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1、名词【考纲解读】名词除了独立考查其词义辨析外，还常结合其他项目一起考查，所以要熟练掌握单数可 数名词变复数的规律；掌握不可数名词的用法；掌握专有名词与名词所有格的用法。要充分 了解分类及功能；了解不可数名词的性质；熟悉名词的辨析并能在具体的语境中做出正确的 判断；熟悉名词的固定短语及搭配。题型以单项填空、短文改错、完形填空及单词拼写等形 式出现。主要考查要点：1 .名词词义辨析和习惯搭配。同义词辨析、近义词辨析、同形词辨析和不同词义的名 词在语境中的辨析；还有容易混淆的名词的辨形 辨义以及名词的惯用法等。2 .名词的数。可数与不可数名词，名词的单、复数，名词所有格，抽象名词，物质名 词，名词与
2、冠词的搭配及主谓一致等。3 .考查名词的“旧词新意”和“名词动化”现象。主要以隐形考查的方式出现在阅读 理解和完形填空试题中。如：shelter n.庇护，避难所Tvt.保护，躲避，避难；storm n. 暴风雨，大动荡Tvi. &vt.横冲直撞，猛攻；shoulder n.肩，肩膀，肩部Tvt.肩负， 承担；trai I n.小径，痕迹Tvt.追踪。【考点剖析】一、名词用法与词义辨析例 1： （2021 年高考 天津卷）Great improvements i n pub I i c hea I th have been brought about by i n med i ca I sc
3、i ence.A. trad i t i ons B. advances C. pressures D. examp Ies【答案】B例 2： （2021 年高考 浙江卷）Beautiful ly restored （修复）to its 1860 appearance, the house was Abraham and Mary Lincolns home for 17 years. In 1844 they bought it for $1,200 and some I and from Char Ies Dresser, who performed the i r 38 （marry）
4、ceremony i n 1842.【答案】marriage例 3 ：（2020 年高考 江苏卷）The health secur ity systems of many countr ies areundergoing considerabIe .A. reservat i on B. transformat i on C. d i st i net i on D. submi ss i on 【答案】B例 4： （2019 天津卷 7） We can observe that art i f i c i a I i nte I I i gence has a I ready made a
5、（n） on our I i ves i n many ways.3）双重所有格的用法表示兼用两种属格的后置修饰语，叫双重所有格，即。f词组+所有格。表示所属物的名 词前有一个不定冠词a或an、数词、不定代词、指示代词、疑问代词时，常用这种形式来表 示所有关系。例如：a f r i end of my sisters =one of my s i ster 1 s friend 我妹妹的朋友a p I ay of Shakespeare5 s （莎士比亚的一部戏剧）二one of Shakespeare5 s p I ay （莎士比亚的许多剧作之一）a picture of his uncle
6、s他叔叔的一张照片（他叔叔所有照片中的一张，但不一定 是他本人的照片）4）二属格，of属格及双重所有格的区别（1）飞属格和of所有格有许多共同之处，常常可以交换使用。Newton s I aws the I aws of Newton 牛顿定律my fami ly* s story 一 the story of my fami Iy 我家的故事the books title 一 the title of the book 书的题目Chinas foreign pol icy 一 the foreign poI icy of China 中国的外交政策（2）但在下列情况中，两者必须严格区别使用：
7、a）对事物类别、属性进行界定时，必须用s格。ch i I dren s stor i es 儿童故事（不可改作stories of ch i I dren）men shoes 男鞋（不可改作shoes of men）a doctor s degree 博士学位（不可改作degree of a doctor）b）当被修饰名词后面紧跟以逗号分开的同位语时，必须用s格。The monitors brother, a PLA man was here th i s morn i ng.班长的兄弟是一位解放军，他今天早上在这儿。Comrade Wangs sister, a singer, i s a
8、party member.王同志的姐姐是一位歌唱家，她是一名党员。C）在某些习语中习惯用S格a wolf i n sheep s c Iothi ng 伪君子within a stones throw 近在咫尺a I I ones I i fe 毕生to ones joy使人高兴的是at arms length疏远d）表示同位关系时，使用of属格the city of Beijing北京市the ten of us 我们十个人（3）有时。千属格和双重属格在单句中意义较接近，只是侧重点略有不同。例如:He i s a fr i end of my father * s.= He i s one
