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1、庖丁巧解牛知识巧学升华巧解生词rush rv. 冲;奔【词析】 音析:元音字母u读,字母组合sh读。形析:形近词brush(笔;刷子)义析:a sudden rapid movement【例句】 The car was hit by a truck and rushed down the hill.这辆小汽车被一辆卡车撞了以后向山下冲去。【拓展】1)常用词组: rush away ( off/ out) to do sth.“冲出去做某事”如:The students rushed out to see the new teacher.学生们冲出去看新老师。2) 常用词组:rush sth.t
2、hrough “匆忙处理”如:Dont rush your everyday work through.不要只是应付你的日常工作。3)常用词组:rush sb.“使某人仓促行动某事”如:I must think things over,so dont rush me. 我必须把事情考虑一下,不要催我。on time准时【例句】The train always runs on time.火车总是很准时。【辨析】on time 和in timeon time准时(按规定的时间);in time 及时(这个时间不是规定的)。如:Students should go to school on time
3、.学生应该准时到校。The policemen arrived in time when the building was firing.这座大楼失火的时候警察们及时赶到了。lock lkv. 锁;锁上【词析】音析:字母o读,字母组合ck读。形析:形近词clock(钟)义析:to fasten with a lock【例句】Lock the door when you go out.你外出时要锁门。【拓展】1)相关短语:lock away把锁起来;把密藏起来lock in把(尤其是人或动物)关锁起来lock up把锁入安全处2)常用词组:lock sb.in (out) “把某人锁在里面(外面
4、)”如:After the quarrel,she locked herself in the room and her husband out.争吵后,她把自己锁在房间里,把她丈夫锁在外面3)常用词组:keep sth.locked “使某物一直锁着”如:You must keep the box locked.你必须让这个箱子一直是锁着的。4)常用词组:put sth.under lock and key“妥善保管某物”如: You must put this document under lock and key.你必须妥善保管这份文件。 relative reItIn. 亲人;亲戚【词
5、析】音析:tive读tI,注意重音在音节。形析:re(再)+ la(音“来”)+ tive,亲戚会再来。义析:a member of ones family【例句】My uncle is my closest relative.叔叔是与我关系最近的亲戚。【拓展】同根词relate v. 使联系;related adj.有联系的;相关的;有亲戚关系的;relation n. 家属;亲属;relations n. 交往;事务;关系;relationship n. 家属关系;亲戚关系;私人关系break down 损坏;坏掉【例句】They broke the door down.他们把门砸坏了。【
6、拓展】1)break down“计划失败”如:Our plan broke down.我们的计划失败了。2) break down“身体精神衰弱”如:His health broke down.他的身体衰弱了。3) break down“情绪失控”如:She broke down when she heard the bad news.她听了那个消息大哭起来。4)breakdown “机器坏掉,坏毛病”如:There was a breakdown on the railway and the trains were delayed.铁轨出了毛病,火车延误了。fool fu v. 愚弄;欺骗n
7、.愚人;白痴【词析】音析:字母组合oo 读u。形析:形近词pool义析:v. trick n.a filly person【例句】You cant fool him,hes much too clever for that.你愚弄不了他,他够精明的,不会上你的当。You fool!I asked for water,not wine.你这个笨蛋,我要的是水,不是酒。【拓展】1)相关短语:make a fool of oneself出某人的丑;捉弄某人an April fool 一个愚人节被愚弄的人2) foolish adj.愚蠢的How foolish of you to do that.你
8、做那件事情真傻。Costumekstjm n. 服装;全套服装【词析】音析:元音字母o,u分别读和j。形析:形近词custom(风俗;习惯)义析:the clothes typical of a certain period,country,or profession,especially as worn in plays【例句】Chaplin is an actor in strange costumes.卓别林是一个身穿奇异服装的演员。embarrassed I adj.尴尬的;窘迫的【词析】音析:两个元音字母a分别读和。形析:embarrass(使困窘)+ -ed(形容词后缀)义析:as
9、hamed,uncomfortable or anxious【例句】I dont like making speeches,I feel embarrassed.我不喜欢在大庭广众之下演讲,我感到为难。【拓展】同根词:embarrass v. 使窘迫;使为难;使尴尬;embarrassing adj.令人尴尬的;embarrassment n. 尴尬;窘迫exhausted IIadj. 极其疲惫的;精疲力竭的【词析】音析:字母组合ex读I,au读,ed在后读I。形析:exhaust(用尽;耗尽)+ -ed(形容词后缀)义析:tired out【例句】I felt exhausted afte
