八年级英语上册 语法知识点 人教新课标版.pdf

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1、八年级英语(上)语法知识点M o d u l e 1 H o w t o l e a r n E n g l i s h一.词语链接:1.translate(v.)-translatio n(n.)-translato r(IL 人),p ro no unc e(v.)一p ro nunc iatio n(n.)advise(v.)-advic e(U.n.),imp ro ve(v.)-imp ro vement(n.),b reath e(v.)一b reath (n.)2.c o rrec t(v.;adj.=righ t)-wro ng 3.rep eat=say again 4.wr

2、ite/sp ell(v.)一writing/sp elling(n.)5.b ase(n./v.)-b asic (adj.)6.rememb er-fo rget,sh y-o utgo ing(sh y-sh yer/sh ier-sh yest/sh iest),start-end,deep -lo w(反义词)7.start二 b egin/o p en(同义词)8.fo rget-fo rgo t-fo rgo tten,h ear-h eard-h eard,send-sent-sent9.o th er与 else(别的,其它的)else 作形容词时,通常放在疑问代词 wh a

3、t 或 anyth ing,so meth ing,no th ing,no b o dy,等不定代词之 后:else作副词时,通常放在疑问副词或 anywh ere等不定副词之后。o th er作形容词,通常放在被修饰的名词之前;。th er还可作代词。A.1.Wh at else do yo u want?Is th ere anyb o dy else in th e ro o m?2.Wh en else c an I c o me?Wo uld yo u like to go so mewh ere else?B.Please c o me so me o th er day.请改日

4、再来。Do yo u want any o th er c o lo urs?10.eac h 与 everyeac h 指两者或多者,强调个体情况,既是代词,又是形容词,常作主语/宾语/同位语等。every指三者或三者以上,强调全体情况,只是形容词,只作定语(与 all近义)例:1.Eac h o f th em h as a b ag with th em.(主)2.He gave o ne to eac h o f us two.(宾)3.Eac h b o y h as a b all in th eir h ands.(定)4.T h ey eac h h ave fo ur wh

5、eels.(同)5.Every student h as go ne to th e sh o p.(定语)二 All o f th e students h ave go ne toth e sh o p.注意:1).eac h 和 every作定语时,后面名词只用单数,谓语动词用单数。(例 3、5)eac h 作同位语时,谓语和其前面的主语保持一致。(例 4)2).eac h o f后面接带th e的复数名词或复数宾格代词,谓语动词用单数。3).“eve;ry+基数词+复数名词”或“every+序数词+单数名词”表“每(隔)一一”的意思。伤1.T h e Olymp ic Games ar

6、e h eld every fo ur years(every fo urth year).2.every o th er day(每隔一天)二 every two days11.h o p e与 wish (wish 常用于表示某种愿望,实现的可能性较h o p e小)A.I h o p e(th at)I c an visit th e Great Wall next week.(接宾语从句)I h o p e to visit th e Great Wall next week.(接不定式作宾语)简单应答语:I h o p e s o.(我希望如此)I h o p e no t.(我希望

7、不是);wish 不能用。B.I wish (th at)I could fly to th e mo o n so me day.(宾语从句常用虚拟语气)I wish to fly to th e mo o n so me day.(接不定式作宾语)I wish yo u to have a p leasant j o urney.(wish 后接不定式作宾语补足语)I wish yo u a p leasant j o urney.(wish 后可接双宾语)I wish yo u h ap p y all yo ur life.(wish +宾语+宾语补足语 adj.)12.advic e

8、 不可数名词,可用名量词短语修饰 a p iec e o f adv ic e,so me p iec es o f advic egive sb.so me advic e(给某人提建议);ask(sb.)fo r so me advic e(向某人征求建议)二.短语:1.matc h-with-2.translate-into-=p ut-into 3.write do wn_=p ut do wn如果接名词,可放在后面或中间;如果接代 词,只能放在中间。write do wn th ese wo rds 二 write th ese wo rds do wn 二 write it/th

9、em do wn4.eac h o th er=o ne ano th er (eac h o th er 两者之间;o ne ano th er 多者之间”)LiLei and I o ften h elp eac h o th er.T h ey c o mp lain to o ne ano th er.5.enj o y o neself=h ave a go o d/nic e/wo nderful time 6.all th e time=always_7.b o rro w sth.fro m sb.-lend sth.to sb.8.p en friend=p enp al9.

