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1、知识点十、科普常识1.（2018 桂林 D）Today is December 15,2030.Influenced by the launch of the first manned mission to Mars next month,you will most likely g et a g ift card for a space trip.The interest in trips,100km above the surface of the Earth,has g rown steadily since such a trip beg an.However,the market h
2、as g rown much larg er this year since the official announcement of the Mars mission.More low-cost spacelines have entered the market and you can now find flig hts for such a trip for as low as$3,495.Its very reasonable.Space tourism（旅游业；观光业）is one of the markets that have developed fast during the
3、last decade,withthe opening of the Starbrig ht Hotel on the moon as well as the low orbital hotels that started accepting g uests.However,accommodation in space is still expensive for the averag e household,so the suborbital（亚轨道的）flig hts with thirty-minute weig htlessness during the three-hour flig
4、 ht will for some time be the most popular trip.However,the spacelines mig ht in the future face fierce competition between space elevators（太空升降舱）,like the one that is projected to start construction within two years.Once it is fully functional,it will start to shipcarg o to space.But it will accept
5、 passeng ers as soon aspossible to g et back the larg e investment.Even if the elevator becomes successful,it will take several years beforethere are more elevators in the world to g et in the competition for space traffic with the spacelines.Those who are looking for a little bit of adventure and h
6、ave extra money to spend may want to consider asuborbital flig ht in space.While a suborbital flig ht may not be the space mission that you have always dreamed of,it will g ive you the rare opportunity to see what our planet looks like in a hig h-altitude flig ht outside ouratmosphere.So before you
7、enjoy a trip by elevator to space,enjoy a suborbital flig ht first.根据短文内容，选择最佳选项。71.From Parag raph 1,what will happen in January,2031?A.A g ift card will be taken to Mars,B.Mars will be explored for the first time.C.Man will g o to Mars for the first time.D.An affordable space trip will come true.7
8、2.The underlined averag e“can most probably be replaced by in this passag e.A.common B.hig h-income C.low-cost D.low-income73.What is the space elevator purpose in accepting passeng ers as soon as possible?A.To ship carg o to space.B.To g et in the competition between spacelines.C.To start the const
9、ruction of more space elevators.D.To g et back the larg e investment.74 Which of the following is N O T T R U E according to the passag e?A.Space tourism has developed fast during the last ten years.B.A suborbital fig ht may be the space mission that you have dreamed of.C.The suborbital flig hts wil
10、l be the most popular trip for some time.D.Even thoug h the elevator becomes successful,we still wait for a few years to see more elevators come out75.We can know from the passag e that.A.the low orbital hotels have opened since a space trip beg anB.within two years,space elevators will beg in to sh
11、ip carg o and people to space.C.during the suborbital fig hts,you will experience 30 minutes weig htlessnessD.if you want to meet your curiosity,you may try a suborbital fig ht【主旨大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了未来太空旅游的发展状况，特别是亚轨道飞行。体裁说明文话题未来旅游词数34271.D 推理判断题。根据第一段内容可知，2031年，太空旅游价格将会变得合理，人们可以接受。72.A 词义猜测题。根据第三段中该句句
12、意“然而，太空住宿对于家庭来说仍然是贵的”可知averag e此处意为“普通的”。73.D 细节理解题。根据第四段中“But it will accept passeng ers as soon as possible to g et back the larg einvestm ent.可知目的是收回投资。74.D 推理判断题。根据第四段最后一段中最后一句Even if the elevator becomes successful,it will takeseveral years before there are more elevators in the world to g et i