10、r walking a long time.步行一段时间后我感到筋疲力尽。【拓展】同根词:exhaust v. 使精疲力竭的;exhausting adj.令人感到精疲力竭的;exhaustion n. 疲惫;精疲力竭describe dII v. 描述;描绘【词析】音析:字母i在重读开音节中常读aI。形析:形近词descent(降落)义析:to say what sth.is like【例句】Try to describe exactly what happened.请设法准确地描述所发生的情形。【拓展】1)同根词:description n. 描写;描述;形容;叙述2)describe s
11、th.for(to) sb.将某事描述给某人Can you describe it for me?你能把它描述给我听吗?3)describe as 说(某人或某物)有某种性质He described himself as a doctor.他称他自己是个医生。announce nansv. 宣布;通告【词析】音析:字母组合ou读a。形析:形近词annunciate(告示;通告)义析:to state in a loud voice【例句】Everyone was silent when he announced the winner of the match.当他宣布比赛的获胜者时,大家都静静
12、地倾听。【拓展】常用短语:announce.as “宣布作为”如:American government (政府) announced the second Sunday in May as the Mothers day.美国政府宣布五月的第二个星期天为母亲节。convince knI v. 使确信;使信服【词析】音析:元音字母o,i分别读和I。义析:to cause someone to believe【例句】I convinced you were here.我深信你在这里。【拓展】1)同根词:convincing adj.令人信服的;有说服力的2 )常用词组:convince sb.o
13、f “使某人相信”如:We couldnt convince him of his mistake.我们无法使他明白他的错误。set off 激起;引起【词析】义析:to cause【例句】The discovery of gold in California set off.加利福尼亚州发现金矿一事引起很多人去那里淘金。【拓展】set off出发;动身She set off on a trip across Europe.她出发去作跨越欧洲的旅行。Farmerf(r)m(r) n. 农夫;农场主【词析】音析:字母组合ar读。形析:farm(农场)+ -er(名词后缀)义析:a person
14、who owns or plans the work on a farm【例句】My father is a general farmer.我父亲是一位普通的农民。【拓展】同根词:farm n.农场marry mrI v. 嫁;娶;与结婚【词析】音析:元音字母a 读,词尾的y常读I。形析:形近词carry(搬、运)义析:to take a person in marriage【例句】She married a poor man.她嫁给了一个穷人。【拓展】1)同根词:marriage n.结婚;婚姻married adj.已婚的;结过婚的Her first marriage was not ve
15、ry happy.她的第一次婚姻很不愉快。He is a married man.他是个已婚男子。2)get married = be marriedTheyre going to get/be married on New Years Day.他们将于元旦结婚。ThrillI v. 使非常激动;使非常紧张【词析】音析:字母组合th读,字母i读I。形析:形近词thrive(兴旺)义析:to feel excitement or anxious【例句】The old story thrilled me.这个老故事使我激动(紧张)。【拓展】同根词:thrilling adj.令人毛骨悚然的;thr
16、illingly adv. 激动地;紧张地thriller n.惊险小说(剧本或电影);恐怖小说(剧本或电影);thrill 作名词,意为 “激动”。embarrassing II adj.令人为难的【词析】音析:两个元音字母a分别读和。形析:embarrass(感到窘迫) + -ing(后缀)【例句】I took the wrong bag by mistake,its so embarrassing.我粗心拿错了包,这让我很为难。【辨析】embarrassed 与embarrassingembarrassed形容人的感受,embarrassing用来修饰事物或事情。如:His embarr
17、assing words made everyone embarrassed.他那令人窘迫的话使每个人都感到窘迫。He stays embarrassed by lack of money.他因缺钱而窘迫。典句精讲Section A1. Ive never been late for school,but yesterday I came very close.我上学从不迟到,但是昨天我差一点迟到了。【巧解句构】 此句是并列句,but作连词,连接并列句,表转折关系。如:I like to watch TV,but I dont have free time.我喜欢看电视,但无闲暇时间。【要点剖
18、析】came very close意思是“差一点迟到”,相当于nearly came late,close作副词,意思是“接近地;靠近地”。另外,close还可作动词,意为“关闭”;作形容词,意为“接近的”,“关系密切的”。如:We sit close together.我们紧挨着坐在一起。Please close the door.请关门。The two countries have close relation.两个国家之间关系密切。2.My alarm clock didnt go off,and by the time I woke up,my father had already g