10、go with 10.watc h /see a film 11.write-to12.give sb.so me advic e o n/ab o ut(do ing)sth.与 ask fo r so me advic eo n/ab o ut(do ing)sth.13.do so me c o nc erts 14.h elp sb.with sth.=h elpsb.(to)do sth.15.make a m i s t a k e 16.send sb.sth.=sendsth.to sb.17.enj o y(do ing)sth.enj o y o neself(do ing

11、 sth.)18.talkab o ut sb./sth.with sb.19.sp eak to sb.20.take a(deep)b reath _21.h ave a c o nversatio n with sb.22.p rac tise(do ing)sth.23.sh o w/takesb.aro und s om e pl a ce 24.b e go o d/b ad fo r;b e go o d to sb.;b e go o d at25.say h ello to-26.th e Englishname fo r27.b e go o d at 与 do well

12、inb e go o d a t 擅起,表示长久性的爱好,不能用于表具体的二次性的行为,常用一般时。do well i n 在某方面做得好,可用于表长久性也可用于一次性的行为,可用各种时态。例:He is go o d at singing.=He do es well is singing.H e d i d v e r y w e l l i e t h e s p o r t s m e e t i n g l a s t y e a r.2 8.t h e n u m b e r of-的数量(谓语用单数形式)a n u m b e r o f -许多的-(修饰可数名词复数,谓语用复数

13、形式)例:T h e n u m b e r o f t h e s t u d e n t s i n o u r c l a s s i s 5 2.A n u m b e r o f s t u d e n t s 塞 p l a n t i n g t r e e s.2 9.i n t h e o r d e r 3 0.f o r e x a m p l e 与 s u c h a s 3 1.1 e a r n-f r o m-3 2.o n t h e I n t e r n e t/r a d i o 3 3.i n groups 3 4.m a k e a s t u d

14、y p l a nf o r 3 5.t h i n k a b o u t 3 6.o n t h e p h o n e 3 7.a d v i s e s b.(n o t)t o d o s t h.3 8.l o o k s t h.u p i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y3 9.i n v i t e s b.t o s o m e p l a c ei n v i t e s b.t o a n a c t i v i t ys o m e p l a c e _ _ _i n v i t e s b.t o d o s t h.4 0.l e a v

15、e s t h.K f o r g e t 与 l e a v e忘记某物或忘记 做 某事用f o r g e t,后可接名词、代词、不定式或动名词作宾语。例:I f o r g o t m y E n g l i s h b o o k,a n d m y m o t h e r f o r g o t t o r e m i n d (提醒)m e t h e n.把某物忘在某 处 用 l e a v e,常 以 l e a v e s t h.s o m e p l a c e 形式出现。例:I l e a v e m y E n g l i s h b o o k i n t h e

16、r e a d i n g r o o m.三.重 点 句 式:1.建议句式:1).d o)2).3).4).5).6).7).幽8).原形)9).物1 0).t o d o)1 1).W o u l d y o u l i k e t o g o t o t h e p a r k w i t h u s?W o u l d y o u p l e a s e o p e n t h e d o o r f o r m e?C o u l d y o u g i v e m e a h a n d,p l e a s e?S h a l l w e g o t o t h e p a r k