9、of my fathers fr i ends.（着重说明父亲不止一个朋友）He i s a fr i end of my father. = It i s he who i s my father s fr i end.（着重说明他是父亲的朋友）但中心词是portrait, picture, pr inting, photograph等词时，后面用of所属 格时，指某人自己的肖像、照片等，用双重属格则表示某人所收藏的肖像、照片。This i s a picture of my father.照片上的人是我父亲。This i s a picture of my father s.这照片属于我父
10、亲收藏。三、名词作定语与复合名词1 .名词所有格作定语Tom* father汤姆的父亲Chinas industry中国的工业2 . 一个名词直接用作定语修饰另一个名词一个名词直接用作定语修饰另一个名词时既不加形容词的词尾，也不需要任何格的变 化，这样的定语叫名词定语。其用法如下：1）表示材料的名词作定语，说明被修饰的名词是什么材料制成的。例如：stone f i gures （石像）,castor oi I （葭麻油）,silk books （丝绸书）,paper money （纸币）,meta I pots （金属锅）,p I ast i c sheets （塑料布）,diamond ne
11、cklace （钻石 项链），gold meda I s （金牌）。2）表示地点的名词作定语，说明被修饰的名词存在或发生的地方。例如：country mus i c （乡村音乐）,forest I and （森林土地）,post off i ce （邮政局）, nature park （天然公园），pa I ace ba I I （宫廷舞会），space sate I I i tes （太空卫星）， tab led oth （桌布），street I ights （街灯），city life （城市生活）,schoo I educat i on （学校教育）。3）两名词构成部分与整体关系做整体
12、名词时可作定语（常指物）。例如：r i ver banks （河岸）,cabbage seed （卷心菜种子）,animal bones （动物骨头）, c i garette ends （烟头）,ocean f I oor （大洋底）,schooI gate （校门口）, overcoat pockets （大衣口袋），table legs （桌脚），tree branches （树枝）。当我们谈到某一特定的东西时可用结构来表达。例如：the window of the c I assroom教室 的窗户4）表示用途性质的名词作定语。例如：coffee cups （咖啡杯）,book sho
13、re （书店）,sports shoes （运动鞋）,food factory （食品工厂）,women po I ice off i cers （女警官）,boy f r i ends （男朋友）,design office （设计工作室），fruit trees （水果树），traffic I ights （交通灯）。5）说明有关后一名词内容的名词可作定语。例如：forest programs （森林规划），weight problems （体重问题），science Iab （科学 实验室），computer studies （电脑学习），weather report （天气预报），f
14、i Im industry （电影工业），wi Idl ife project （野生动物工程），China Dai Iy （中国日报）,body language （身体语言）。6）表示泛指的时间名词作定语。例如：summer ho I i days （暑假）,winter weather （冬天的天气），time zone （时区），even i ng dress （晚礼服），morning paper （晨报），Sunday edition （星期日版），rooster year stamp （鸡年邮票）,night school （夜校）。注意：表示具体的时间名词作定语，则要用所有格结
15、构来表达。例如：yesterday s news （昨天的消息消 todays newspaper （今天的报纸），an hour s dr i ve （开车一小时的路程）。名词作定语时一般用单数形式，但在个别情况下也有需用复数的。例如：sports meet （运动会）,the United States government （美国政府）,students reading-room （学生阅览室），goods train （货车），two men doctors （两个男医生）， savings bank诸蓄银彳亍，commodities fai r商品交易会，parks departme
16、nt园林处，customs house海关大楼。【强化训练】I.根据括号中所给的提示词填空（1-10）或改错（1172）1. （2021 高考 全国乙卷）Komodo Nat i ona I Park, off i c i a I I y recogn i zed i n 1980, i s popu I ar for ecotour i sm because of its un i que biodiversity. 69 （activity） there range from wha I e watch i ng to h i k i ng （远足）and accommodat i ons
17、 a im to have a low i mpact on the naturaI env i ronment.2. （2021 年新高考 I 卷）Go i ng to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popu I ar Beatles song “The Long and Winding Road . What i s so breathtak i ng about the exper i ence i s the out-of-th i s-wor I d scenes.Therolling sea of c I ouds you seeonceyou
