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1、中考英语书面表达讲与练 第 二 章 书 面 表 达 1.写 作 技 巧书面表达是中考英语试题中的一道主观题，是考查学生用书面英语进行交际的题型。书面表达的综合性很强，分值大(权重15分)，它要求学生具备较强的综合语言交际能力。如何在实战中突破这一难题取得高分呢？书面表达必须遵循的六个原则1.全(Complete)所写的文章必须包含所有的信息点，不能遗漏要点。观点正确，理由充分，所有的句子表达意思清晰并且基本没有错误。2.简(Simple)尽量使所写的句子简洁明了，简洁的句子既可以避免出现过多的错误，又可以表达深刻的意思，此外，还应该尽量化繁为简。3.洁(Neat)书写的整洁是尤为重要的，这是文
2、章的第一印象。如同吃鸡蛋一样，第一口如果是臭的，后面就没有胃口了。好的文章是全方位的，清新、整洁的书法不仅使阅卷人容易批阅，还起到赏心悦目的作用。因此，第一感觉的印象分自然而然就会提高，所 谓“爱美之心，人皆有之”。如果文章写得很精妙，书法又一流，得到满分或高分则不足为奇了。反之，如果文章写得不错，而书写很差，影响到交际，则会导致降低分数或档次。4.准(Exact)写句子要力求准确。.可以从以下几个方面来考虑：语法、句型结构、词汇、时态、文体的格式、拼写形式、标点符号、表达的通达等等。5.畅(Fluent)是指句子要连贯、流畅、前后逻辑性强，全文通顺，一气呵成。6.精(Wonderful)在文
3、章的开头或结尾处要做到开门见山和画龙点睛，也就是说，关键之处要做到落笔生花。在文章的结尾处写一二个关键句，使整篇文章出彩。另外，在有把握的前提下，可将自己掌握的比较好的句式，如并列句，宾语从句，定语从句，感叹句，或者经典的名言等加以适当的运用，以体现作者的水平。如无把握，则应慎之，以免弄巧成拙。书面表达的具体步骤：1、审题写作之前要将题目的内容、要求等仔细浏览3遍，了解作文的类型、大意、要点等信息，从宏观上加以把握。2.列提纲即列出要写文章的主要内容，也即文章的基本要点，草拟文章的基本框架。要把握文章的脉络、层次、主次、开头、结尾、句子的数量、所用的语法、词汇、文章的格式等等。这是书面表达的最
4、重要的一个步骤，对后面的写作起到直接的影响。可以从以下几个方面着手:1）确定句子的数目：书面表达通常要求的字数是6080,换成句子的话，也就是长句子约6-8个句子，短一点的句子10个左右；2）列出每个句子的基本句型结构：尽量使用常见的句式结构，如简单句的5种基本句型等；3）选用正确的语法结构：如动词的时态、语态、人称、数等；名词的单复数；代词的各种格；形容词、副词的比较等级；复合句的连词等等；4）使用正确的词语；5）确定整篇文章的时态：如故事、日记类多用过去时，通知、告示类多用一般将来时或祈使句；6）采取灵活的迂回战术：对于一些不便直译或需要意译的词可以采取灵活的方式。如，“黄山的风光旖旎”，
5、旖旎就可以用beautiful,wonderful,cool等词语来表示；“和蔼可亲”可以用kind或kind-hearted来表示；如果不能写出“勤奋”，则可以用not lazy或work hard等表示。总之,遇到不好直接表达的东西，从多个角度去考虑，同义词、近义词、反义词、相近的句型等，迂回作战往往能取得异曲同工、出奇制胜的效果。7）避免中文式的英语（Chinglish）的使用，或者直接用中文思维，这是考生常常犯的大忌。试题要求不能逐句翻译指的是不能逐词逐句地当成中文翻译，但是可以按照要点，用英语思维,逐句翻译成正确的英文句子。2006年武汉市四月调考试题的书面表达有这么一句：Jenny
6、的父母都是英语教师，很多考生按照中文的顺序翻译为:Jenny s parents both are English teachers.这是由于受到中文的影响,而忽略了 both应当放在b e动词之后的结果；又如，“我很喜欢苹果”，很多学生按照字面译成：I very like apples.这又忽略了 likevery much的用法，凡此种种，不胜枚举。为了避免出现这样的错误，一要比较中英文表达方式上的异同；其二，用正确的英文习惯思维；其三，用正确的句型表达方法；四是要通过读来找语感，看语感是否正确；五是要对中文句子进行适当的调整，如增加、删减、重排等。8）多种表达句式的优选法：同一个句子往往
7、有多种表达方法，可以列出来，优选其中最佳的一种句式，使整体变得更和谐；9）字数的确定：一般以限定的字数6080为宜，即不要过多，也不宜过少。根据评分原则：词数少于60或多于80的，从总分中减去2 分。即使不扣分，言多必寡，言多必失，而且要花去大量的时间、精力，得不偿失。10）适当调整各要点之间的顺序，使文章行文结构更流畅。3.书写在拟好作文的提纲后，就可以开始进行写作了。一般而言,一个段落就可以表达几乎所有的内容，少数则需要分段。动手写以前，需要仔细思考，把要写的句子在大脑中说一遍，说得流畅、顺口 了再动笔写。写的时候可以慢一些，把每一个笔画都写到位,力求干净、整洁、美观。还要注意书写的格式、
8、大小写、间隔、标点符号、排版的方式等。把自己假设成阅卷教师，如果自己都看不下去或者认不清，那就说明写的太糟了。如果需要修改，用橡皮仔细地擦干净，切忌乱涂乱画，或用一个大的箭头将添加的部分指向答题线以外。4.检查检查是最后的一道工序。要用审美家的眼光来看待自己的作品，作一些局部的微调或处理：通读全文；检查单词是否有拼写、大小写等方面的错误；信息点是否全面；格式是否合乎要求;是否有遗漏或错误；是否需要增减或删除等等，将错误消灭在萌芽状态。总之，书面表达如同是一幅精美的作品，它来自于各个方面的精华组合：语法的、词汇的、书法的、行文的、排版的、画龙点睛的。如果能遵循以上这些原则和步骤，书面表达定能够轻
