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1、复合句复习资料SubjectClauses主语从句1.主语从句：从句在句中充当主语成分1).Thathewillsucceediscertain.2)Whetherhewillgothereisnotknown.3)Whathesaidisnottrue.5)Howwecanhelpthetwins willbediscussedatthemeeting.6)Whentheyllstarttheproject hasnotbeendecidedyet.考点一:主语从句后置为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.例:Thatweshallbelatei
2、scertain.-Itiscertainthatweshallbelate.1.Thattheearthisroundisknowntoall.-Itsknowntoallthattheearthisround.（5）It的用法：（形式主语）Itspossible/important/necessary/clearthat很可能/重要的是/必要的是/很清楚Itssaid/reportedthat.据说/据报道Itseems/appears/happens.that显然、明显、碰巧.Itsnowonderthat无疑Itsapity/afact/acommonknowledge(众所周知）/a
3、commonsaying.（俗话说）考点二 注意：主语从句中，谓语动词一般用单数 What 引导的主语从句，可根据表语决定 What he needs _is_ that book.What he needs _are_ some books.(1)What you said yesterday is right.(2)That she is still alive is a puzzle.That不可省What与that引导主语从句 由that引导:1.Thatweshallbelateiscertain.2._isknowntoall.(地球是圆的)3._isapity.(你错过了这次机会
4、)that无意义,后接一个完整的句子.that不可省ThattheearthisroundThatyoumissedthechance注 意：“whether”引导主语从句在句首，不能用if。Whetherhewillcomeisunknown.1._hemadeanimportantspeechatthemeetingwastrue.A.ThatB.WhyC.WhatD.How2._wellgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.AIfBWhetherCThatDWhere3._isknowntousallisthatAmericaisadevelopedc
5、ountry_theFirstWorld.a.Which;belongtob.As,belongedtoc.What;belongingtod.It;belongingtoObjectClauses宾语从句1.Iknowhim.2.Iknowwhoheis.谓语 宾语（简单句）主语 谓语 连词 从句主语 从句谓语（复合句）主句 连词（引导词）宾语从句一、连词（引导词）1.that引导，宾语从句用陈述语序vShesays(that)shewonttakepartinthesportsmeetingnextSunday.2.宾语从句中的连接词that在以下三种情况下不能省略：（1）当that 从句
6、与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，第二个that 不能省；（2）当that 作介词宾语时，that 不可省掉。（3）用it 做形式宾语的宾语从句 Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried.The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.I think it necessary that you should read English aloud.2.当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether或if引导（口语中常用if），因为if/whether翻译成：“是否”
7、，具有一定的意义，所以不能省略vLetsseeif/whetherwecanfindoutsomeinformationaboutthatcity.vSheaskedmeif/whethershecouldborrowthesebooks.1.Iaskedher_shehadabike.4.Idontknow_heiswellornot.5.Idontknow_ornotheiswell.8.Idontknow_togo.if/whetherwhether/ifwhetherwhetherwhether3.当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，由连接词（what,who,whom,which,whose，
8、when,where,how,why）引导，不可以省略vDoyouknowDoyouknowwhatwhathesaidjustnow?hesaidjustnow?vIdontrememberIdontrememberwhenwhenwearrived.wearrived.vIaskedhimIaskedhimwherewhereIcouldgetsomuchmoneyIcouldgetsomuchmoneyvPleasetellmePleasetellmewho(whom)who(whom)wehavetosee.wehavetosee.vDoyouknowDoyouknowwhatwhat
9、timetheplaneleaves?timetheplaneleaves?带how的词组也都可以引导宾语从句vCouldyoutellusCouldyoutellushowoftenhowoftenyougoabroadforyougoabroadforaholiday?aholiday?vPleasetellusPleasetellushowmanyhowmanystudentsthereareinstudentsthereareinyourschool?yourschool?vCanyoutellusCanyoutellushowoldhowoldhisbrotheris?hisbrot