18、areatthetop wi I I remind you how t inywc57 （human） are.3. （2020 年高考 新课标 I I 卷）Ch i nese New Year i s a 61（ce Iebrate）marki ngtheend of the winter season andthebeginning of spr ing.4. （2020 高考 新课标 III 卷）Filled with 64 （cur ious） , the art i st packedh i s bags and I eft.5. （2020 高考 新课标 I 卷）Hi stor i
19、ca I 44 （accurate） i s important but so i s entertainment.6. （2020 高考浙江卷）Later, they learned to work with the 62 （season） , p I ant i ng at the r i ght time and, i n dry areas, 63 making （make） use of annua I fIoods to i rr i gate （灌溉）the i r fields.7. （2018 高考 新课标 I 卷）Two of the authors of the rev
20、i ew a I so made a study pub I i shed in 2014 that/which showed a mere f ive to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the r i sk of heart d i sease and ear Iy deaths from a I I 67 （cause）.8. （2018 高考 浙江卷） Few peopIe I know seem to have much desi re or time to cook. Mak i ng Ch i nese 56 （di sh） i s se
21、en as espec i a I Iy troubIesome.9. （2018 高考 浙江卷）Researchers have found that there i s a d i rect I i nk between the i ncrease i n food eaten outs i de the home and the r i se i n 64 （we i gh） prob I ems.10. （2017 高考 新课标 II 卷）It ran for just under seven k i lometers and a I I owed peop I e to avoi d
22、 terr i b I e 61 （crowd） on the roads above as they trave I I ed to and from work.11. （2020 高考 新课标 I I 卷 改错）Luck i I y, I will go home i n two weeks for summer vacat i ons.12. （2020 年高考新课标 I 卷改错）Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with chopstick.II.单项选择13. （2019 高考 江苏卷）Nowadays t
23、he for trave I I i ng i s sh i fted from shopp i ng to food and scenery.A. priori ty B. potent i a I C. proport i on D. pens i on14. （2018 高考 天津卷 6） The that there i s I i fe on other p I anets i n the un i verse has always i nsp i res sc i ent i sts to exp I ore the outer space.A. adv i ce B. order
24、 C. poss i b i I i ty D. i nv i tat i on15. （2018年江苏省南通、徐州等七市五月联考21） El izabeth shows greatin her choice of fr iends, so she has a lot of trustworthy companions.A. comprehens i on B. d i scr imi nat i on C. determi nat i on D. cons i derat i on16. （2018 天津河西区 三模 4） More than one thousand h i gh scho
25、oI students pract i ced yoga i n the schoo I p I ayground to re I i eve of the coming exam.A. pressure B. d i sagreement C. courage D. emot i on17. （2018天津和平区一模2）一Jim s car crashed yesterday.Yes, but he had the goodto escape injury when it happened.A. memoryB. cond i t i onC. impressionD. fortune18.