9、轻松松搞定。2.写 作 准 备一、从基本词组、句型入手。Rome isnt built in a day英语写作能力的培养和提高也是这样，并非一蹴而就的。它必须由浅入深，由易到难，循序渐进，一环扣一环地进行。教师应注重抓基本功的训练。严格要求学生正确、端正、熟练地书写字母、单词和句子，并注意大小写及标点符号；在写作训练时，必须坚持”句-段-篇”这样的模式来开展和深化。(a)组词成句训练英语的句子类型有四种，即陈述句、你问句、祈使句和感叹句。我让学生牢记这些句子基本结构，在此基础上用合适的词或词组套入该结构，并注意人称、数及时态的问题。当然，组句训练时鼓励学生用最简单的短句，只要能基本上达意即可
10、。(b)组句成段训练教师可设置一些情景，并帮助学生围绕这一情景将其具体化o例如写My family时,我指导学生写出：There are three peoplein my family.They are my father,my mother and I.My father is aworker.My mother is a teacher.I am a student of No.14 MiddleSchool.We are very happy.在整理成段后,可帮助学生总结出特定的情景下写作的思路及句子之间的过渡和承接等的规律。这样，学生在练习或考试时碰到相似的情景时，就不会感到束手无策
11、了.(c)组段成篇即将内容有关联的段落组成一个篇章的形式，仍以上例为证。在讲到第二册时，教师可结合使用一般过去时，一般将来时等语法，让学生写出更长的段落来；到了第三册还可融入完成时及被动时态等的使用。这样层层递进，自然就可以拓展文章的篇幅与深度了。二、简单句的五种基本句型:英语句子万万千，五大句型把线牵。句型种类看动词，后接什么是关键；系动词后接表语,vi.独身无牵连；v t.又可分三类，单宾双宾最常见；还有宾语补足语；各种搭配记心间。一、主语+谓语动词（不及物动词）S+V解读：在此句型中，谓语动词是不及物动词，其后没有宾语。有时为了表示动作发生的频率、原因、结果、目的、场所、时间等，可以带状
12、语修饰动词。如：The children are playing happily.孩子们正在高兴地玩。二、主语+谓语动词（及物动词）+宾语S+V+O解读：该句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整、准确。宾语可以由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语充当，和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。如：I finished reading the book.我读完了 这本书。He likes football.他喜欢足球。I called on my teacher last Sunday.上星期日我去拜访了我的老师。He hit me on the head.他打我的头。This man
13、can speak English.这个人会说英语。三、主语+谓语动词+表语S+V+P解读：此句型中的谓语动词是系动词，它本身有一定含义,但不能单独作谓语，它必须和表语一起构成谓语。表语通常由名词、形容词、代词、数词、介词短语及不定式结构等充当。如：1 .My books are on the desk.我的书在书桌上。2.The food seems to be nice.这食物似乎不错。点击一：系动词有两类,一类是说明情况的：be,look,feel,seem,taste,sound,smell 等；另一类是表示变 化的：become,get,turn,grow等。点击二：初中阶段学过的只
14、能作表语的形容词有：alone,asleep,afraid,alive等。四、主语+谓语动词+间宾+直宾S+V+InO+DO这种句型中的及物动词后跟双宾语，既指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语。解读：在该句型中，间接宾语有时也可以改成一个由to或for引起的短语，放在直接宾语之后，即 构 成“主语+谓语+直宾+介词+间宾”的句型。如：1 .Could you pass me the salt?(=Could you pass the salt to me?)请你把盐给我好吗？2.Uncle Wang made the farmers many machines.(=Uncle Wangmade m
15、any machines for the farmers.)王叔叔给农民们制造了很多机器。点击一：须在间接宾语前加to的常见动词有：give,show,send,bring,pass,lend,tell,teach等；须在间接宾语前加for的常见动词有：make,buy,do,sing,cook,find 等。点击二：如果直接宾语为人称代词宾格时，则 只 能 用“主语+谓语+直宾+介词+间宾”的表达形式。如：I 1 1 show it to my brother.我要把它给我的弟弟看。【误】I gave him it.【正】I gave it to him.五、主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾补S+V
16、+O+OC解读：宾补的作用是说明宾语的动作或状态。它可以由名词、形容词、副词、动词不定式和介词短语等充当。如：1.Please keep the classroom clean.请保持教室清洁。2.She asked me to call him again.她让我再给他打个电话。点击一：使役动词make,let,have等后接不带to的不定式作宾补。如：He made me work twelve hours a day.他让我一天工作十二小时。点击二：感官动词see,hear,watch,feel,notice等后既可接不带t。的不定式作宾补，也可用v-ing形式作宾补。前者表示动作已结束
