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1、知 识 点 八：阅 读 理 解 通 过 近 几 年 全 国 各 省 市 中 考 英 语 试 题 来 看，我 们 发 现“阅 读 理 解”题 呈 现 出 这 样 几 个 特 点：题 材 新 颖，原 汁 原 味，趣 味 性 强；贴 近 生 活 实 际，极 具 可 读 性；反 映 社 会 热 点，富 于 时 代 气 息；题 目 设 计 巧 妙，匠 心 独 运；考 查 能 力 综 合 化；选 材 广 泛，信 息 量 大。所 涉 及 内 容 包 罗 万 象，不 仅 涉 及 生 活 百 科，自 然 科 学，而 且 也 触 及 天 文 地 理，寓 言 故 事、异 域 风 情 等。A、阅 读 理 解 题 目
2、类 型 及 解 题 方 法。1.细 节 理 解 题。*此 类 题 主 要 考 察 学 生 对 相 关 信 息 的 识 别 能 力，答 案 般 在 原 文 中 能 找 到。*出 题 中 所 设 的 壬 选 项 一 般 与 文 中 的 观 点 截 然 相 反，要 么 不 符，要 么 未 涉 及，相 对 容 易 排 除。常 常 是 无 中 生 有，张 冠 李 戴，以 偏 概 全，扩 大 内 容。2.文 章（段 落）主 旨 大 意 题。Which is the best title of the passage?The writer t h i n k s.The writer wants to te
3、ll u s.The main idea of the passage i s.*切 忌 以 点 代 面，以 偏 概 全。文 章 的 首 尾 句 及 各 段 的 首 尾 句 往 往 是 探 察 全 文 内 容 的 窗 口,阅 读 时 要 学 会 找 出 文 章 的 中 心 句。*在 阅 读 过 程 中，可 通 过 略 读 来 快 速 把 握 文 章 的 中 心，阅 读 时 视 阈 要 宽，紧 抓 对 主 题 句 的 搜 索，按 意 群 进 行 阅 读，避 免 阅 读 中 的 出 声、指 读、复 视、或 停 顿。3、推 理 判 断 题。此 类 题 需 要 透 过 文 章 信 息 进 行 深 入
4、的 分 析、综 合、归 纳 等 推 断，需 根 据 上 下 文 及 其 内 在 联 系 对 篇 章 进 行 深 入 的 分 析。如 From the second paragraph we k n o w.*在 把 握 全 篇 的 基 础 上，细 读 这 一 段。4、是 非 判 断 题 Which of the following is（NOT）true?Which of the following descriptions about.is right?*干 扰 项 常 常 是 无 中 生 有，张 冠 李 戴，以 偏 概 全，扩 大 内 容 5.词 意 句 意 题 What does the
5、 word mean in paragraph 3?What does the sentence really mean?In the last paragraph,means_.What does the underlined word mean?*学 会 猜 词 根 据 构 词 法 猜 词 义 前 缀 或 后 缀-ful（形 容 词 后 缀），-less（无，没 有，构 成 形 容 词），-ly（副 词 后 缀），u n-（不，非，未）,d is-（相 反，否 定）re-（重 新）appear disappear,agree disagree,tie untie,happy unhappy
6、,careful,careless,hope hopeless,comfortable uncomfortable(2)根 据 上 下 文 猜 词 义 它 和 前 后 文 有 着 必 然 的 联 系*只 有 把 握 作 者 的 脉 搏,理 清 逻 辑 链 条，才 能 锁 定 生 词 的 含 义。(3)旧 词 新 义 现 象。如：Australians put their shirt“tails“on the clothes line after washing,because they usually putthem into their trousers.4(tails 一 词 原 意 为
7、尾 巴，而 在 此 处 的 意 思 为 衬 衫 的(4)依 解 释。Microscope is an instrument(工 具)that makes small near objects seems larger.Microscopem e a n s.*有 时 我 们 能 从 生 词 的 前 后 找 到 解 释 性 的 文 字。B、解 答 阅 读 理 解 题 的 基 本 步 骤。1、首 先 快 速 通 读 全 文(包 括 标 题，图)，了 解 文 章 大 意。2、阅 读 问 题，应 特 别 注 意 建 题。3、带 着 问 题 细 读 文 章，寻 找 重 要 的 解 题 信 息。叙 述 文
8、 重 要 信 息 包 括 人 物(w h o),事 件(what),时 间(w hen),地 点(w here),起 因(w h y),经 ii(h o w),结 果(what)等。*遇 到 个 别 词、句 不 明 白，应 大 胆 跳 过 向 下 读。4、据 初 步 获 得 的 信 息，综 合 运 用 所 学 英 语 知 识 和 有 关 文 章 的 各 种 背 景 知 识 进 行 信 息 处 理，还 应 特 别 注 意 文 章 各 部 分 之 间 内 在 的 联 系 和 字 面 隐 含 的 意 思。5、分 析 的 基 础 上 选 定 答 案。6、如 果 时 间 够 用，可 复 读 文 章,验
9、证 答 案。C、阅 读 技 巧。1.略 读 法：快 速 阅 读，了 解 大 意，综 合 主 题 句，找 出 全 文 的 主 题 思 想。主 题 句 的 位 置 一 般 在 句 首 或 句 末,也 有 在 句 中 的。2.查 读 法：顾 名 思 义 是 为 查 找 某 一 特 定 信 息 而 进 行 的 阅 读。3、借 助 跳 读 找 细 节，借 助 掠 读 找 中 心。4、全 文 中 心 体 现 的 是 各 段 之 和。段 落 中 心 常 与 该 段 首 句 尾 句 相 关。5、干 扰 项 或 是 远 离 文 章 内 容，或 是 以 偏 概 全。常 见 的 干 扰 项：无 中 生 有，张 冠
10、李 戴，以 偏 概 全，扩 大 内 容。6、猜 测 词 义 时，一 定 要 回 到 原 文 中,因 为 没 有 上 下 文 就 没 有 词 义。7、推 理 判 断 题 注 意 从 文 章 隹 翥 立 场 出 发，从 短 文 中 找 答 案，而 不 是 问 你 作 为 中 学 生 的 看 法。8、做 题 的 关 键 是 看 清 题 目 的 要 求，读 准 的 关 键 是 分 清 句 子 的 结 构 和 确 认 词 性 词 义。9、注 意 表 逻 辑 关 系 词:起 承 上 启 下 的 作 用，表 明 前 后 文 间 的 联 系 表 示 先 后 顺 序 的 词 有：first,second,thi
