from school teachersD.watching the behavior of their family members11.We can infer from the passage that.A.the family influence may be together with children all their livesB.different environment will pro
40、duce different personal charactersC.parents should learn some valuable thoughts from their childrenD.children should always behave better to change their family history12.The passage mainly tells us.A.how to understand the familyB.family is important to its membersC.your value system mostly comes fr
41、om your familyD.you get a lot of care and help from your family【答案】9.CIO.Dll.A12.B【分析】这篇短文主要讲述了家对我们每个人来说是非常重要的。9.段落大意题。根据It is not difficult to show the importance of family.You may or may not be aware（意识到的）,but your family was the first school you entered,.If you are not,then let me know-I have an
42、endless list ofexamples which I could draw on and on.”可知，第一段主要是告诉我们每个人都应该意识到家庭的重要性。故选 C。10.细节理解题。根据文中It is the place where you learned how family relationships work,by observing（观察）your parents,grandparents,your brothers and sisters and the other of family members deal with each other.Youmust have e
43、njoyed meeting them on family vacations and exchanging gifts with them.可知，孩子们通过观察家人的行为来理解家庭关系。故选D。11.推理判断题。根据文中Whenever you move from one place to another;you carry your family history withyou.Have you ever noticed that your opinions always agree with the values you got from your family?可矢口,我们可以从这篇文
44、章中推断出家庭的影响可能伴随着孩子们一生。故选Ao12.主旨大意题。根据文中开头“It is not difficult to show the importance of family.可知,这篇短文主要说明了家对一个人的重要性。故选B。DMany teenagers love mysteries,but oftentimes they cant find the ones that suit them the best.Are youone of them?Well,dont worry!Here are some top-selling mysteries for teenagers.T
45、here must be one here thatwill win your heart!Escape（逃跑）From Mr.Lemoncellos LibraryMr.Lemoncello is a famous inventor in town.Twelve kids are invited to visit his new library.This,however;is not agood place to spend the night!The kids must work together to solve the clues（线索）and escape!Its a great b
46、ook!I had my nose in it all the time!This must be the coolest library in the world/-Kate,14Buy now!38.60(hardcover)34.70(e-book)The London Eye MysterySalim suddenly disappears.No one knows where he has gone.His cousins,Ted and Kate,have to follow cluesaround London in order to find him before its to
47、o late.Can they make it?Read the novel to find out.Buy now!74.70(hardcover)66.60(e-book)The Name of This Book Is SecretReaders will love following Max-Ernest and Cass as they solve the mystery of a missing magician!“An amazing story full of mysteries!It will make you never want to stop turning its p
48、ages!”Buy now!113.40(hardcover)33.30(e-book)13.What does Kate probably mean by saying“I had my nose in it?A.The book was easy to understand.B.The book was very hard to understand.C.The book was so boring that she didnt like it at all.D.The book was so interesting that she couldnt stop reading it.14.
49、In The London Eye My s t e r y,.A.twelve kids try to escape from LondonB.two children try to find their missing cousinC.twelve kids try to escape from a new libraryD.two children try to solve the mystery of a museum15.Cynthia decides to buy The London Eye Mystery and The Name of This Book Is Secret
50、for her daughter.Howmuch money can she save if she buys e-books instead of hardcovers?A.18 yuan B.88.2 yuan C.106.2 yuan D.70.2 yuan【答案】13.D 14.B15.B【分析】本文以表格的形式为青少年推荐了三本畅销的推理小说，并介绍了书名、故事梗概和书的价格。13.句意猜测题。根据lt，s a great book!”可知，Kate认为书很棒，推测出她很喜欢读这本书，结合备选答案，划线句子表示这本书非常有趣，Kate一读就停不下来，故选D。14.细节理解题。根据表格