17、，后者表示动作正在发生。试比较：l .He saw a girl get on the bus.他看见一个女孩上车了（上车的动作已经结束）。2.He saw a girl getting on the bus.他看见一个女孩在上车（上车的动作正在进行）。随堂练习一、选择填空：1.How beautiful those skirts are!Would you pl e a s e,mum?OK!Let me have a look first.A.buy one for me B.show it to me C.give me them D.buyit for me2.Everyone mus
18、t the c l a s s r o o m.A.kept;cleaned B.keeps;clean C.keep;clean D.keep;cleaning3.The teachers words her face red.A.made;turn B.make;to turn C.made;turned D.made;turns4.Mr Wang always sleeps his mouth open.A.with B.when C.but D.and5.I heard Mother with Father in the next room last night.A.talks B.t
19、alking C.to talk D.talk to 3.分 类 练 习一、记叙文：这是最普遍最基本的一种文体。写作中应遵循:交待要素，即时间、地点、人物、事件；按事件发生的先后顺序叙述完整具体；叙述要重点明确，结构基本完整。一)好人好事类(A)(B)参考词汇：suddenly,purse,lie,ground,pick up,find,money,namecard,telephone number,call the owner,at once,happy,get back,thank,niceOne day Wei Hua was waiting for a bus at a busstop
20、_(C)It was Sunday.Zhou Hua went to theJcinema._(D)根据图画内容和所给词语写一篇短文。要求:1、词 数80字左右；2、把图画中所示内容表达完整，用上所给词语，条理清楚，思想连贯，标点正确.3、短文的第一句已给出。提示词：Wang Lei,blind man,walk,way,school,car,hit,run,up,pullback,save,take,the other side,thank,get to,late,tell,teacher,happen,pleased.(E)根据图画内容和所给词语写一篇短文：要求：1、词数80字左右;2、把
21、图画中所示内容表达完整；用上所给词语，条理清楚,思想连贯，标点正确.3、短文的第一句已给出。所给词语：rain,last,Monday,afternoon,on one s way home,give,umbrella,feel,happyIt rained heavily last Monday afternoon,(F)请根据下列图画所提供的内容，写一篇6080词的短文，短文要求达意、正确、连贯。注意：1.用第一人称写；2.文章的开头已写好，只需接着写;3.提示语：pretend to do 艮装做)，really fall asleep,miss(I am sitting on the
22、bus for work.I am reading when an old man getson.I stand up at once and give my seat to him,but a little boy pretendsto be asleep because he doesnt want to do that.The old man thanksme very much and sits down.Soon the boy really falls asleep.When hewakes up,he finds that he has missed the stop.He ju
23、mps up from hisseat and gets off the bus quickly.)(G)根据所给图画和提示语，写出意思连贯、符合逻辑的五句话。所给提示语必须都用上。只抄提示语不给分。(共10分)1.sunny,yesterday2.Meimei,on ones way,home3.suddenly,see,watch,ground,pick up4.want to know,whose5.at last,go,policeman,give(H)根据图示和所给的词语，写出语法正确、意思连贯的句子。Han Mei,see,cry,way,home,not,find,where,m
24、other,take,policestation,mother,wait,there,when,come,the boy,happy,see,again二)日 常 生 活 类(A)提示词语：decide,raincoat,hurry off,wet all over,catch a cold(B)get up,at six,hurry to school,get to school.It s Saturday today,noother students;ask friends to go for a picnic in the park;have a goodtime,come back b
25、y bus;go to bed at nine o clock.(Q提示词语:Mother s Day,Liu Ying,shop,present,thank(D)参考词汇：bed,until,twelve,get up,this morning,hurry,withoutbreakfast,get.late for class,when,ask,question,not answer,backhome,can t,homework,feel sorry,decide,watch,too much,Tom watched TV too late last night.(E)要求:1、词 数80
