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1、走向高考 英语路漫漫其修远兮 吾将上下而求索人教版(课标卷地区)高考总复习 基础知识聚焦 第一部分解题策略(十一)阅读理解之主旨大意题第一部分v 主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中不可缺少的阅读题型之一，而且难度比较大。此类题目跟文章的主题有关，因此准确把握文章的大意对于提高解题的速度和准确率就显得格外重要。v(一)主旨大意类v 1 主题句定位法v 有些文章有明确的主题句，对于这类文章寻找主题句多采用浏览法(skimming)。浏览意味着不用逐句细看，只选读文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句等，重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。主题句的位置一般有以下几种：v(1)主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，随之
2、用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想，这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是所谓的主题句，是对全文内容的高度概括。v(2)主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式。v(3)主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为常见。通常，前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的表述往往是进一步的引申或发展。v(4)主题句出现在文章的中间。通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由提问后陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步
3、的解释、支撑或发展。这种写法较为少见。v 典例1(2014 辽宁C 篇)v Would it surprise you to learn that,like animals,trees communicate with each other and pass on their wealth to the next generation?v UBC Professor Simard explains how trees are much more complex than most of us ever imagined.Although Charles Darwin thought that
4、trees are competing for survival of the fittest,Simard shows just how wrong he was.In fact,the opposite is true:_trees survive through their cooperation and support,passing around necessary nutrition“depending on who needs it”v.v“We didnt take any notice of it，”Simard says sadly.“Dying trees move nu
5、trition into the young trees before dying,but we never give them chance.”If we could put across the message to the forestry industry,we could make a huge difference towards our environmental protection efforts for the future.v 32 What would be the best title for the passage?v A Old Trees Communicate
6、 Like Humansv B Young Trees Are In Need Of Protectionv C Trees Are More Awesome Than You Thinkv D Trees Contribute To Our Societyv 答案：C 本文是一篇说明文。树比我们大多数人曾经想象的都要复杂，树通过合作和支持，通过营养传递来生存。根据全文内容，尤其是第二段第一句“UBC Professor Simard explains how trees are much more complex than most of us ever imagined”可知全文主题：树比
7、我们大多数人曾经想象的都要复杂。故选C。v 2 主题归纳法v 有些文章没有明确的主题句，主题句隐含在全文之中，这种写作方法是最令考生感到头痛的。在这种情况下，考生要把所有的细节综合起来，进行逻辑推理，概括归纳出主题句，要特别注意那些反复出现的观点和词语，找出这些相同或相似的词语，文章主题就很明显了。v 典例2(2014 四川D 篇).All human beings possess a body clock.Along with other alerting(警报)systems,this governs the sleep/wake cycle and is therefore one of
8、 the main processes which govern sleep behaviour.Typically,the preferred sleep/wake cycle is delayed in adolescents,which leads to many students not feeling sleepy until much later in the evenings.This typical sleep pattern is usually referred to as the“night owl”schedule of sleep.v This is opposed
9、to the“early bird”schedule,and is a kind of disorder where the individual tends to stay up much past midnight.Such a person has great difficulty in waking up in the mornings.Research suggests that night owls feel most alert and function best in the evenings and at night.Research findings have shown
10、that about 20 percent of people can be classified as“night owls”and only 10 percent can be classified as“early birds”the other 70 percent are in the middle.v 46 What does the text mainly talk about?v A Functions of the body clock.v B The“night owl”phenomenon.v C Human beings sleep behaviour.v D The
11、school schedule of“early birds”v 答案：B 本文为研究报告。文中分析部分青年的“夜猫子”生活模式。全文没有明显的主题句，但从文中的“This typical sleep pattern is usually referred to as the night owl schedule of sleep.Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of people can be classified as night owls”可归纳出，文章主要是针对部分青年的“夜猫子”生活模式进行分析，所以B 项正确。v
12、(二)标题判断类v 标题的特点是：短小精悍，概括性强，简洁新颖。那么如何选择文章的标题呢？要恰当地选好标题，需要了解标题的基本拟定方式。一般来说，标题的拟定方式是：以话题为核心，将控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为能够概括主题句句意或中心思想的词组或一句简短的话。v 要选好标题，还要注意三个原则：概括性、针对性、醒目性。一是概括性原则，要求标题应在最大程度上覆盖全文，囊括文章的主要内容，体现文章的主旨要义。二是针对性原则，该原则是对标题外延的一种界定。针对性原则要求标题直接指向文章的主要内容，即标题的外延既不能太大也不能太小，要量体裁衣，大小适度。三是醒目性原则。标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵
13、魂和门面。标题的好坏往往影响文章的可读性，故标题往往比较醒目，甚至比较离奇，以吸引读者的注意。v 典例3(2014 福建A篇)v It was Mothers Day morning last year and I was doing shopping at our local supermarket with my fiveyearold son,Tenyson.As we were leaving,we found that only minutes earlier an elderly woman had fallen over at the entrance and had hit h
14、er head on the concrete.Her husband was with her,but there was blood everywhere and the woman was embarrassed and clearly in shock.v Walking towards the scene,Tenyson became very upset about what had happened to the couple.He said to me,“Mum,its not much fun falling over in front of everyone.”v v In
15、stead I gave the flower to the womans husband and told him,“My son was very upset for your wife and wanted to give her this flower to make her feel better.”v At that,the old man started crying and said,“Thank you so much,you have a wonderful son.Happy Mothers Day to you.”v The man then bent down and
16、 gave his wife the flower,telling her who it was from.Though badly hurt and shaken,the old lady looked up at Tenyson with love in her eyes and gave him a little smile.v 59 What would be the best title for the passage?v A Flower Power B Mothers Dayv C An Accidental Injury D An Embarrassing Momentv 答案：A 这是一篇记叙文。文章主要叙述了作者在母亲节和她五岁的儿子去购物时所发生的一件事：作者儿子给一位受伤的老人送了一束鲜花，这让大家都很感动。文章最后凸显的是花的力量，所以A 项最能概括文章大意。其余选项过于笼统，不具有针对性。v 误区警示 选择标题时要避免下列三种错误：v 以偏概全(多表现为范围太小)v 主题过大(多表现为扩大范围)v 断章取义(以次要的事实、细节替代全文大意)