《2022-2023年考研英语一真题及答案.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022-2023年考研英语一真题及答案.pdf（12页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、2022年考研英语一真题Section I Use ofEnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numberedblank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Trust is a tricky business.On the one hand,its a necessary c o n d it i o n(1)many worthwhile things:child care,friendships,etc.On th
2、e other hand,putting your(2)in the wrong place often carries a h i g h(3).(4),why do we trust at all?Well,because it feels g o o d.(5)peopleplace their trust in an individual or an institution,their brains release oxytocin,ahormone that_(6)pleasurable feelings and triggers the herding instruct that
3、leadssheep to flock together for safety and prompts humans to(7)with oneanother.Swiss Scientists have found that e x p o s u r e(8)this hormone puts us in at r u s t i n g(9):In a study,researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half thesubjects;those subjects were ready to lend significantly hi
4、gher amounts of money tostrangers than were t h e i r(10)who inhaled something else.(11)for us,we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that ma y(12)us.A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate(13)a credible person and a dishonest one.Sixty toddlers were e a c h(1
5、4)to an adult tester holding a plastic container.The tester would ask,Whats in here?before looking into the container,smiling,and exclaiming,tWow!Each subject wasthen invited to l ook(15).Half of them found a toy;the other half(16)the container was empty-and realized the tester had(17)them.Among the
6、 children who had not been tricked,the majority we r e(18)tocooperate with the tester in learning a new skill,demonstrating that they trusted hisle a d e r s h ip.(19),only five of the 30 children paired with the(20)ntesterparticipated in a follow-up activity.1.A.on B.like C.for D.from2.A.faith B.co
7、ncern C.attention D.interest3.A.benefit B.debt C.hope D.price4.A.Therefore B.Then C.Instead D.Again5.A.Until B.Unless C.Although D.When6.A.selects B.produces C.applies D.maintains7.A.consult B.compete C.connect D.compare8.A.at B.by C.of D.to9.A.context B.mood C.period D.circle10.A.counterparts B.sub
8、stitutes C.colleagues D.supporters11.A.Funny B.Lucky C.Odd D.Ironic12.A.monitor B.protect C.surprise D.delight13.A.between B.within C.toward D.over14.A.transferred B.added C.introduced D.entrusted15.A.out B.back C.around D.inside16.A.discovered B.proved C.insisted D.remembered17.A.betrayed B.wronged
9、 C.fooled D.mocked18.A.forced B.willing C.hesitant D.entitled19.A.In contrast B.As a result C.On the whole D.For instance20.A.inflexible B.incapable C.unreliable D.UnsuitableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text bychoosing
10、 A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWERSHEET.（40points）Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probablygo unmentioned in the next presidential campaign:What happens when the robotscome for theirjobs?Dont dismiss that possibility entirely.About half ofU.S.jobs
11、 are at high risk ofbeing automated,according to a University of Oxford study,with the middle classdisproportionately squeezed.Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care dontappeal to robots.But many middle-class occupations-trucking,financial advice,software engineering-have aroused their interes
12、t,or soon will.The rich own therobots,so they will be fine.This isnt to be alarmist.Optimists point out that technological upheaval hasbenefited workers in the past.The Industrial Revolution didnt go so well for Ludditeswhose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms,but it eventually raised livingsta
13、ndards and created more jobs than it destroyed.Likewise,automation shouldeventually boost productivity,stimulate demand by driving down prices,and freeworkers from hard,boring work.But in the medium term,middle-class workers mayneed a lot of help adjusting.The first step,as Erik Brynjolfsson and And
14、rew McAfee argue in The SecondMachine Age,should be rethinking education and job training.Curriculums-fromgrammar school to college-should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and moreon creativity and complex communication.V ocational schools should do a better jobof fostering problem-solving s
15、kills and helping students work alongside robots.Online education can supplement the traditional kind.It could make extra training andinstruction affordable.Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do sowithout going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the
16、need for the U.S.torevive its fading business dynamism:Starting new companies must be made easier.Inprevious eras of drastic technological change,entrepreneurs smoothed the transitionby dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines.The bestuses of3D printersand virtual reality havent been invented
17、yet.The U.S.needs the new companies thatwill invent them.Finally,because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital incomeand labor income,taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought.Taxes onlow-wage labor need to be cut,and wage subsidies such as the earned income taxcredit should
18、 be expanded:This would boost incomes,encourage work,rewardcompanies for job creation,and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years,yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended byautomation.Destroying the mach
19、ines that are coming for ourjobs would be nuts.Butpolicies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?A.Leading politicians.B.Low-wage laborers.C.Robot owners.D.Middle-class workers.22.Which of the following best represent the authors view?A.Worries abou
20、t automation are in fact groundless.B.Optimists opinions on new tech find little support.C Issues arising from automation need to be tackledD.Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided23.Education in the age of automation shouldput more emphasis on.A.creative potential.B.job-hunting skills.C.i
21、ndividual needs.D,cooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at.A.encouraging the development of automation.B.increasing the return on capital investment.C.easing the hostility between rich and poor.D.preventing the income gap from widening.25.In this text,the author presen
22、ts a problem wi t h A.opposing views on it.B.possible solutions to it.C.its alarming impacts.D.its major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of youngAmericans disapprove of President Trumps use ofTwitter.The implication is thatMillennials prefer news from t
23、he White House to be filtered through other source,Nota presidents social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines.Yet as distrust hasrisen toward all media,people may be starting to beefup their media literacy skills.Such a trend is badly needed.During the 2022 pr
24、esidential campaign,nearly a quarterof web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan wasfake news,according to the U niversity of Oxford.And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from themedia giant.Youn
25、g people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful atseparating fact from fiction in cyberspace.A Knight Foundation focus-group surveyof young people between ages 14and24 found they use distributed trust to verifystories.They cross-check sources and prefer news from differentperspect
26、ives-especially those that are open about any bias.Many young peopleassume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and activelyseeking out opposing viewpoints/9 the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect.A 2022 survey conducted inAustralia,Britain,and
27、the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madisonfound that young peoples reliance on social media led to greater politicalengagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately andimmediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of theirvalues a
28、nd interests.This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passingalong information.A survey by Barna research group found the top reason given byAmericans for the fake news phenomenon is reader error,more so than made-upstories or factual mistakes in reporting.About a third say the proble
29、m of fake newslies in misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news”via social m edia.In otherwords,the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue.Thisindicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem/9 saysRoxanne Stone,editor in chief at Bar
30、na Group.So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president,they reveal amental discipline in thinking skills-and in their choices on when to share on socialmedia.26.According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2,many young Americans cast doubtsonA.the justification of the news-filtering practice.