26、字左右;2、把图画中所示内容表达完整；用上所给词语，条理清楚，思想连贯，标点正确.3、短文的第一句已给出。所给词语：doctor,evening,supper,telephone,call,young,woman,daughter,ill,bus-stop,home,thanksMr.King is a doctor.(F)要求：每幅图写一句准确完整的话，必须包含所给提示词语。句子之间意思连贯，符合逻辑。one afternoon,boy,on the playground,suddenly,one of,fall over,hurt,leg,the other,carry,hospital,
27、when,see,look over,say,it,nothingserious(G)根据图示在下面短文中填写词语，每个空格只能填写一个单词,使句子通顺完整，并与图意相符。It was a day.In the morning,Lulus mother was busy doings ome.When she had everything done,she said to her son,Its time to get up,my son.But there was answer.Shecame into the bedroom and said again,Come,my baby.Did
28、you hear it?Its time to get up now.It that Lulu wasstill having a dream.He didnt hear his mother said.Hismother came to his bed,Lazybones（懒虫）.You see,the sun isnow,but you still in bed.Get up,my dear!Suddenly,Lul u,Thats unfair（不公平）!The sun went tobed at six oclock last night,but I reviewed（复习）my le
29、ssons10 oclock.三）其它类（A）提示词：Tree Planting Day,go to the mountain,get there,dig holes,set up a board,“take care of the young trees”,home,more,better,make a contribution,protect,environment,world,become(B)请根据下面六幅图A thankful bird为题，用英语以第三人称单数的形式写一篇约80字左右的短文.(Q根据图示，在下面短文中填入所缺的单词。Many years ago,there was
30、a man called John.He lived in a smallhouse near a river.There were some trees his house.One day he thought,If I cut all these trees,I cana new house.And the next day,he did so.A few days later,he built a nicer and house,but oneevening after he built his new house,there came a wind andit blew his new
31、 house over(吹 倒).John didnt k n o w He saidto himself,If I didnt cut down the trees,I could have a small houseto live in.But now,a new house means house to me.(D)二、说明文、描写文这是英文常见的两种文体，以说明和描写为主要的表达方法。但要特别说明或描写的先后顺序及语言的简洁性。(A)这是一幅你们学校的平面图，请用简洁的语言介绍一下校园的分布，词 数80左右。注：1.叙述要有条理，方位清楚，应包括图中的主要内容,可适当增减细节，使意思连
32、贯。（但不得写出自己或学校的真实名称）2.句子开头已给出，请你接下去写。（flowerbeds花圃;main主要的）This is a map of my school.When you come into the school gate,youwill see a tall teaching building in the middle of the school.There aretwo flowerbeds on either side of the main road.On the left,there is alibraty building.On the right,there i
33、s an office building.A bigplayground is behind the teaching building.You can find a computerroom next to the playground.You can see many trees around theschool.My school isn t big but is beautiful.（B）根据所给图示及提示词写一篇70100字的短文，要求表达符合图意，语意完整，书写规范。cut down,less and less,more and more,farmland,sand,cause（弓