10、heris?vCouldyoutellusCouldyoutellushowmuchhowmuchitcoststoflytoitcoststoflytoHainan?Hainan?二、时态1.主从一致vIknowheliveshere.Iknowheliveshere.vIknowhelivedheretenyearsago.Iknowhelivedheretenyearsago.3.当为客观真理，定义，公理，定理 时用一般现在时。vTheteachersaidthatthesuntravelsaroundtheearth.1.Theradiosaysit_cloudytomorrow.(b
11、e)2.Theheadmasterhopeseverything_well.(go)3.Tomsaysthatthey_(play)basketballatsixoclockyesterdayevening.4.Ihearthey_(return)italready.5.Hesaidthatthey_membersofthePartysince1948.(be)will be goes were playing have returned had been 三、语序宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分1.Whenwillhegotothelibrary?1、Hisbrothe
12、raskswhenhewillgotothelibrary.2、Hisbrotheraskswhenwillhegotothelibrary.直接引语和间接引语XiaoMingsaid,“Iamelderbrother.”XiaoMingsaidthathewaselderbrother.变化规则：1 时态与主句一致（除真理性规律）2 人称要合理3 祈使句要变成ask、tell、ordersbtodo.Hesaid“Dontplaywithfire.”Heaskedmenottoplaywithfire.Tomaskedme,“Areyouateacher?”TomaskedmeifIwasa
13、teacher.The teacher told Marys parents,“Mary is a good girl.Sheisalwaysreadytohelpothers.”TheteachertoldMarysparentsthatMarywasagoodgirlandshewasalwaysreadytohelpothers.疑问句陈述句Ninatoldme,“LindaiswatchingTVathome.”Ninatoldme(that)LindawaswatchingTVathome.(三)指示代词、时间和地点等变化直接引语 间接引语指示代词thisthesethatthose
14、时间状语nowtodaytonightthis weekyesterdaylast weekthree days agotomorrownext weekthenthat daythat nightthat weekthe day beforethe week beforethree days beforethe next daythe next week直接引语 间接引语地点状语here there方向性动词bringcometakego(1)如果直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，引导词用that，但在口语中通常省略，时态、人称和状语都应作相应的变化(2)如果直接引语是疑问句，变成间接引语时
15、，引导词用whether、if，但在口语中通常省略，时态、人称和状语都应作相应的变化（3）如 果 直 接 引 语 是 特 殊 疑 问 句，要 用 相 应 的 疑问 词who,whom,whose,how,when 等 引 导，助 动 词do,does 或did 要舍弃，并把疑问语序改为陈述语序“Whendidyoucomehere?”heasked.HeaskedmewhenIwentthere.按要求改写句子1.(2012 安 顺)“Jack,can you help with the dinner?”Jacksmotherasked.（改成间接引语）Jackwasasked_he_help
16、withthedinner.答案：if;could2.(2012 孝 感)A:Theteachersaidtothestudents,“Donttakemobilephonestoschool.”（改为同义句）B:The teacher told the students _ _ take mobilephonestoschool.3.(2011 济 南)Myfriendaskedme“Canyoumakefruitsalad?”(改写句子，句意不变)Myfriendaskedme_I_makefruitsalad.答案：2.notto3.if;could4.(2011 上 海)Are the
17、re any new markets in Asia?The salesmanagerwantstoknow.(合并为一句)Thesalesmanagerwantstoknow_there_anynewmarketsinAsia.答案：4.if;arePredicativeClauses表语从句结构是主语+系动词+表语从句ThatswhyIwaslate.表语从句：从句在句中充当表语成分，一般放在连系动词之后.作用:对主语进行解释说明。Thatsbecausewewereinneedofmoneyatthattime.Helookedasifhewasgoingtocry.ThatswhyIw
18、aslate.注 意：1.在表语从句中，表“是否”时，只能用“whether”不能用“If”。2.一般情况下，“that”不能省。3.It is/was because.It is/was why.4.The reason(why/for)is/was that.5 The reason is that.注意表语从句的引导词与主语从句和宾语从句相同.但:1.that引导表语从句时不能省.2.if不能引导表语从句.HisquestioniswhethertheycanarriveinLondonontime.1.Thats_thePartycalledonustodo.A.whyB.whatC.
