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1、英语中的表语2最新文档(可以直接使用，可编辑 最新文档，欢迎下载）表语（1）表语是用来说明主语的特征、状态等，补充说明主语的意义，因此，它也叫作主语补语。表语一般用在连系动词后面，连系动词除了be之外，还有become（成为）、look（看起来）、turn（变成）、go（变成）、seem（似乎）、appear（似乎、显得）、feel（摸起来）、sound（听起来）、smell（闻起来）等等。可做表语的有: 形容词、代词、名词、分词、动名词、数词、介词短语或副词和从句：例如： We are students. He is very clever.（2）英语表语中一般与连系动词构成系表结构，常用的
2、连系动词有：be(am/is/are;was/were),look,feel,smell,sound,taste,seem，go,appear,keep,remain,become,get,grow,turn等。表语在句中的位置大致有两种：正常位置（位于连系动词之后）和倒装位置（位于句首）。1.正常位置：在系表结构中表语放在连系动词之后。eg:He became very interested in science.His face turned red.The rubbish dump smells terrible.2.倒装位置：有时出于句法或修辞的要求而将表语提到句首。主要有以下四种表语
3、前置的情况：（1）在由what,how引导的感叹句中。eg:What fun it is to jump in a pool or go swimming in a river in summer!（2）在由as引导的让步状语从句中。eg:Proud as these nobles are,he is afraid to see me.（3）为了强调表语。eg:In front of the house was a tall tree.（4）为了使句子结构平衡，将较长的主语放在句末，而将较短的表语提到句首。eg:Such would be our home in the future.表语的细
4、说表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于系动词（be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等词）之后。如果句子的表语也是由一个句子充当的,那么这个充当表语的句子就叫做表语从句。一、什么是表语（predicative） 在形式上，位于系动词后的就是表语。从含义上讲，表语是回答主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的语法成分。即是指“是”字句“是”字后面的成分。表语就是起表述作用的句子成分。它修饰的是主语。表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的。
5、表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当，它常位于连系动词（be, become, appear, seem等）之后。 Albert Einstein was a famous professor of physics. 阿尔伯特.爱因斯坦是一位有名的物理学家。 二、不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别 不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是什么”；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。 1.Our plan is to keep the affair secret. 我们的计划是让这件
6、事成为秘密。（主语和表语是相等的） 2.This beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world. 这个美丽的村庄仍未外界所知。（主语和表语是不相等的） 三 、不定式和动名词作表语的区别 不定式和动名词作表语虽都是用于回答主语“是什么”的，但二者仍有一些区别。不定式作表语强调的是一次性、具体的、将要发生的动作；动名词作表语强调的是一 语法知识书籍般性、抽象的、经常发生的动作。 His job is to paint the walls. 他的工作是粉刷这些墙 四、现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别 现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用
7、于回答主语“怎么样”的。现在分词说明主语的特征，过去分词说明主语的状态。 1.This dog is frightening. 这条狗让人害怕。（说明狗的特征） 2.This dog is frightened. 这条狗有些害怕。（说明狗的状态） 五、不定式作表语和不定式表示将来时的区别 不定式作表语用于说明主语“是什么”，和主语之间是可以划等号的，不定式用来表示将来时态时，表示主语即将要执行的动作，和主语之间是不能划等号的。 What he wanted to suggest is to cut down the price and increase the sales. 他想建议的是降价促
8、销。 六、-ing动词作表语和-ing动词用于进行时的区别 动名词作表语说明主语“是什么”，现在分词作表语说明主语是特征。-ing动词用于正在进行时时，说明主语正在执行的动作。 She is taking care of the children. 她在照料小孩。（说明她正在执行的动作） 七、过去分词作表语和过去分词用于被动语态的区别 过去分词作表语说明主语所处的状态，过去分词用于被动语态说明主语所承受的动作。 1.The cup is broken. 杯子碎了。（说明杯子是状态） 2.The cup was broken by Peter. 杯子是被彼得打坏的。（说明杯子承受的动作被打坏了）
9、 例子：一. 名词作表语 Africa is a big continent. 非洲是个大洲。 That remains a puzzle to me. 这对我还是个难题。 二. 代词作表语 Whats your fax number? 你的 号是多少？ Whos your best friend? 你最好的朋友是谁？ 三. 形容词作表语 I feel much better today. 我今天感觉好多了。 四. 数词作表语 She was the first to learn about it. 她是第一个知道的人。 五. 不定式或ing形式作表语 Her job is selling c
10、omputers. 她的工作是销售电脑。 Our next step was to get raw materials ready. 我们下一步是把原料准备好。 六. 介词短语作表语 The patient is out of danger. 病人脱险了。 I dont feel at ease. 我感到不自在。 七. 副词作表语 The sun is up. 太阳升起来了。 I must be off now. 现在我得走了。 八. 从句作表语 This is what he said. 这就是他所说的话。 九、不定式作表语 作表语的不定式短语通常是说明主语的内容，这时主语通常是如下名词：
11、hope, idea, job, plan, wish, aim, purpose, thing, business The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult. 新技术的目的是使生活更便利，而不是更繁琐。 Her wish is to become a singer. 她的愿望是当一名歌手。 Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks. 我们的计划就是在两星期内完成这项工作。 十、形容词作表语 He is old but
12、he is healthy。英语中六大从句用法总结 1。主语从句 1）主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有： It is a facta pitya questiongood news that。.。 It seemsappearshappenedhas turned out that.。 *It is clearimportantlikelypossible that. *It is saidreportedestimatedhas been proved that。 It is said that comic books