34、|起），sandstorm（沙尘暴）？environment（环境），worse and worse,serious,be done,at once,build,the Great Green Wall,stop-from doing,protect（保护）(QFrom the pictures we know that how much water has been polluted.(D)假设你是M ary,你的朋友Rose想从北京到你居住的海滨城市来旅游。下面是一张示意图和你给她发的Email（电子邮件），告诉她怎样到你家，并告诉她每天都能步行去海滨玩。请把邮件补充完整。Dear Ros
35、e,Im very glad you are coming to visit me.Now I will tell you how toget to my.After you get off the at the station,you can a number 8 bus to Yingbin Road.The bus stop isnear my home.Or you can take a taxi(出 租 车)if you like.Thats mucheasier.By the way,its not very far my home to the beach(海 滨).So we
36、can go there every day.I hope you will have a goodtime here.Write to me soon.Best wishes,Mary(E)请你根据图文及所提供的天气情况，写一篇有关青海省几个地方未来二十四小时的天气预报的短文。要求词数在50左右，语法正确，意思连贯。短文的第一句话已给出。提示词：temperature；below zero；above zero；wind；sunny要详细说明图示所表达的意思，提示词要全部用上。Here is the weather report for the next 24 hours in Qingha
37、i.Xining will be_Here is the weather report for the next 24 hours in Qinghai.Xining will be rainy and the lowest temperature will fall to fourteenagain.The highest temperature is twenty-six.A strong wind will reachGeermu and the temperature will be ten to twenty.There will becloudy in Delingha.It 11
38、 stay above zero and the temperature will benine to eighteen.There will be snow in Yushu.It will be quite cold andthe temperature will be below zero.The weather in Qinghai Lake willbe sunny.Its temperature will be thirteen to twenty-one.Its a beautifulplace for people to go there in summer.(F)假定你某日在
39、南昌遇见一位外国游客向你询问有关乘车去庐山旅游的情况。请根据下面所给内容用一段话向这位外国游客作介绍。(词数：不少于80)火 车汽 车始发终 点始 发终 点南昌九 江南 昌庐 山8:009:307:009:008:0010:0010:0011:309:0011:00.14:0015:3017:0019:00注：九江火车站有汽车上庐山注：每小时一班(You can go to Lushan Mountain either by train or by bus.There arethree trains to Jiujiang.The first train leaves at 8:00,the
40、second at10:00,and the third at 2:00 in the afternoon.When you arrive in Jiujiang,you can take a bus to Lushan at Jiujiang Train Station.You can also goto Lushan from Nanchang by bus.A bus leaves every hour from 7:00in the morning to 5:00 in the afternoon.Lushan Mountain is very beautiful.I wish you
41、 enjoy yourself.)(G)你对吸烟有何看法？请你写一篇短文介绍一下。参考短语：be bad for,do harm to(对.有害)，stop smoking,giveup smokingOne possible version:Some people think that smoking makes them look cool and helpsthem relax.I don t agree.In my opinion,not only is smoking harmfulfor people s health,but it also makes people look b
42、ad.First of all,as everyone knows,cigarettes contain nicotine.If yousmoke lots of cigarettes,the nicotine in them will hurt different partsof your body and make you sick.The worst thing is that people also getaddicted to nicotine.Once you start smoking,it s very hard to giveup.Also,smoking gives you