13、n the competition for space traffic with thespacelines.”可知，即使电梯非常成功，也需要花费几年时间才能有更多的电梯参与到太空旅游的竞争中来。故 D 项错误。75.C 推理判断题。根据第三段中最后一句“so the suborbital（亚轨道的）flig hts with thirty-minuteweig htlessness during the three-hour flig ht will for some time be the most popular trip.”可知应选 Co2.（2018 北京 C）Some primar
14、y schoolchildren have been raised in homes with more g reen space around.They are likely tocome with larg er volumes of white and g ray matter in certain areas of the brain.These differences areassociated（关联）with beneficial effects on cog nitive function（认知功能）.This is the main conclusion of a studyl
15、ed by the Barcelona Institute for Global Health.The study was performed among 253 schoolchildren in Spain.Lifelong exposure（接触）to g reen space in theliving places was recorded-using the information on the children9s addresses from birth up throug h to the time ofthe study.Brain structure was studied
16、 using 3D mag netic resonance imag ing（MR）.Working memory andinatlentiveness（注意力不集中）were g raded with computers.“This is the first study that shows the association between long-term exposure to g reen space and brainstructure.v says Dr.Payam Dadvand,the leading researcher of the study.Our finding s
17、sug g est that exposure tog reen space early in life could result in beneficial structural chang es rin the brain.”The finding s show that long-term exposure to g reenness is positively associated with white and g rey mattervolumes in several parts of the brain.Some of them are related to hig her sc
18、ores on cog nitive tests.Moreover,larg er volumes of white and g rey matter in those parts mig ht lead to better working memory and lessinattentiveness.Exposure to nature has been thoug ht to be necessary for brain development in children Another study of2,593 children shows that children in schools
19、 with more g reen space have a g reater increase in working memoryand a g reater decrease in inattentiveness.Humans are believed to be tied to nature.Playing in g reener areas offers children opportunities to search andlearn.According ly,g reen space is thoug ht to prompt important exercises in disc
20、overy,creativity and risk taking.These exercises in turn positively influence brain development.Dr.Dadvands study sug g ests how such structural chang es could bring about the beneficial effects of g reenspace on cog nitive development.It also adds to the proof that sug g ests the lasting effects of
21、 early life exposure tog reenness on our health and the benefits of increasing g reenness in cities.Further studies are needed to prove the finding s in other population,setting s and climates.And researchersneed to examine differences according to the nature and quality of g reen space.27.The secon
22、d parag raph is mainly a b o u t.A.how the study was performed B.what was recorded in the studyC.how long the study lasted D.who took part in the study28.The word“prompt”in Parag raph 6 probably means”.A.control B.encourag e C.balance D.chang e29.What can we learn from the passag e?A.Working memory
23、influences white and g rey matter in the brain.B.Dr.Dadvand stressed the importance of chang ing the environment.C.Studies proved the influence of g reenness on populations out of Spain.D.Living in g reener neig hborhoods benefits children in brain development.题材|说 明 文|话 题|科普知识（绿色空间对大脑认知的影响）|词 数|395
24、【主旨大意】本文是一篇科普文章，主要讲述了绿色空间对大脑认知的一个影响。巴塞罗那全球健康研究所通过调查在校学生发现，在生活中多接触绿色空间，对学生的认知功能有积极影响，并且增强工作记忆，减轻注意力不集中。27.A 段落主旨归纳题。第二段主要介绍了本次调查研究是如何进行的，因此选A。28.B 词义猜测题 According ly,g reen space is thoug ht to prompt important exercises in discovery.creativityand risk taking.相应地，绿色空间被认为能在发现力、创造力和冒险中促进重要的锻炼,prompt是促进
25、,鼓舞的意思。control是控制，encourag e是 鼓 励 balance是 平 衡 chang e是改变，只有encourag e的感情色彩是正面的，因此选B。29.D综合推断题。本文主要讲述了绿色空间对大脑认知的影响，文章分别从第三段、第四段、第五段、第六段以及第七段论证该观点。D项“居住在绿化更好的社区有助于孩子们大脑的发育”符合文意，故选D。3.（2018 扬州 A）Think of the animal world,and a g roup of colorful wild animals will spring to mind:a parrofsrainbow feathe