13、 create a connection between people of the same generation。 It seems that the performance is very useful. 2）what引导的主语从句表示“.的东西时，一般不用it作形式主语. What we lack is experience。 3)what，who,when,why,whether等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句，都用陈述语序。 How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again。 I did know w
14、hy I felt like crying. 2.宾语从句 1）宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that（因为）,except that(除了),but that(只是)已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。 *I promised that I would change the situation. All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship. He is certain that
15、watching so much television is not good for children. *This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long。 2）宾语从句后如有宾补,要用形式宾语it来代替,而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。 He has made it clear that he would not change his mind. 3)在think,believe，suppose,expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将否定词移至主句谓语上，宾语从句则变成肯定形式。 He didnt t
16、hink that the money was well spent。 3。表语从句 表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that,what，when,why,whether，how等引导外,还可由because，as if(though)等引导。that常可省略.如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句，不可用because. Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America。 The reason
17、 why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies. It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller. 4。同位语从句 同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用whether，who,when,where,what，why,how等引导。常见的先行名词有fact，idea,belief，news，hope,c
18、onclusion,evidence，suggestion，order，problem，report,decision.有时由于谓语较短,将同位语从句位于谓语之后. She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show. I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time. The news came that their team had won the championship. 5.定语从句 定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子.定语
19、从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导. 限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起修饰作用，紧接先行词之后,无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which，that等.who，whom，whose用于指人，whose有时也可指物，相当于of which；which用于指物;that既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句，替代先行词外,还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等. The computers and cables which make up the Internet are owned b
20、y people and organizations。 Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people. The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother。 1)当先行词是all,anything，everything，something,nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first,last,any，few，much,some，no，only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能
21、用关系代词that引导从句。 That is all that Ive heard from him。 Hes the first person that Im going to interview this afternoon. 2)关系代词的省略 在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词,作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句,并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。 This is one of those things with which we have to put up. This is one
22、of those things (whichthat） we have to put up with。 3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where，why等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。 Even in comic books where（=in which) there are no words,the stories are fully expressed through the drawings. No one knows the reason why（=for which） he was so angry that day. 5.定语从句
23、非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用,与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响.不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。 Every object has a gravitational pull，which is rather like magnetism。 “介词+whichwhomwhose”引导的定语从句 “介词+whichwhomwhose”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句,该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。 This is the computer on which he