31、B.peoples preference for social mediaplatforms.C.the administrations ability to handle information.D.social media was a reliable source of news.27.The phrase“beer up”(Line 2,Pardo密 fin m eaning toA.sharpenB.defineC.boastD.share28.According to the knight foundation survey,young peopleA.tend to voice
32、their opinions in cyberspace.B.verify news by referring to diverse resources.C.have s strong sense of responsibility.D.like to exchange views on distributed trust29.The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem isA.readers outdated values.B.journalists biased reportingC.readers1
33、 misinterpretationD.journalists made-up stories.30.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A.A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News OnlineB.A Counteraction Against the Over-tweetingTrendC.The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.D.The Platforms for Projection of Perso
34、nal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between BritainsNational Health Service(NHS)and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that bothsides meanwell.DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence(AI)companiesin the world.The potential of this work applied to
35、 healthcare is very great,but it couldalso lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants.It Is against thatbackground that the information commissioner,Elizabeth Denham,has issued herdamning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS,which handedover to DeepMind the reco
36、rds of 1.6 million patients In 2022 on the basis of a vagueagreement which took far too little account of the patients rights and theirexpectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized.The NHS trust has mended its ways.Furtherarrangements-and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will
37、becarefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked ofpatients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned.There are lessons about informedpatient consent to learn.But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even themost important.Ms.Denham chose to concentrate
38、the blame on the NHS trust,sinceunder existing law it ucontrolled the data and DeepMind merely“processed it.Bthis distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation,not the merepossession of bits,that gives the data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of
39、all the data that ourlives now generate.Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individualfrom identifiable knowledge about them.That misses the way the surveillanceeconomy works.The data of an individual there gains its value only when it iscompared with the data of countless millions mor
40、e.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightlymaladapted.This practice does not address the real worry.It is not enough to say thatthe algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives.What mattersis that they will belong to a private monopoly which
41、developed them using publicresources.If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can,big datamay be expected to behave as a big pharm has done.We are still at the beginning ofthis revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequenceslater.A long struggle will
42、be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism.Ms.Denhams report is a welcome start.31.What is true of the agreement between the NH S and DeepM ind?A.It caused conflicts among tech giants.B.It failed to pay due attention to patienfs rights.C.It fell short of the latters expectationsD.It put both s
43、ides into a dangerous situation.32.The NH S trust responded to Denhams verdict withA.empty promises.B.tough resistance.C.necessary adjustments.D.sincere apologies.33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 thatA.privacy protection must be secured at all costs.B.leaking patients data is worse than selling i
44、t.C.making profits from patients data is illegal.D.the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph,the real worry arising from this deal is.A.the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.B.the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.C.the uncontrolled use of new software.
45、D.the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The author*s attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare isA.ambiguous.B.cautious.C.appreciative.D.contemptuous.Text 4The U.S.Postal Service(USPS)continues to bleed red ink.It reported a net lossof$5.6 billion for fiscal 2022,the 10th straight yea
46、r its expenses have exceededrevenue.Meanwhile,it has more than$120 billion in unfunded liabilities,mostly foremployee health and retirement costs.There are many bankruptcies.Fundamentally,the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanentlydecreased demand for its brea
47、d-and-butter product,first-class mail,and a regulatorystructure that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the newrealityAnd interest groups ranging from postal unions to greeting-card makers exertself-interested pressure on the USPSs ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that
48、whatever else happens to the Postal Service,aspects of the status quo they depend onget protected.This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recentyears,leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vitalmodernization.Now comes word that everyone invo
49、lved-Democrats,Republicans,the PostalService,the unions and the systems heaviest users-has finally agreed on a plan tofix the system.Legislation is moving through the House that would save USPS anestimated$28.6 billion over five years,which could help pay for new vehicles,amongother survival measure
50、s.Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letterpermanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicare.The latter stepwould largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care,thus addressing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it