26、rs or the showy scales of sea fish.But,many mammals（哺乳动物）on the planetcome in only two colors:black and white.Spend some time exploring what science has discoveredabout these animals,appearances,and youll see that basic black and white isnt so basic at all.The pandas white body helps it hide in snow
27、yareas.The arms and leg s are black,helping it hidein forests.The marking s on its head are not usedto hide,but to communicate.Black ears can act asa warning to enemies.Depending on the species,black skunks（臭鼬）may wear white spots that act as covering orstripes that sig nal enemies to be aware of th
28、eirsmelly spray,which causes no real harm to itsvictims,but it sure makes them uncomfortable.Zebras thin coats make them more vulnerablethan long-haired animals to biting flies that carrydisease,but the coats stripes prevent flies fromlanding on them,for reasons that scientists arestill studying.Fur
29、ther,their attractiveness to fliesincreases with stripe width.No two zebras stripesare exactly the same.31.According to the passag e,which of the following sentences is TURE?A.The pandas white parts help it hide ag ainst snow.B.Both white spots and white stripes help skunks kill their victims.C.Zebr
30、as with wider stripes are less attractive to flies.D.Scientists have already known all the secrets about the stripes.32.What does the underlined word“vulnerable mean?A.Being easily landed.C.Being easily discovered.B.Being easily attracted.D.Being easily attacked.33.Which could be the best title of t
31、he passag e?A.Why Animal Stripes Come in Different ShapesB.Why So Many Animals Wear Black-and-White CoatsC.How Wild Animals Protect Themselves from EnemiesD.How Black and White Become Basic Colors in Animal Word体裁科普文话题野生动物颜色的作用词数322【主旨大意】这是一篇科普说明文。文章通过具体事例说明，出现在我们脑海中的丰富多彩的野生动物，其基本的黑白根本就不是那么简单，它们各有各的
32、作用。31.A 细节理解题。根据第二表格中“,which causes no real harm to its victims,but it suremakes them uncomfortable”可知黑臭鼬可能会戴上白色的斑点或条纹，不会对其受害者造成真正的伤害，但这确实让他们感到不舒服。故选项B不正确；根据表格三中“their attractivenessto flies increases with stripe width”可知斑马对苍蝇的吸引力随着条纹宽度的增加而增加。故可排除选项C；根据表格中“for reasons that scientists are still study
33、ing”可知原因科学家仍在研究中。故可排除选项D。选项B、C、D三项描述都有误。故选A。32.D 词义猜测题。根据下文可猜测Zebras thin coats make them more vulnerable thanlong-haired animals to biting flies that carry disease,but the coats stripes prevent flies from landingon them,”的意思为“斑马的薄外套使它们比长发动物更易被携带疾病的苍蝇叮咬，但大衣的条纹阻止了苍蝇降落在它们身上。故vulnerable意为“易受伤害的”，英文释意为b
34、eingeasily attackedo文中more vulnerable为作宾语补足语。故选D。33.B主旨大意题。文章主要通过具体事例说明，野生动物是怎样利用颜色（基本的黑白）来保护它们自己，免受伤害的。故选B。4 （2018广东 B）Theres much to see under the sea,but you need to remember that lig ht behaves differently in water than in air.The objects appear closer to you than they exactly are.You mig ht fin
35、d yourself reaching out of to touch somethingand completely missing it.Objects under water will appear larg er than they would on the surface,too.Be careful not to tell any storiesabout the big fish that g ot away.That fish mig ht not be so big after all!Its just because sometimes thing s canseem to
36、 be as much as about 33 percent big g er in water!Whats more,in deeper water,colors just dont seem as brig ht.In fact,it looks as if some colors are missing.Remember the color of an object results from the waveleng ths（波长）of lig ht that are reflected（反射）from itssurface.And lig ht is taken in as it m
37、oves down throug h the water.Swimmers wear wet suits to keep warm underwater.Lets take a brig ht red,yellow,and blue wet suit as anexample.These colors are hard to miss on the surface of water.Watch carefully the chang es in color as youdescend in the water.The red part now looks almost black becaus