19、howD.that2.Thereasonis_heisunabletooperatethemachine.A.becauseB.whyC.thatD.Whether3.Thatis_theyseparated.A.thatB.whatC.whichD.whereAppositiveClauses同位语从句同位语从句在句中充当同位语从句成分，其一般跟在一些抽象名词（idea；belief；fact；truth；problem；news 等）后面，对名词作进一步解释说明.n.+连接词+从句1)Theideathatcomputerscanrecognizehumanvoicessurprisesm
20、anypeople.2).DavidkepthispromisethathewouldalwaysdoanythinghecouldforLucietomakesureofherhappiness.注:1.同 位语从句多用that 引导2.在have no idea 之后常用wh-引导同位语从句.Ihavenoideawherehehasgone.Ihavenoideawhenhedidit.Ihavenoideawhathedid.Ihavenoidea whenhewillbeback.howhecangetthetreasure.wheretheconcertwillbehold.who
21、canfinishthework.whyithappened.whichpenismine.whatweshoulddonext.whomtheyaretalkingabout.whetheritllraintomorrow.thatourfootballteamwonthegame.1.TwothirdsofallgirlsinBritainareonadiet./Thefactworriestheirparentsandteachersalot.2.TheQueenofEnglandwasonathree-dayvisitinChina./Weheardthenewslastnight._
22、Thefactthattwothirdsofallgirlsareonadietworriestheirparentsandteachersalot._WeheardthenewslastnightthattheQueenofEnglandwasonathree-dayvisitinChina.1.1.Theyoungmanasked_itssummerorwinter.Theyoungmanasked_itssummerorwinter.A.eitherB.thatC.weatherD.whetherA.eitherB.thatC.weatherD.whether2.2.Wedontknow
23、_theydidit.Wedontknow_theydidit.A.howB.whoC.whatD.whichA.howB.whoC.whatD.which3.3.TheTheteacherteacherasksasksusus_JimJimcancancomecomebackbackonontime.time.A.thatB.ifC.whenD.whattimeA.thatB.ifC.whenD.whattime4.4.DoesDoesanybodyanybodyknowknow_orornotnotwewewillwillhavehaveaasportsmeetingthisweekend
24、.sportsmeetingthisweekend.A.ifB.whereC.whetherD.thatA.ifB.whereC.whetherD.thatDABC5.Couldyoushowme_?5.Couldyoushowme_?A.howcanIgettothestationA.howcanIgettothestationB.whereisthestationB.whereisthestationC.howIcouldgettothestationC.howIcouldgettothestationD.howIcanreachthestationD.howIcanreachthesta
25、tion6.Pleasetellme_.6.Pleasetellme_.A.whatdoeshelikeB.whathedoeslikeA.whatdoeshelikeB.whathedoeslikeC.whathelikesD.whathelikeC.whathelikesD.whathelikeCD状语从句定义 状语从句 状语从句同副词，介词词组等作状语一样，用于修饰谓语，说明谓语动作的时间，地点，方式，手段，条件，程度，比较，原因，目的，结果等 1.Igetupat6:002.Idonotwanttosleep.3.IgetupwhenIdontwanttosleep.状语从句1.时间状
26、语从句2.地点状语从句3.原因状语从句4.条件状语从句5.让步状语从句6.目的状语从句7.结果状语从句8.方式状语从句9.比较状语从句 一、时间状语从句 when,as,while,before,after,till,until,assoonas,since，once E.G.1.Whenhewaseatinghisbreakfast,heheardthedoorbellring.2.WhileIwasreading,hewasplaying.3.Themotherdidntgotobeduntilherlittledaughterreturnedhomelastnight.昨晚母亲等到她的小
27、女儿回家才睡觉。e.g.IwontknowwhereheisuntilIgetaletterfromhim.till只能用于肯定句中，until既可以用于肯定句，也可以用于否定句。1.Howlongdoyouthinkitwilltake_ourproductbecomespopularwiththeconsumers?A.whenB.untilC.beforeD.since2._thedaywenton,theweathergotworse.A.WithB.sinceC.AsD.While3.Hewashalfwaythroughhismeal_afamiliarvoicecametohis
28、ears.A.whyB.whereC.whenD.while表示地点 引导地点状语从句的主要有:where,wherever及-where构成的复合词。EG:1.Weshallgowherepeoplearekind.2.Juststaywhereyouare.3.Wereceivedawarmwelcomeeverywherewearrived.我们每到一个地方都受到了热烈的欢迎。1.Whenhereadsabook,hishabitistomakeamark_themeaningisuncleartohim.A.thereB.whereverC.theplaceD.inwhich2.Ify
29、ouaretravelling_thecustomsaretotallydifferentfromyourown,youmayfeelaculturalshock.A.intheplaceB.whichC.inwhichD.where表示原因最常用的连词是:because，since，As,等because,as,since,for 语气位置意义because最强前或后“原因”；表客观因果关系；回答“”as较强前“由于”；把众人所知的事实当作理由since较弱前“既然”；就对方陈述的事实作为理由for最弱后“理由”；对某一事实进行推断的理由注：上面所说的“前”，指从句在主句之前；“后”，指从句
30、在主句之后。EG:Heisabsenttodaybecausehewasill.Asitissnowing，weshallnotgoout.Youcouldntseehim,forhewasntthere.（不句首）.Sinceyouareill,Iwillgoalone.1.Somepeoplebelievethat_oilisrunningout,thefateofthemotorindustryisuncertain.A./B.thoughC.forD.since表示结果sothat，so.that，such.thatsothat,sothat,suchthat sothat“以便”、“
31、结果”表目的和结果。sothat“如此的以致于”表结果。1.so+形副that2.so+形a(an)单数名词that3.somany/much复数名词（不可数名词）+that suchthat该结构常见于：1.sucha(an)形名词that2.such形复数名词不可数名词thatE.G.1.Hewassoangrythathelefttheroomwithoutaword.2.Itissuchaheavyboxthatnobodycanmoveit.3.Theboxissoheavythatnobodycanmoveit.4.Theboxissoheavyasnobodycanmove.5.