11、rd,finally等。(2)表 示 转 折 意 义 的 词 有：but,yet,though,however等。（3）表 示 先 因 果 关 系 的 词 有:because,for,so that等。（4）for example10、分 析 长 句 长 句 中 通 常 含 并 列、复 合、倒 装 等 结 构，要 分 清 主 干，先 找 出 句 子 的 主 谓 宾，再 找 修 饰 语。1）She said the secret is to never put things off until tomorrow.主 句 宾 语 从 句 2）Environment clubs ask studen
12、ts to bring their their lunches in bags that can be used again.这 句 主 干 是 Environment clubs ask students to bring their their lunches in bags.that can be used again 是 定 语 从 句，修 饰 bags。全 句 可 翻 译 为：环 保 俱 乐 部 要 求 学 生 用 可 再 次 使 用 的 袋 子 来 带 午 饭。3）I didnt quite understand how they got the books back so qui
13、ckly until I picked up a bookGrandma had left one day.本 句 的 主 干 是 I didnt quite understand.until I picked up a book.（直 到 我 捡 到 一 本 书.我 才 明 白）主 干 是：主 句+until引 导 的 时 间 状 语 从 句。how they got the books back so quicky 是 宾 语 从 句，作 understand 的 宾 语。（that）Grandma had left one day 是 定 语 从 句，修 饰 a booko整 句 可 翻
14、 译 为：直 到 有 一 天 我 捡 到 一 本 奶 奶 落 下 的 一 本 书，我 才 明 白 他 们 是 如 何 这 么 快 地 把 书 拿 回。ADo you know why different animals or pests（昆 虫）have their special colors?Colors in themseem to be used mainly to protect themselves.Some birds like eating locusts（蝗 虫）,but birds cannot easily catch them.Why?It is becauselocu
15、sts change their colors together with the change of the colors of crops.When crops are green,locusts look green.But as the harvest time comes,locusts change to the same brown color as cropshave.Some other pests with different colors from plants are easily found and eaten by others.Sothey have to hid
16、e themselves for lives and appear only at night.If you study the animal life,youll find the main use of coloring is to protect themselves.Bears,lions and other animals move quietly through forests.They cannot be easily seen by hunters（猎 人）.This is because they have the colors much like the trees.Hav
17、e you ever noticed an even stranger act?A kind of fish in the sea can send out a kind ofvery black liquid（液 体）when it faces danger.While the liquid spreads over（散 开），its enemies（敌 人）cannot find it.And it immediately swims away.So it has lived up to now though it is not strongat all.1.From the passag
18、e we learn that l o c u s t s.A.are small animals B.are easily found by birdsC.are dangerous to their enemies D.change their colors to protect themselves2.How can pests with different colors from plants keep out of danger?A.They run away quickly.B.They have the colors much like their enemies.C.They
19、hide themselves by day and appear at night.D.They have to move quietly.3.Bears and lions can keep safe b e c a u s e.A.they have the colors much like the trees B.they move quietlyC.they like brown and gray colors D.they live in forests4.Why can the kind of fish live up to now?A.Because it is very an
20、d strong.B.Because the liquid it sends out can help it escape from its enemies.C.Because the liquid it sends out can kill its enemies.D.Because it swims faster than any other fish.5.Which is the best title for this passage?A.The Change of Colors for Animals and Pests B.Colors of Different Animals an