17、 t o g e t h e r?W h y d o n,t y o u w r i t e i t d o w n?=W h y n o t w r i t e i tH o w/W h a t a b o u t g o i n g s w i m m i n g?I h o p e I c a n f i n i s h t h e w o r k i n a n h o u r.(用动词时用不定式t o(用动词时用动词原形)(用动词时用动词原形)(用动词时用动词原形)d o w n?(用动词时用动词原形)(用动词时用动名词d o i n g)(用动词时用动词原L e t s p l a

18、 y f o o t b a l l o n t h e p l a y g r o u n d,s h a l l w e?Y o u,d b e t t e r (n o t)g o t o t h e m o u n t a i n t o d a y.I t s b e t t e r t o w e a r w a r m c l o t h e s w h e n y o u g o o u t.I t s a g o o d i d e a t o c h e c k y o u r n o t e b o o k e v e r y d a y.(用动词时用动调(用动词时用动词

19、原(用动词时用不定式(用动词时用丕定式 t o d o)1 2).Y o u s h o u l d a l w a y s s p e a k E n g l i s h i n c l a s s.(用动词时用动词原形)13).T ry no t to translate every wo rd.(用动词不定式(no t)todo)2.welc o me(sb.)to 欢迎(某人)到 welc o me(sb.)b ac k to 欢迎(某人)回到例:Welc o me(yo u)to Ch ina/my sc h o o l/my h o me Welc o me(yo u)b ac k

20、 to Ch ina/sc h o o l!Welc o me b ac k h o me/h ere!(h o me,h ere adv.副词前不用介词)3.It s a go o d idea to do sth,做某事是个好主意T h at s a go o d idea.=Go o d idea.好主意It s diffic ult to rememb er new wo rds.(动词不定式做真正的主语)4.T ry no t to translate every wo rd.(动词不定式做 try 的宾语)try to do sth.=do o ne s b est to do s

21、th (尽力做某事)try no t to do sth(尽量不做某富r例:1.T ry to wo rk o ut th is p ro b lem.2.We sh o uld try to study English well.3.We sh o uld try no t to sleep in c lass.5.S b.+take+time+to do sth.=It+takes+sb.(代词用宾格)+time+to dosth.7窠人花费时间做某事;后者中it做形式主语,不定式做真正主语)例:He takes h alf an h o ur to do h is h o mewo rk

22、 every evening.=It takes h im h alf an h o ur to do h is h o mewo rk every evening.6.advise sb.(no t)to do sth.(建议某人不做某事)例:S h e advised us no t to lo o k up every new wo rds in th e dic tio nary wh ile do ingreadings.7.T h e b est way to learn English is sp eaking it as o ften as p o ssib le.(不定式做定

23、语)8.Do yo u find it easy to h ave a c o nversatio n io English?(it 形式宾语,不定式真正宾语)9.Wh at makes yo u sh y?(形容词做宾语补足语)10.It s so metimes h ard to understand Americ an and British ac c ents.(不定式做真正主鬲11.T ell h im h o w to b e a go o d student.(疑问词+动词不定式”做宾语)12.I left my h o mewo rk at h o me.(leave sth.

24、so mep lac e 把某物忘在某处用leave)13.Rememb er to sp eak English all th e time.(不定式形式做 rememb er 的宾语)14.T h is is a great/go o d way to do sth.(不定式作定语)T h is is a great way to so lve th e p ro b lem.15.N umb er th e p ic tures in th e o rder yo u h ear th em.(定语从句)四.语法点滴:基础时态的复习P168页 模块释疑P160页五.常识:如何学好英语Mo

25、 dule 2 Exp erienc es一.词语链接:1.exp erienc e n.&v,-exp erienc ed adj.2.c o mp ete v.-c o mp etitio n n.-c o mp etito r(n.人)3.wo nder n.-wo nderful adj.4.music n.-music ian n.(A)5.Italy n.-Italianadj.6.westn.一 western adj.7.sit v.-seat n.8.b eside=next to 9.b rilliant=exc ellent10.p ro b lem(需解决的问题 wo