24、 spent all his savings It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar。 as引导的定语从句 as引导的定语从句主要用于“such.as及“the same。.as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时,代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。 These are not such problems as can be easily solved。（as代替先行词problems) As is mentioned above，no single company or group
25、 can control what happens on the Internet。(as代替主语） 6.状语从句 时间状语从句 引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有： 1）when,whenever,while，as,after,before,since，till，until,once等。 We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here。 2）as soon as,hardly(scarcely）。.when，no sooner。.。than,each（every） time，the moment,immediately(that)
26、等。 As soon as I sent an e-mail message，I received positive responses。 The moment he heard the good news，he jumped with joy. *地点状语从句 引导地点状语从句的连词是where，wherever. Wherever she went，she took her little daughter with her. 原因、结果和目的状语从句 1）引导原因状语从句的从属连词有:because,as,since，now（that），seeing that,considering th
27、at，in that等。 Considering that he is a freshman，we must say he is doing well。 2)引导结果状语从句的连词有:so。that,such.。.that ,so that,that，so等. Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave。 3）引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that，in order that，for fear that，lest等，从句常使用may，might，can,could，would等情态动词。 We
28、got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station。 条件和让步状语从句 1）引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless，as（so） long as,on condition that，in case，provided(providing) that,supposing等。 As long as you have the right equipment,you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data。 2)
29、引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though，although,whether，even though,even if，no matter what(when,how。）,whatever（whenever，wherever，however。.）等。though，even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。其结构为“形容词(副词、动词、名词）+as+主语+谓语”。 No matter what you may say,I would not change my mind. Young as he is，he is quite experienced in this
30、work.（=though he is young） Child as he is，he can speak English fluently。（=though he is a child) 方式状语从句 引导方式状语从句的连词有as，just as,as if,as though等。as if,as though引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反。 The young man made the experiment just as the teacher had taught him. Everything went on as usual as if nothing h
31、ad happened。 项目管理中常用英语（转载学习）工程项目管理常用英语工艺包 process package 工艺设计 process design工艺发表 process release工艺预发表 initial process release工作范围；项目任务范围 scope of work ； project scope工作包 work package工作项 work item任务单项 line item分解结构 breakdown structure工作分解结构 work breakdown structure组织分解机构 organizational breakdown str
32、ucture项目大项工作分解结构 project summary work breakdown structure承包商标准工作分解结构；工程公司标准工作分解结构 contractors standard work breakdown structure责任分工矩阵 responsibility assignment matrix风险 risk风险分析 risk analysis风险备忘录 risk memorandum公司本部 home office公司本部服务 home office service公用工程 utility计划 plan项目计划 project plan（项目）设计计划 (
33、project)engineering plan（项目)采购计划 (project)procurement plan（项目）施工计划 (project）construction plan（项目)开车计划 （project)startup plan专利 patent专利权 patent right产权技术 proprietary technology专利技术 licensed technology专有技术;技术诀窍 knowhow许可证 license专利商;许可方 licensor受许可放；受让方 licensee(技术）转让费;提成费 royalty许可证费 license fee专有技术费
34、 know-how fee专业 discipline工艺 process design ; process engineering系统 systems engineering设备 equipment engineering布置 plant layout engineering管道设计 piping design 管道机械 piping mechanical engineering仪表 instruments engineering电气 electrical engineering建筑 architectural engineering土建 civil engineering开车 start-u