21、d PestsC.The Main Use of Colors for Animals and Pests D.Some Animals and Pests【解 题 思 路 点 拨】这 是 一 篇 科 技 小 品 文。其 主 要 内 容 是：许 多 昆 虫 的 颜 色 十 分 奇 特，其 主 要 用 途 是 用 来 保 护 自 己。蝗 虫 身 体 的 颜 色 随 庄 稼 颜 色 的 改 变 而 做 相 应 变 化，这 样 就 不 易 被 捕 食 它 们 的 鸟 儿 发 现。有 的 动 物 与 周 围 的 植 物 颜 色 差 别 很 明 显，容 易 被 捕 食 者 察 觉，只 好 夜 间 出 来
22、 活 动。更 奇 特 的 是，有 一 种 鱼，在 遇 到 危 险 时，会 喷 射 出 黑 色 液 体，以 掩 护 自 己 逃 走。BIts important to learn about protecting our environment.Here is a 5R rule for us:1.ReduceIf you want to reduce waste,you should use things wisely（明 智 地）.A large number of treesare being cut down to make paper.If everyone uses a little
23、 paper carelessly and throw it out,soonwe would not have any trees left.Other things are also being wasted,and people dont know whatto do with the waste in big cities.So it is necessary to reduce the waste.2.ReuseYou should always think of reusing the usable things before throwing them out.Give your
24、clothes you do not use or the ones which too small to the poor.In a family,you may pass on suchclothes to younger brothers or sisters.3.RecycleBottles,cans（罐 子）and paper can easily be recycled.By doing so we save lots of time andmoney.For example,coke cans are sent to a factory,where they are smashe
25、d flat（压 平）and melted（鬲 虫 化）and the metal things are made for new coke cans.4.RecoverWhen you buy a box of apples,there may be few rotten（腐 烂 的）apples,you have two choices:one is to throw the whole apples away,or you could cut off the rotten parts and use the good parts.In this way,you are recoverin
26、g the eatable parts of food.5.RepairIf one of the begs of your table is broken,you can repair it.If you want to change for betterones,it is better for you to sell the old things or give them to other people who can use them afterdoing some repair.It is true that North America is a“throw-away“society
27、,but the time has come tochange our way of life so that we can protect our environment.Every one of us should try our best.l.The t4Reduce rule mainly requires（要 求）u s.A.to use things wisely B.to cut down many treesC.to use a lot of paper D.to throw away your old clothes2.Whats the right order（J 序）of
28、 recycling coke cans?a.collect the used cans b.melt themc.smash them flat d.send them to a factoryA.a b c d B.a d c b C.d b c a D.c a b d3.The“Recover“rule mainly requires u s.A.to throw waste things away B.to cover waste things with earthC.to get back the useful parts D.to throw the whole things aw
29、ay5.Which is the best way to do with your broken tables?A.Throwing them away.B.Requiring them.C.Selling them.D.Putting them away.【解 题 思 路 点 拨】对 生 存 在 地 球 上 的 人 类 来 说，保 护 环 境 是 非 常 重 要 的。这 篇 短 文 贴 近 生 活，富 有 时 代 气 息。全 文 详 细 介 绍 了“5R”方 法 的 具 体 内 容 和 做 法。对 增 强 青 少 年 学 生 的 环 保 意 识 具 有 十 分 重 要 的 意 义。CGood
30、 evening,ladies and gentlemen,Tm Roy,and this is my show.This is a television show for allfamilies,and I know you91 1 enjoy it.Lets start with a story.Once there was a proud pig on a farm.He thought he was the mostimportant of all the animals on the farm.But it was not enough that he himself thought