26、rk o n-so lve/wo rk o ut)和 questio n(需回答的问题-ask/answer)ILb uy一 sell 12.entertain v.-entertainment n.13.sell-so ld-so ld,dream-dreamed/dreamt-dreamed/dreamt 14.name=say o ut,rec ko n=th ink o f 修饰 mark 用 h igh 活 lo w。15.exp erienc e(“经验”,不可数;“经历”,可数)T h is is a math s teac h er with ric h exp erienc

27、e in teac h ing.Co uld yo u tell me yo ur exp erienc es in Afric a?二.短语:1.take o ff a.-p ut o n b.-land(in/o n/at);take o fffro mT h e p lane takes o ff fro m Ho ng Ko ng,and lands in N ew Yo rk.2.c o me true 3.b e/go/stay a br oa d 4.mo re th an=o ver 5.sello ut_6.ro ast duc k 7.send sb.sth.=send s

28、th.to sb.8.travel aro und th ew or l d all o ver Ch ina 9.o ne day=so me day 10.enter ac o mp etitio n11.dream ab o ut/o f 12.take p h o to s o f-13.Guesswh at!_14.a visit to so mep lac e 15.invite sb.to do sth.invite sb.to sp./th e ac tivity16.send sb.sth.=send sth.to sb.17.th e p ric e o f18.into

29、day s newsp ap er 19.a kind of,all kinds of,differentkinds o f_20.give a con ce r t,go to a c o nc ert 21.at th e end(o f)22.refer to _X 22.try do ing sth.与 try to do sth.(=do o ne s b est to do sth.)T h e little b o y tried to draw a nic e h o rse.(努力去做,争取使某事成功)T h e little b o y tried drawing a h

30、o rse.(初次尝试去做某事,不带有目的性)三.重点句式:1.It so unds b rilliant!Her vo ic e so unds very sweet.(系表结构)2.WeiMing h as b een all o ver Ch ina b y p lane.3.T h ere is a lo t to see and do th ere.(不定式作定语)4.P ve never b een to S h angh ai.Have yo u ever b een ab ro ad?(h ave b een to,去过某地)一5.Pizza h as always b een

31、 my favo urite fo o d.(h ave b een+表语,表状态的延续)But I do n t like sandwic h es o r ic e c ream.6.He h asn,t ever tried skiing,7.Wh at do yo u rec ko n(二 th ink)-will it rain to day?(认为,觉得)I th ink h e 11 c o me b ac k so o n.二 I rec ko n h e 11 c o me b ac k so o n.8.S ally h as invited me to stay with

32、 h er in England o ne day.9.Wh at kind o f p rizes are th ere fo r th ese c o mp etitio n?10.Wh at s th e p ric e o f a p lane tic ket to th e U S A?(涉及 p ric e 的提问使用 wh at)11.Wh at,s th e sc o re o f th e matc h?(涉及 sc o re 的提问使用 wh at)说明:涉及 p ric e,mark,sc o re,p o p ulatio n,temp erature 等提问时使用 w

33、h at 作为疑问词。四.语法点滴:1.现 在 完 成 时(参考 P168 T 69 页)h ave go ne to&h ave b een toh ave b een t o:去过某地(但已经回来,人不在某地)h ave go ne t o:去某地了(说话时,某人在去某地的途中或已到某地)句中常用ever,never,o nc e(一次),twic e(两次),th ree times(三次)等时间状语时,用 h ave b een to例:T h e girls h ave go ne to th e sh o p s.(T h ey are o n th e way to th e s

34、h o p s o r arrive at th e sh o p s.)T h e girls h ave b een to th e sh o p s.(T h ey went to th e sh o p s and th ey c ame b ac k o r went to o th er p lac es.)2.主语+谓语+表 语(S+V+P)(谓语为连系动词Link v.)例:A.He was ill last week.(形)C.I feel very well to day.(形)短)E.LiLei b ec ame a so ldier.(名)G.T h e b read