26、 （2019 高考 哈市模拟卷）I f the child violates one of the contract5 s rules, he may I ose a （n） , such as talking to h i s f r i end on the phone.A. pr i v i Iege B. advantage C. honor D. benef i t19. （2020 高考 哈市模拟卷）The poI ice recognized the criminal from his typicaI fac i a I a scar on the forehead.A. exp
27、ress i on B. feature C. out I i ne D. gesture20. （2020 高考 哈市模拟卷）We have been maki ng furniture for over 100 years, andhave a worIdwi de for qua Ii ty.A. contr i but i on B. qua Ii f i cat i on C. reputat i on D. i nst i tut i onIII.完形填空It was the day before my daughter s bi rthday. 15 d just collect
28、ed her from preschooI when she caut ioned me to 1 the eIderIy person walking across thecar park. I was struck by her 2 and had no i dea how much she rea I I y 3 i t.The fol lowing dayher bi rthdaywe decided to buy cupcakes for her. After we 4 the cupcakes, Norah was busy stand i ng up i n the tro I
29、I ey （手推车），5wav i ng and happ i I y dec I ar i ng, “Hi, o I d person! It5 s my b i rthday today!n 6 Icou I d stop her ca I I i ng h im an o Id person, the stone-faced man 7 to her. H i sexpress i on softened as he rep Ii ed, “We I I, he I Io, I ittIe Iady! And how old are you today? They 8 for a few
30、 minutes, he wished her a happy bi rthday, and we wentour 9 ways. A few minutes Iater, Norah asked me if she couId take a 10with the old man. I agreed. We found the man a coup I e of she I ves over, and I approached him. When I to I d him Norah5 s 11, h i s express i on changed from 12 toshocked fin
31、al I y to de I i ghted. He took a step back, stead i ed h imse I f on h i s shopp i ng trol ley, and 13 h i s free hand on h i s chest. A photo? With me?” he asked.“Yes, S i r, for my bi rthday!5, Norah begged. And so he d i d. I 14 my i Phone,and they posed together. Norah p I aced her soft hand on
32、 top of h i s hand. He word I ess I y stared at her with 15 eyes as she kept h i s hand i n hers. I asked h i s name,and he told us to call him Dan. We were 16 other shoppers, but they didnt care. There was 17 happen i ng i n the supermarket that day, and we cou I d a I I sense i t.That afternoon I
33、18 the story and a photo of the two of them on the Facebook.Later that n i ght, I rece i ved a pr i vate 19 from a I oca I reader who recogn i zedMr. Dan. He to Id me Dan s wife had passed away s i x months ear I i er and he wanted to Iet me know that he was certain Dan s heart was touched by my lit
34、tle girl andDan would never forget thatB.1. A. spot2. A. se I f I essness3. A. meant4. A. kept up5. A. exc i ted I y6. A. After7. A. turned8. A. hesitated9. A. regu I ar10. A. picture11. A. dream12. A. nervous13. A. reached14. A. pu I I ed out15. A. glaring16. A. blocking17. A. d i scount embarrassm
35、ent18. A. posted19. A. note20. A. connect i on20de I ayC.B. carefuInessB. endedB. p i eked upB. d i sappo i ntedIyB. BeforeB. referredB. chattedB. singleB. wa I kB. command C.B. upsetB. p I acedB. put downB. twi nk I i ngB. de I ay i ngB. magicB. wroteB. giftB. comb i nat i onwith my daughter.mindD.
36、C. I one Ii nessC. provedC. turned upC. calmlyC. S i neeC.C. restedC. separateC. rest requestC. confusedC. touchedC. turned offC. sharpC. prevent i ngC. i nc i dentC. readC. messageC. constructionstopD. thoughtfuInessD. showedD. put up anx i ousIy Unti ID. wa I kedD. waitedD. natura ID. breakD. sugg
37、est i onD. impat i entD. pattedD. gIanced atD. bigD. i nterrupt i ngD.D. pr i ntedD. reportD. contr i but i onD.D.appeaIedIV.短文改错（21年高考英语乙卷第四部分写作第一节短文改错）假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处，每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加，删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（八），并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线（）划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词