19、one into the bathroom and I had to wait for him to come out.我的闹钟没有响,等我醒来的时候,我爸爸已经进了浴室,因此我不得不等着他出来。【巧解句构】 1)此句中的and作连词,连接两个分句,表示并列承接关系。如:Her son is a teacher and her daughter is a doctor.她儿子是教师,女儿是医生。He fell off the horse and hurt his left leg.他从马背上摔下来,伤了左腿。2)by the time I woke up意思是“我醒的时候”,I woke up
20、是定语从句,修饰time。Section B1. In 1938,a radio program by actor Orson Welles announced that aliens from Mars had landed on the Earth.在1938年,一个由演员奥森威尔斯制作的广播节目声明说来自火星的外星人已经在地球上着陆了。【巧解句构】 此句是含有that引导的宾语从句的复合句,主句中的介词短语by actor Orson Welles 作后置定语,修饰program;宾语从句中的介词短语from Mars也是后置定语,修饰aliens。如:The girl in red i
21、s Li Ling.那个穿红衣服的女孩叫李玲。The animal with a long nose is an elephant.那个长鼻子动物是大象。2. He described where they had landed and told how they were moving across the United States.他描述了他们在哪儿着陆,也说他们是怎样穿越美国的。【巧解句构】 此句是由and连接的两个单句构成的并列句。在前一个单句中,where引导宾语从句,作described的宾语;后一个单句中how引导的宾语从句作told的宾语。如:Children want to
22、 know where they can find the Micky Mouse.孩子们想要知道在哪里能找到米老鼠。The teacher knows how big the moon is.老师知道月球有多大。3. Welles was so convincing that hundreds of people believed the story,and panic set off across the whole country.威尔斯是那样令人信服以至成百上千的人相信了这个故事,而且惊慌传遍了整个国家。【巧解句构】 此句是并列句,前一个分句中的“so + adj./ adv. + t
23、hat从句”表示“如此以至于”,that后接表示结果的状语从句。如:The girl is so young that she cant carry the box.那小姑娘太小,不能搬动那个箱子。The thief is running so fast that the policeman cant catch up with him.小偷跑得太快,警察追不上。4. On April Fools Day,a reporter in England announced that there would be no more spaghetti because the spaghetti far
24、mers in Italy had stopped growing spaghetti.有一次愚人节,英格兰的一名记者声称不会再有意大利面条了,因为意大利的农夫已经停止种植意大利面了。【巧解句构】 1)此句是多重复句。从句“that there would be no more spaghetti because the spaghetti farmers in Italy had stopped growing spaghetti”作announced的宾语。在这个宾语从句中又包含一个because引导的原因状语从句。如:He said that he would finish the wo
25、rk on time because some farmers had come to help him.他说他能够按时完成这项工作,因为有几位农民朋友来帮助他。I didnt like to go shopping because stores are always crowded.我不喜欢去购物,因为商店里人总是太多。2)no more = not.any more,意为“不再”。如:I am no more a child.我不再是个孩子了。He doesnt go to the movies any more.他不再去看电影了。语法解读过去完成时下面的口诀可以帮助我们理解和记忆过去完成
26、时态的应用规则:过去完成时态不算难,形式要向完成时态看,Have变成had不怠慢,断定过去之前是关键。过去完成时由“had + 过去分词”构成,其主要用法有:1. 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了动作。它所表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。这一过去时间常用by,before等介词短语,when,before等引导的时间状语从句或通过上下文来表示。如:How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term?到上个学期末你们已经学会了几首英语歌曲?We had reached the station before
27、ten oclock.我们十点钟前到了火车站。The film had been on for five minutes when I got to the cinema.我到电影院时电影已经开映五分钟了。I didnt give the book to Wei Fang because she had already bought a copy for herself.我没有给魏芳这本书,因为她自己买了一本。He asked if you had written to Peter.他问你有没有给彼得写信。注意: 如果时间状语从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前,则从句用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时