31、 this:he hadto be sure that other animals thought it,too.So he went up to a chicken and asked,4 4 Who is themost important animal on the farm?”The chicken answered,u You are,Mr.Pig Then he asked adog,and he got the same reply.Next,he asked a cow.When the cow seemed uncertained of the right answer,th
32、e pig lookedangry,and showed his teeth,u Oh,you are,of course,Mr.Pig.said the cow.Of course,M the pigsaid,6 4 there is no doubt about it.”At last the pig asked a big horse the same question.The horse lifted one foot,rolled the pigover and placed his foot on the pigs head.u I think you know the answe
33、r now.said the horse.1.The Roy show i s.A.a family show on TV B.for kids only C.a sports show2.When the pig asked a dog,the d o g.A.said nothing B.said the pig was the most importantC.said the pig was as important as the horse3.The horse thought was the most important on the farm.A.he himself B.the
34、pig C.the cow4.The word 4 4 uncertained m e a n s.A.相 同 的 B.未 确 认 的 C.令 人 满 意 的 5.Whats the best title of this p a s s a g e?.A.A pig and a cow B.A farm C.The most important animalDOne afternoon Mrs.Greens husband wanted to catch the 3:30 flight to London to have an importantmeeting.She was very sur
35、prised when he telephoned her at 5 oclock and said that he was still atthe airport.“What happened to you?M asked Mrs.Green.“Well,“said Mr.Green,Everything was going fine.I got my ticket,checked my luggage andwaited in line at the gate.I walked across the runway to the airplane and I saw my friend Ja
36、ck Scott,who was an airplane engineer.I shouted to him and a policeman caught me.”“Why did he catch you?”“I dont know,“said Mr.Green,t4As soon as he heard my shout,he ran towards me and caughtme.4 4What did you shout to your friend?“All I said was Hi,Jack.You know thats the usual way we say hello to
37、 our friends.”“But you dont know the sentence Hi,Jack also means to take control of a plane by force（武 力）1.How did Mr.Green want to go to L o n d o n?.A.By train B.By bus C.By airplane2.Why was Mrs.Green s u r p r i s e d?.A.Because her husband didnt arrived the airport in timeB.Because her husband
38、was still at the airport at 5 oclockC.Because her husband didnt want to go to London3.When did Mr.Green get to the airport that a f t e r n o o n?.A.Before 3:30 B.After 3:30 C.At about 5:004.What was Jack Scott in the p a s s a g e?.A.He was a pilot B.He was a policeman at the airport C.He was an en
39、gineer5.According to the passage we k n o w.A.Jack Scott asked Mr.Green not to fly to LondonB.Mr.Green would take control of a plane by force C.The policemen mistook what Mr.Green saidEA famous foreign company in China wanted a Clerk for its public relation department（公 关 部）.A beautiful girl with a
40、masters degree（硕 士 学 位）went through a lot of challenges and hername was on the list.In the final stage she faced an interview together-with another girl.Both ofthem were outstanding,not only in looks but also in education.The girl was successful in the interview.It seemed that she would get the chan