38、。注意：1 .每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。I I ove do i ng housework. I a I ways ass i st my parents i n do i ng the d i sh after mea I s.I a I so water the 千 I owers i n the yard and t i dy i ng up my own bedroom whatever necessary.In my op i n i on, students can benefit a lot doing some housewo
39、rk. Fi rstly, doing housework was he I pfu I for us to be a respons i b I e person. Al so, i t gives our parents more time to do what they are I i ke and it improves the fami I y re I at i onsh i p. What s most, do i ng housework can be a form of menta I I y re I axat i on from study. That s our v i
40、 ew on housework. And hopes th i s can i nsp i re more th i nk i ng on the top i c!答案解析I.根据括号中所给的提示词填空（1-10）或改错（1172）1. （2021 高考 全国乙卷）Komodo Nat i ona I Park, off i c i a I I y recogn i zed i n 1980, i s popular for ecotourism because of its unique biodiversity. 69 （activity） there range from wha Ie
41、 watch i ng to hi k i ng （远足）and accommodat ions a im to have a low impact on the naturaI env i ronment.【答案】activities【解析】句意：科莫多国家公园于1980年正式成立，因其独特的生物多样性而受到生态旅 游的欢迎。那里的活动范围从观赏鲸鱼到徒步旅行，住宿的目的是对自然环境的影响较小。 考查名词用法。空格处位于主语的位置，且谓语动词range为复数形式，所以其考点为名词 变复数。故答案为activities。2. (2021 年新高考 I 卷)Going to Mount Huan
42、gshan reminds me of the popu I ar Beat I es5 song “The Long and Winding Road” . What i s so breathtak i ng about the exper i ence i s the out-of-th i s-wor I d scenes. The rolling sea of c I ouds you see once you are at the top wi I I remind you how tiny we 57 (human) are.【答案】humans【解析】句意：当你站在黄山山顶看见
43、波涛汹涌般的云海，你会想到我们人类是多么的渺小。 考查名词复数。human是we的同位语，we为复数，应用human的复数形式。所以填humanso 3. (2020 年高考 新课标 I I 卷)Ch i nese New Year i s a 61(ce I ebrate) mark i ng theend of the winter season and the beginning of spr ing.【答案】celebration【解析】句意：中国新年是一个庆祝冬天的结束和春天的开始。考查名词。不定冠词a后接 名词形式。所以填celebration。4. (2020 高考 新课标 I
44、I I 卷)Filled with 64 (cur i ous) , the art i st packedh i s bags and I eft.【答案】curiosity【解析】句意：怀着好奇心，艺术家收拾行囊离开了。考查名词。With为介词，后跟名词 cur iosity作宾语，表示“好奇心。所以填cur iosity。我们故选择Bo5. (2020 高考 新课标 I 卷)Hi stor ica I 44 (accurate) i s important but so i s enterta i nment.【答案】accuracy【解析】句意：历史的准确性很重要，但娱乐也很重要。考查
45、名词。空格处做主语，位于 形容词historical之后用名词，意为：历史的准确性。所以填accuracy。6. (2020 高考浙江卷)Later, they learned to work with the 62 (season), p I ant i ng at the r i ght time and, i n dry areas, 63 making (make) use of annua I fIoods to i rr i gate (灌溉)their fields.【答案】seasons【解析】句意：后来，他们学会了因地制宜，在适当的时间播种，在干旱地区，利用每年的 洪水来灌溉
46、农田。考查名词复数。分析句子，括号中提示词的词性为可数名词，此处应用复 数形式。所以填seasons。7. （2018 高考 新课标 I 卷）Two of the authors of the rev i ew a I so made a study pub I i shed in 2014 that/which showed a mere f ive to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the r i sk of heart d i sease and ear Iy deaths from a I I 67 （cause）.【答案】causes【解析
47、】句意：一项研究表明，仅仅每天5到10分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病 和早亡。考查名词复数。根据句意与空格前的all可知：用复数形式。所以填causes。8. （2018 高考 浙江卷） Few peopIe I know seem to have much desi re or time to cook.Mak i ng Ch i nese 56 （di sh） i s seen as espec i a I Iy troubIesome.【答案】dishes【解析】句意：我认识的人中似乎很少有人想做饭或很少有人有时间做饭。大家都认为做中 国菜特别麻烦。考查名词。提示词dish在此处指中国菜，表示泛指应该用名词复数，所以 填 disheso9. （2018 高考 浙江卷）Researchers have found that there i s a d i rect I i nk between the i ncrease i n food eaten outs i de the home and the r i se i n 64 （we i gh） prob I ems.【答案】weight【解析】句意：研究人员发现，在外出时进食量的增加和体重问题增加之间有着直接的联系。 考查名词。此处指体重问题，用名词来修饰其后的problems,故填weight。1