35、feels h ard.(形)I.In sp ring,th e weath er gets注意:常见连系动词:B.Keep quiet,p lease!(形)D.T h e mo o nc ake tastes like th e p ie.(介F.T h e fo o d h as go ne b ad.(形)H.LiLei fell ill last Mo nday.(形)warm and th e trees turn green.(形)1).b e,keep,stay(保持),remain(保持),c o me(true)等2).感官动词 feel(感觉/摸上去),lo o k,se

36、em,smell,taste,so und 等。注意:主语和感官动词常呈被动关系。3).表“变化”的动词:b ec o me,turn,get,gro w,go,fall(ill/asleep)等。五.常识:旅游经历M o d u l e 3 J o u r n e y t o s p a c e一.词语链接:1.s e v e r a l =a f e w 2.d i s c o v e r v.-d i s c o v e r y n.3.r e c e n t a d j.-r e c e n t l y a d v.4.o v e r =m o r et h a n 5.a l o n

37、 e =b y o n e s e l f 6.e x t r a n c e -e x i t,m a n n e d -u n m a n n e d (反义)7.p r e f e r=l i k eb e t t e r 8.s e c r e t n.-s e c r e t a r y n.(人)9.e x p l o r e v.-e x p l o r e r n.(人)一e x p l o r a t i o n n.(事)1 0.m i s s i o n=t a s k I L b u s y a d j.-b u s i n e s s n.1 2.r e t u r

38、n =c o m e b a c k /g i v e b a c k(r e t u r n 后面不能再加 b a c k)r e t u r n t o/f r o m1 2.d i s c o v e r 与 i n v e n td i s c o v e r:发现 其对象是一直存在的,以往未被人们认识或发现。i n v e n t:发 明 其对象是以前没有的东西,而且往往是物质性的东西。例:C o l u m b u s d i s c o v e r e d A m e r i c a,Th o m a s E d i s o n i n v e n t e d m a n y u

39、 s e f u l t h i n g s.1 3.a l s o,t o o 与 e i t h e ra l s o 比t o o 更正式,只能用在肯定句中,一般紧紧靠近动词(多在动词之前,或 b e 动词、助动词及情态动词之后)。t o o 一般放在句末,或作为插入语放在句中,只能用在肯定句中,口语常与a ls o 通用。e i t h e r 用于否定句,放在句末。例:M y f a t h e r i s a t e a c h e r,m y m o t h e r i s a ls o a t e a c h e r.M y f a t h e r i s a t e a c

40、h e r,m y m o t h e r i s a t e a c h e r,t o o.M y f a t h e r d o e s n t g o t o wo r k t o d a y,m y m o t h e r d o e s n,t,e i t h e r.14.n o n e,n o b o d y 与 n o o n e 的用法:n o n e 即可指代人,也可指代事物,表 示“没有一个人/东西”(强调数量)作主/宾语等。后面可跟o f 短语。作主语时,如其指代的是复数名词,谓语用单、复数都行(强调整体时谓语常用复数;强调个体时则常用单数);如其指代的是不可数名词,

41、谓语用单数形式。常用来回答h o w m a n y或 h o w m uc h 以及特定范围的问题。修(J:1.-Ho w m a n y o f t h e wo m e n a r e n ur s e s?-N o n e (o f t h e m i s/a r e).(主语)2.-Ho w m uc h wa t e r i s le f t i n t h e b o t t le?-N o n e (o f i t i s).(主语)3.-W h i c h o f t h e b o ys p la ys f o o t b a ll we ll?-N o n e(o f t

42、 h e m d o e s).(主语)4.A r e t h e r e a n y s t ud e n t s i n t h e c 1 a s s r o o m?-N o n e.(主语)5.I un d e r s t o o d n o n e o f t h e q ue s t i o n s.(宾语)6.N o n e o f us li k e/li k e s i t.(主语)n o b o d y和 n o o n e 都指代人,表 示“没有人”(强调人),做主语时,谓语用单数,后面不跟o f 短语。常回答wh o 和不确定的问题,在句中做主语或宾语。修!J:1.L