43、 yellow fingers,yellow teeth and bad breath.No one would think that is cool in any way.Besides,cigarettes cost alot of money,which could be otherwise spent on more useful things,like books,clothes or CDs.As you can see,smoking does nothing good for us.I hope more andmore people will realize this and
44、 try their best not to smoke.三、应用文。常见的应用文日记、书信、通知、便条等。每种形式都有其固定的格式。一）调查报告类：（A）最近，英才家教报 以“你心目中的好老师是什么样子的？”“一名受欢迎的老师应该有什么样的特点？”为题展开调查和讨论，结 果 如 下（黑影部分）：请根据上图提示,给合你自己的观点，围绕What is my favoriteteacher like?Why?w这个主题，用英语写一篇80词左右的短文。(B)在“世界无烟日(Non-smokingDay)”那天，某中学对学生吸烟情况进行调查，结果如图所示。请就此话题写篇短文。(06河南中招试题)要求：
45、1、对调查结果进行描述；2、表明自己的看法并提出建议;3、所写内容符合“世界无烟日”主题；4、词数80左右。提示词语：3%of the students(百分之三的学生)do a surveyabout ,(做一个有关调查)(C)某学校学生自己组织了一次“有烦恼向谁说？To Whom YouGo When in Trouble”的调查活动。结果如图所示。请就此话题写篇短文。要求：1、对调查结果进行描述；2、表明自己的看法并提出建议;3、词数80左右。）请根据下列问题，调查三四个同学花掉压岁钱的方法，写一篇短文汇报调查结果。（8 0字左右）1.How much money did you get
46、 this year?2.What are you going to do with it?3.Why?One possible version:Today I did a survey,asking my classmates how much money they gotin their red envelopes.Most of my classmates gpt aboutyuan from their parents and relatives.But some didn t get any at all.Everyone who got money has plans on how
47、 to spend it.wants to keep it in the bank and watch it grow,because he hopes to beable to pay for his college one d a y.wo u l d like to spendmost of it on school fees.He wants to be more independent.is saving his money for traveling during the holidays,because he really loves to see the world aroun
48、d him.Anyway,thesurvey shows that students are getting more and more money,and theyshould try to find good ways to spend it.二)书信及电子邮件类(A)暑假即将来临，张涛给王刚发了个电子邮件。假如你是王刚，请根据邮件内容予以回复。回件的开头和结尾已经给出(不计入总词数)。要求：1.词 数6080o 2.条理清楚，语意连贯，句式规范，字迹工整。3.以下内容供参考，也可以自行安排计划。地点：南京，北京，海南.活动：游览，拍照,划船，潜水，购物名胜：玄武湖，天安门，长城，天涯海角
49、 食物：北京烤鸭,水果，海 鲜(seafood)交通工具：汽车，火车，飞 机 From:To:Dear Wang Gang,How are you these days?The summer holiday is coming.It s really a long holiday,isn t it?I still remember that you once invited me to travel with you.Maybewe 1 1 have enough time soon.I；d like to visit some places of greatinterest,and eat
50、delicious snacks.It must be exciting to travel with youwithout any homework.Ha!Ha!You are a good traveler.Could youtell me when and where to go,how to get there and what to do there?Please email me soon.Good luck with the exams.Yours,Zhang TaoFrom:To:Dear Zhang Tao,Glad to hear from you.I m fine,tha