41、ce.At last theexaminer asked her,Can you come to the office next Monday?”Shocked by the unexpectedquestion,the beautiful girl couldnt make a decision at the moment,so she said,I have to talk withmy parents before I give an answer.n The examiner felt surprised but said calmly,nIf so,let s waittill yo
42、u are ready.The next day,the girl came to tell the examiner that her parents had agreed to let her beginwork next Monday.But the examiner said regretfully（遗 憾 地）,Sorry,another suitable candidate（选 手）has got the job.You had better try another place.The beautiful girl was surprised.She askedfor an exp
43、lanation（解 释）and was told,What is needed here is a person who knows her own mind.That was how a good opportunity right under the nose of a beautiful girl ran away.1.The beautiful girl wanted to ask her parents for advice becauseA.she didn*t like the job B.she didnt expect the examiner would ask such
44、 a questionC.she didn*t want to answer the question D.her parents would be angry if she didnt ask them2.We can learn from the passage thatA.the company lost its best clerk B.no girl got the jobC.the other girl who failed at the last interview might get the jobD.the examiner was very pleased with the
45、 girl3.The examiner regarded as the most important.A.a persons confidence B.a persons knowledge C.a persons age D.a person*s beautiful looks4.The underlined phrase“right under the nose of*probably meansA.就 在 鼻 子 下 B.想 要 得 到 的 C.没 有 把 握 的 D.就 在 眼 前 的5.The best title for the passage above might beA.Ma
46、ke Decisions With Your Parents B.A Successful InterviewC.Use Your Own Mind D.Answer the Examiners Question QuicklyFWhenever the sun dropped and the blue sky came up,my father and I used to climb themountain near my house.Walking together,my father and I used to have a lot of conversationsthrough whi
47、ch I learned lessons from his experiences.He always told me,“You should have goalslike climbing the mountain.M Without the mountain-climbing that we both enjoyed,we couldnthave enough time to spend together because my father was very busy.I really got a lot frommountain-climbing.It gave me time to t
48、alk with my father and to be in deep thought as well asdevelop my patience（耐 力）.Once we climbed a very high mountain.It was so challenging for me because I was only tenyears old.During the first few hours of climbing,I enjoyed the flowers and trees,and the birdssinging,but as time passed,I got a pai
49、n in both of my legs.I wanted to quit climbing.In fact,Ihated it at that moment,but my father said to me,“You can always see a beautiful sky at the top ofthe mountain,but you cant see it before you reach the top.Only there at the top,can you see al ofthe nice things,just like in life.”At that time,I
50、 was too young to understand his words.But later after that,I got new hope andconfidence（信 心）.I found myself standing at the top of the sky,which was as clear as crystal（水 晶）.1.The passage tells us that mountain-climbing was for Father and Son.A.hard B.enjoyable C.painful D.comfortable2.The word qui