28、。如:After I had done my homework,I went to bed.我做完家庭作业后上床睡觉。2. 过去完成时还可以表示从过去某一时间开始,持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与由for或since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。如:Mr Wu had taught in the south for less than five years before he came here.吴老师来这里之前在南方任教不到五年时间。I saw Li Ping yesterday.We had not seen each other since I left Beijing.我昨天
29、见到了李平。自我离开北京我们就没有见过面。注意:当一个由before,after,as soon as等连词引导的从句所表示的动作与主句的动作前后紧接时,由于连词本身已说明两个动作发生的先后关系,这两个动作都可用一般过去时表示。如:Where did your brother study before he joined the army?你弟弟参军前在哪里上学?After he closed the door, he left the house.他关上门之后离开了家。参考译文Section A 3a我上学从未迟到,但昨天我几乎迟到了。我的闹钟没有响,等我醒来的时候,爸爸已经进了浴室,因此我
30、不得不等着他出来。我十分匆忙。我迅速洗了澡,吃了点早饭,然后向汽车站跑去。不幸的是,等我到那儿的时候,汽车已经开走了。我开始步行,可我知道没法按时到校了。幸运的是,我的朋友托尼和他爸爸乘坐小轿车路过,他们让我搭了便车。当我到学校的时候,最后的铃声正在响。我上课恰好没有迟到。Section B 3a在1938年,一个由演员奥森威尔斯制作的广播节目声明说来自火星的外星人已经在地球上着陆了。他描述了他们在哪儿着陆,也说他们是怎样穿越美国的。威尔斯是那样令人信服以至成百上千的人相信了这个故事,而且惊慌传遍了整个国家。等到当局透露这个故事是个恶作剧时,成千上万的人已经逃离了家乡。有一次愚人节,英格兰的一
31、名记者声称不会再有意大利面条了,因为意大利的农夫已经停止种植意大利面了。许多人跑向当地的超市购买尽可能多的意大利面。等到人们意识到这个消息是个恶作剧时,整个国家的所有意大利面全给买光了。一个著名的电视明星曾经在愚人节把他的女友请上他的节目。他请求她嫁给他。她很激动,因为她真的很想结婚。然而,当她说“好”的时候,他回应道:“傻瓜!”这个小小的玩笑没能有个愉快的结局。这个电视明星失去了女友,他的节目也失败了。典题热题新题例1 Great changeshere since last year.A.have been taken placeB.took placeC.have taken place
32、D.were taken place思路分析: since last year表明应该使用完成时态,take place没有被动语态。答案:C误区警示本题同学们容易忽略使用完成时态,也有同学没记住take place没有被动语态。深化升华表示“发生”,除了take place 外还有happen,都不能用于被动语态。如:What has happened to you?你发生什么事了?例2 Listen!Can you hear someone in the next house.A.to sing B.singsC.sing D.singing思路分析: hear sb.do听到某人做了某事
33、,hear sb.doing听到某人正在做某事。listen表明动作正在发生。答案:D误区警示本题同学们容易在两处犯错误:hear和sing都是动词,连接两个动词,同学们自然想到了to;someone是单数,误以为sing也应该用单数,自然就错选了B项。深化升华用于句型v.+ sb.do (doing)结构的词有hear,see,watch,notice,find等。例3 We for ten years.A.marriedB.get marriedC.have been marriedD.have gotten married思路分析: 这句话的意思是“我们结婚已经十年了”,首先确定用现在完
34、成时态,排除A、B项,在本题中for ten years是一段时间,而在get married,be married这两个短语中,只有be married后面可以跟一段时间的时间状语。答案: C例4 Did you see Tom at the party?No,heby the time I got there.A.leftB.was liftingC.had leftD.has left思路分析: 第二句话的意思是“当我到达那儿的时候,他早已经离开”,他“离开”这个动作发生在我到达那儿之前,是“过去的过去”,而且时间状语是by the time,通过这两点,我们应该判断出这个句子的时态应该
35、选用动词的过去完成时态。答案:D例5 Can youit in English?A.speakB.sayC.tellD.talk思路分析: 在这四个词中,talk是不及物动词,它的后面不可以直接跟宾语,speak之后只能跟语言,tell后面必须跟双宾语。答案: B例6 She asked me whereduring my stay in New York.A.I had gone toB.had I stayedC.I had been toD.did I live思路分析: 有的同学很容易判断用“过去完成时态”。其实本题考查了宾语从句的用法。宾语从句应该用陈述语序。主句为过去时,所以从句表
36、示“过去的过去”;had gone to表示“去了”,had been to 表示“去过”。答案: C例7 判断句子正误: I always forget closing the door,but I remembered to close it yesterday.思路分析: 这句话的意思是“我总是忘记关门,但是我记得我昨天关了门”。这道题考的是 forget和 remember的用法:forget to do sth.是“忘记去干某事”,这件事还没干,forget doing sth.指的是“干了某件事情而又忘记了”;remember to do sth.指的是“记住要去干某事”,还没有干,remember doing sth.指的是“干了某件事情后又记住了”。答案: I always forget to close the door,but I remembered closing it yesterday.8用心 爱心 专心