43、uc kily,no b o dy/no o ne was h urt in th is ac c ident.(主语)2.-Wh o went to th e zo o last week?.-N o b o dy/N o o ne(did).(主语)3.I c an see no b o dy in th e ro o m.(宾语)15.alo ne 与 lo nelyalo ne用作形容词,表“单 独 的 (=b y o neself)一个人或物,说明客观情况;只作表语。lo nely用作形容词,表“孤独、寂寞的”内心感受,说明主观情况。作表语或定语。例:I was alo ne at

44、h o me,b ut I do n t feel lo nely,alo ne还可用作副词,表 示“独自地”一个人或物=b y o neselfo例:T h e lo nely b o y h ad to walk th ere alo ne.alo ne作形容词,还可意为“仅仅;只看丁必须放在所被修饰的名词、代词后面。例:Yo u c an t live o n meat alo ne.=Yo u c an t o nly live o n meat.16.real 与 truereal指实际与其外貌或传说相符(客观状况):true则指与实际或真实情况相符,而非虚假的(抽象内涵虚 在表示某

45、事是真实的时候,往往可以通用。例:Is th is real leath er o r p lastic?T h at is a true friendsh ip/sto ry.T ell me th e true/real reaso n fo r yo ur ab senc e.really 与 trulyreally常用于表说话的语气或程度(客观状况):truly常用于表态度(抽象内涵)。修!J:It s really nic e o f yo u to say so.I m truly so rry fo r do ing th at.17.arrive,get 与 reac harr

46、ive(不及物动词),表示到某地时(名词),后面接介词in(大地方)或 at(小地方)。get vi.(不及物动词),表示到某地时(名词),后面接介词to。但地方如为h o me,h ere.th ere副词时,上述两个动词都不用介词。例:1.He h as arrived in Bei j ing.T h ey arrived at th e small village last nigh t.T o m h as arrived h ere.2.I go t to Bei j ing two days ago.Has h e go t h o me?reac h。上(及物动词),后面直接接

47、地点名词;(不及物动词),后面直接接h o me,h ere,th ere等地点副词。例:T h ey h ave reac h ed Beij ing.LiLei reac h ed h o me late last nigh t.注意:单独使用时常用arrive,而不用其他两个词。例:T h ey h ad left wh en I arrived.18.p ay,sp end,c o st 与 takeS b.p ay(sb.mo ney)fo r sth.某人为-付款LiLei p aid me five yuan fo r th e knife.I h ave p aid fo r

48、th e tic kets.(p ay宾语常为金钱或表代价赢1,可带双宾语)S b.sp end time/mo ney(in)do ing sth.某人花费时间或金钱做某事S b.sp end time/mo ney o n sth.某人在某事物上花费时间或金钱I sp end h alf an h o ur(in)do ing my h o mewo rk every evening.He sp ent 20 yuan o n th e dic tio nary.S th.c o st(sb.)mo ney 某物花费某人金钱或代价(c o st后面可带双宾语)T h e dic tio n

49、ary c o st h im 20 yuan.(=He p aid 20yuan fo r th e dic tio nary./He sp ent 20 yuan o n th e dic tio nary)T h e dic tio nary c o sts 20 yuan.(问句:Ho w muc h do es th e dic tio nary c o st?)(4)It+take+sb +so me time+to do sth.做某事花费某人时间或精力(不定式真正主语,take后面可带双宾语)It h as taken h im two mo nth s to get th e

50、re.(=He h as sp ent two mo nth s in gettingth ere.)Ho w lo ng do es it take to reac h Beij ing?S b.+take+so me time+to do sth.某人花费时间/精力做某事He to o k an h o ur to finish th e wo rk.=It to o k h im an h o ur to finish th e wo rk.(=He sp ent an h o ur in finish ing th e wo rk./He sp ent an h o ur o n th

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