32、Ididntgoearly,sothatIdidntgetaseat.表示目的sothat，inorderthat E.G.Theyarehurryingsothat/inorderthattheymaynotmissthetrain.他们为了赶上火车而匆匆忙忙。Heworkshardinorderthat/sothathecanservehiscountrywell.表示条件if，ifonly（if的强调式）,unless(=ifnot)，aslongas，solongas E.G.1.AslongasIlive,Ishallworkhard.2.Youcantlearnitwellunle
33、ssyouworkhard.3.Ifyouwanttoknow,Icantellyou.表示让步though，although，asevenif，eventhoughhowever,whatever,wheneverthough,although though,although在句首表“尽管”两者都可以用。但句后不能再用but。下列情况只能用though：asthough(=asif);evenif(=eventhough)在句末表示“然而”whatever,however,wherever,whenever 它们是what,how,where,when的强势语气。分别等于：nomatterw
34、hat,nomatterhownomatterwhere,nomatterwhenE.G.Iwontmindevenif(though)hedoesntcome.Thoughitwascold,shewentoutwithoutanovercoat.Youngas/thoughheis,heknowsalot.Whetheritshinesorrains,Iwillgo.Nomatterwho/whoevercomeshere,Iwillnotlethimin.youcantakewhateveryoulike.表示比较than，as.as,themorethemoreE.G.Themorey
35、oueat,thefatteryouare.JohnislesscleverthanTom.Heisnotso/ascleverashisbrother.练习 翻译 1当小明做作业时，他的妈妈在做饭.Xiaomingsmomwascookingwhenhedidhishomework.2那天，当小明做作业时，他的妈妈在做饭 Thatday,Xiaomingsmomwascookingwhenhedidhishomework.3他一来我就走(assoonas)Iwillleaveassoonashecomes.4那天，他一来我就走(assoonas)Thatday,Iwouldleaveasso
36、onashecame.5当他出门时，雨已经下了两个小时了.Ithadbeenrainyfor2hourswhenhewentout.7Hecouldntcome_hewantedto.AasBbecauseCalthoughDfor8_yougaveapartyandnoonecome,whatwouldyoudo?AAlthoughBIfCUnlessDWhen9Youmayborrowthebook_youkeepitclean.AaslongasBwhenCafterDunless 1.itsdifficulttomakeherdreamcometrue,shenevergivesup.
37、A.ThoughB.UnlessC.BecauseD.If 2.ItsquitecommoninBritaintosay“Thankyou”tothedriverspeoplegetoffthebus.A.AfterB.sinceC.untilD.when 3.Yourdreamwontcometrueyouknowwhatyourdreamis.A.AfterB.unlessC.whileD.since 4.-HowwasyourclimbingonMountTai?-IdidntbelieveIcoulddoitIgottothetop.A.untilB.unlessC.AfterD.wh
38、en 5.Iarrivedattheairporttheplanehadtakenoff.A.AfterB.whileC.whenD.before 6.thewaterwascold,WeiQinggangjumpedintoittosaveothers.A.AlthoughB.When C.IfD.Because 7.Wewontstartthemeetingourteacherarrives.A.thoughB.untilC.whileD.or 8.Wewillhavenowatertodrinkwedontprotecttheearth.A.untilB.beforeC.thoughD.