35、p试车 commissioning投料试车 startup ; test run ； initial operations性能考核，生产考核 performance test run ； performance guarantee tests用户验收 client acceptance支付条件；付款条件 terms of payment ； conditions of payment ; terms and conditions of payment预付款 advance payment ； down payment按实物进度付款 progress payment按日工程进度付款 schedu
36、le payment保留金；扣留款 retention money最终付款 final payment代码；编码 code ; number组码 group code标准分类记帐码；记帐码 standard classification of account numbersSCAN;account codes ; code of accounts可编码 variable code ； optional variable code通用型活动码 generic activity type(numbers）GAT不可预见费 contingency发表 issue ； release汇票 bill o
37、f exchange ; draft议付汇票 bill for negotiation业主 owner用户；客户 client设计；工程设计 design ； engineering设计阶段 engineering phase工艺设计阶段 process design phase基础工程设计阶段 basic engineering phase分析设计阶段 analytical engineering phase平面设计阶段 planning engineering phase详细工程设计阶段 detailed engineering phase ； final engineering phas
38、e ; production engineering phase会议 meeting开工会议 kickoff meeting报价开工会议 proposal kickoff meeting用户开工会议 client kick-off meeting项目开工会议 project kick-off meeting设计开工会议 project kickoff meeting施工动员会议 construction mobilization meeting审核会 review meeting合同;承包 contract合同生效日期 effective date of the contract合同终止 te
39、rmination of contract合同失效 frustration of contract总价合同 lump-sum contractL-S(固定)单价合同 （fixed） unit price contract偿付合同;成本加抽筋合同 (cost) reimbursable contract ； cost-plus （fee） contract CP成本加固定酬金合同 cost plus fixed fee contract CPFF成本加浮动酬金合同 cost plus fluctuating fee contract ； cost plus sliding scale fee c
40、ontract目标成本加奖罚合同 （target） cost plus fee contract , with bonus or penalty conditions限定最高价偿付合同;限定最高成本加抽筋合同 reimbursable guaranteed maximum price contract RGMP ； guarantee maximum cost plus fee contract承包商 contractor分包商 subcontractor 合营企业 joint venture JV交货 delivery交货日期 delivery date ； date of delivery
41、交货周期 lead time交货到现场 delivery to job-site交货单 delivery note提货单 delivery order提单 bill of lading交货条件 delivery terms离岸价 free on board FOB铁路交货(价）;敞车上交货(价） free on rail FOR ; free on truck FOT成本加运费（价) cost and freight CFR or C&F到岸价 cost insurance and freight ； cost insurance freight CIF船边交货(价) free alongsi
42、de ship FAS货交承运人(价) free carrier FCA工厂交货（价) ex works EXW估算；费用估算 estimate cost estimate估算方法类别 types of estimate详细估算(发） detailed estimate ； defined estimate设备详细估算(发）;确切估算(发) defined equipment estimate ； definitive estimate设备估算 equipment estimate分析估算 analysis estimate报价估算 proposal estimate控制估算 control
43、estimate初期控制估算 interim control estimate ; initial control estimate ICE批准的控制估算 initial approved cost IAC 核定估算 check estimate首次核定估算 first check estimate FCE二次核定估算 production check estimate PCE人工时估算 man-hour estimate证书;证明书 certificate产地证明书 certificate of origin机械竣工证书 mechanical completion certificate用户
44、验收证书；合同项目验收证书 client acceptance certificate (of plant）材料 material设备 equipment散装材料 bulk materials ； commodities材料分类 material class材料统计 material takeoff MTO材料表;材料清单 bill of materials BOM材料管理 material management材料控制 material control进度;进度表；进度计划 schedule 进展;进度；实物进度 progress ； physical progress编制进度计划 sche
45、duling ； time scheduling（项目）初期工作进度计划 starter schedule ； early work schedule项目主进度计划 project master schedule ； master project schedule详细进度计划；详细进度表 detailed schedule网络(图)；网络(进度）计划 network (diagram)里程碑网络图 milestone network详细网络图 detailed network关键线路法 critical path method CPM关键工序；关键活动 critical activity工序；
46、活动 activity里程碑 milestone进度控制 schedule control ; progress control 进度曲线；S曲线 progress curve ； ”S” curve资源负荷曲线 resource loading curve ; Bell curve进度提前 ahead of schedule进度拖延 schedule delay违约 default违约通知 default notice(违约)罚款条款 penalty clause违约罚金 liquidated damages运费 freight Frt. ; carriage运费付讫 freight paid ; carriage free ; carriage paids运费待收;货到收运费 freight collect ； freight to be collected ； freight payable at destination运费预付 freight prepaid ； advance(d） freight货到付运费;运费未付 freight forward ; carriage forward运费担保函 freight indemnity