38、e the red lig ht waveleng ths,the long est amongthese three colors,are missing.As you g o down deeper,the same thing will happen to the yellow part and in theend to the blue part.Even at a place of about 6 to9meters underwater,you will look terrible,like a g host 鬼怪）!And you have to wait for your re
39、turn to the surface to enjoy the brig ht colors ag ain.61.You miss the object under water when you want to touch it beca us e.A.your eyesig ht is quite poor B.you are not quick enoug hC.it is not as close as it seems D.it disappears very quickly62.The example of the wet suit is used to explain the c
40、hang e of of an object underwater.A.the size B.the color C.the position D.the weig ht63.The underlined word“desLeed-probably means in Chinese in this passag e.A.上升 B.酒污 C.屏息 D.下潜64.Which of the following is true?A.A four-meter-long fish looks three meters long underwater.B.The waveleng ths of red li
41、g ht are long er than those of blue lig ht.C.Much water will be taken in by the swimmer deep in the wave.D.You will see a g host if you g o as deep as 6 to 9 meters into the sea.65.The best title of this passag e is.A.The Standard of Color Underwater B.The Direction of Lig ht UnderwaterC.The Brig ht
42、ness of Color Underwater D.The Behavior of Lig ht Underwater体裁说明文话题科普知识词数280【主旨大意】本文为说明文。介绍了光线在水中与在空气中的传播有所不同：水中的物体看起来离你比实际近、而且大。颜色在深水中也会不鲜艳了，甚至有的颜色会消失。文章还举例说明由于不同颜色的光波长不同，不同的颜色在水下变化也不同。61.C 细节理解题。由第一段中第二句 The objects appear closer to you than they exactly are.”可知，物体在水中离你比实际近。故选C。62.B 细节理解题。由第四段前三句话
43、“Swimmers wear wet suits to keep warm underwater.Let*s take a brig htred,yellow,and blue wet suit as an example.These colors are hard to miss on the surface of water.”可 矢 口，作者用红、黄、蓝三种不同的颜色举例解释水下物体颜色的变化。故选B。63.D 词义猜测题。划线词所在的句子 a Watch carefully the chang es in color as you descend in the water.”与下 文“
44、As you g o down deeper,.”是递进关系。故可推断出descent与 g o down同义，即：下潜。故选Do64.B 推理判断题。由第四段中第五句“the red lig ht waveleng ths,the long est among these three colors.”红光的波长是红、黄、蓝三种颜色中最长的，所以红光的波长比蓝光的长；此句与原文相符。故 B 项正确。65.D 主旨大意题。阅读全文知，本文主要谈论的是光在水中的折射并从第一段的第一句话的主题句“Theres much to see under the sea,but you need to rem
45、ember that lig ht behaves differently in water than inair.”知，光在水底下的行为可以作为文章的标题。故选D。5.（2018 深圳E）Artificial intellig ence（人工智能）,or AI in short,is the science of g iving computers and machinesability to think and work like humans.Al scientists and eng ineers have made a lot of cool technolog y.Al is ra
46、pidly catching up with the human ability to read faces.As a result,facial recog nition（识别）is used alot in the world.Chinese police use this technolog y to identify criminals（罪犯）.Once they caug ht a criminalwhen he attended a concert.It also checks the ID of ride-hailing（网约车）drivers and lets people p
47、ay for thing swith a smile.Al is also used in self-driving cars,which are believed to be the future of driving.Most drivers may wave ornod at passers-by to let them cross the street,but self-driving cars dont have this ability.Carmakers are testing alig ht sig nal system to help them“speak“to humans
48、.The system can show what self-driving cars will do.Forexample,if a driverless car is yielding（让路）,it will flash two white lig hts side to side.A rapidly flashing lig httells passers-by that the car is about to speed up.Service Robots also show you how powerful Al is.Imag ine this-you come back from
49、 school and your robothousekeeper is waiting for you at the door.After dinner,he teaches you to play the piano,just like a real musicteacher.Such thoug hts will soon happen in the real world.In the future,more and more service robots willbecome g ood home helpers.Al is so powerful that it can help h
50、uman being s and even replace us in many jobs.（）42.What does the underlined word identify mean in Parag raph 2 probablyA To let somebody know his mistakes.B.To come to realize and tell who is whoC To take somebody to the police stationD.To inform somebody of something important）43.According to the p