39、if 9.Jane,pleaseturnoffthelightsyouleavetheclassroom.A.AfterB.beforeC.untilD.but 10.Wehavetogetupat7:15tomorrowmorning,_wewillbelateforthe7:40train.A.beforeB.orC.ifD.so 11.Mygrandfatherisveryold,heneverstopslearning.A.thanB.thoughC.butD.unless 12.-Wherewasyourbrotheratthistimelastnight?-Hewaswriting
40、ane-mailIwaswatchingTVathome.A.AssoonasB.AfterC.untilD.while 13.IllparkthecaratPacificPlace,thecarparkthereisfull.A.unlessB.ifC.whenD.After 14.theyarrivedearlyattheairport,theynearlymissedtheirfight.A.IfB.Because C.AssoonasD.Although 15.Wehavebeengoodfriendswejoinedthesameping-pongteam.A.AfterB.befo
41、reC.sinceD.until 16.Bill,youhavefinishedyourhomework,letsgotoflykitesnow.A.thoughB.After C.beforeD.since 17_theyhadworkedforalongtime,everyonelookedtired.AWhileBAfter CUnlessDFor 18Hehasbeenateacher_hecametothecountry.AsinceBuntil CasDwhen 19.HealwaysthinksImwrong,_Imaysay.AnomatterwhateverBwhatever
42、 CwhatDthat 20Somepeoplewanttogohunting,_otherswanttogofinishing.AorBbecause CwhileDsince 21Badhabits,_formed,aredifficulttogetridof.AandBonce CorDbut 22Wellbothwaithere_yougetback.AsothatBthat CuntilDfor 23Themanputonaovercoat_keephimselfwarm.AthatBsothatto CinorderthatDinorderto 24Youshouldrunthem
43、achine_theworkershasshownyou.AasBand CbutDSo 25Hehashadtocookbyhimself_hismotherwentonbusinesstoBeijing.AduringBsince CafterDwhen 26Youmustgetupearlyinthemorning,_wellhavetostartoutwithoutyou.AandBor CbutDsothatTheAttributiveClause 定语从句讲解定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句的构成The old lady who lives next to us
44、 sells books.You should do all that I said.I have found the teather whom I am looking for.I visited the factory where my father works.关系代词关系副词先行词 之后,用陈述式语序“.的”关系词1.从句位置及语序:2.翻译方法:3.构成指人 指物 主语 宾语that whichwhowhom关系代词的用法 关系代词在从句中可以：1.Illneverforgetthedays_weworkedtogether.2.Illneverforgetthedays_wespe
45、nttogether.3.IwenttotheplaceIworkedtenyearsago.4.Iwenttotheplace_Ivisitedtenyearsago.5.Thisisthereason_hewaslate.6.Thisisthereason_hegave.when/inwhichwhichwhere/inwhichwhichwhy/forwhichthat/which几种易混的情况及物动词及物动词及物动词 whoseThe teacher praised the student.His English is the best in our class.The teacher
46、 praised the student whose English is the best in our class.whose=the students关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格 whoseThe house is mine.The window of the house is broken.The house whose window is broken is mine.whose=the houses window非限制性定语从句ThetownwhereIliveisbeautiful.YaKou,whereIlive,isbeautiful.Teacherswhoarek
47、indarepopularwiththestudents.MrWang,whoiskind,ispopularwiththestudents.Please compare:形式 作用 能否省略 翻译限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句插入成分修饰限定补充解释不能能.的Teacherswhoarekindarepopularwiththestudents.MrWang,whoiskind,ispopularwiththestudents.分析两种定语从句省略后的结果The town where I live is beautiful.Kenli,where I live,is beautiful.分析
48、两种定语从句省略后的结果限制性定语从句省略后主语所指就不明确，所以不能省略as 引导的非限制性定语从句The earth is round._ is known to all.The earth is round,_ is known to all._ is known to all,the earth is round_ is known to all that the earth is round.Itwhich/as AsItas 具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的，如：as you know/as you see/as we planned/as we expected定语从句在
49、句首时只能用as,as 引导的非限制性定语从句(1)This is the same pen as I lost.This is the same pen that I lost.这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。这本书就是我丢的那本。as 引导的限制性定语从句(2)This is such an interesting book _ we all like.This is so interesting a book _ we all like.This is such an interesting book _we all like it.This is so interesting a book
50、 _we all like it.asthatasthat这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。(定语从句)这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。(结果状语从句)介词+关系代词的情况 1The man whom you spoke was a scientist.The city which she lives is far away.toin介词+关系代词的情况 2Themanwho/whomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelivesisfaraway.toinAre these two sentences right?介词+关系代词的情况 3The m