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1、2023年最新整理考试真题资料2022 年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语 （二）（科目代码：204）（真 题） 考生注意事项1. 答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2. 考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3. 选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4. 填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字
2、笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用2B 铅笔填涂。5. 考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。(以下信息考生必须认真填写)Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text . Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark,A.B.C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Harlon Coben believes that if you are a writer, youll find the time; and tha
3、t if cant find the time, then writing isnt an priority and youre not a writer. For him, writing is a _1 job - a joblike any other. He has _2 it with plumbing. Pointing out that a plumber doesnt wake up and say that he cant work with pipes today.3, like most writers these days, you are holding down a
4、 job to pay the bills,itsnot4_ to find the time to write. Butits not impossible. It requires determination and single-mindedness.5 that most bestselling authors began writing when they were doing other things to earn a living. And today, even writers who are fairly _6 often have to do other work to7
5、 their writing income.As Harlon Coben has suggested, its a8of priorities. To make writing a priority,youllhave to _9some of your day-to-day activities and some things you really enjoy. Depending on your 10 and your lifestyle, thatmightmeanspendinglesstime watching television or listening to music, t
6、hough some people can write 11_ they listen to music. You might have to12_ the amount of exercise or sport you do.Youll have to make social media an 13 activity rather than a daily, time-consuming 14 _. There ll probably have to be less socialising with your friends and less time with your family. I
7、ts a _15 learning curve, and it wont always make you popular.Theres just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for, 16 your writing- and thats reading. Any write needs to read as much and as widely as they can; its the one 17_ supporter - something you cannot do without.Time is finite.
8、 The older you met, the _18 it seems to go. We need to use it as carefully and as 19_ as we can that means that prioritising out activities so that we spend most time on the things we really want to do. If youre a writer, that means - _20 -writing.1. A. difficult2. A. combinedB. normalB. comparedC.
9、steadyC. confusedD. pleasantD. confronted3. A. If4. A. Enough5. A. Accept6. A.Well-known7. A.donate8. A.cause9. A.highlight10. A.relations11. A.until12. A.put up with13. A.intelligent14. A.habit15. A.tough16. A.in place of17. A.indispensable18. A.duller19. A.peacefully20. A.at mostB. ThoughB. strang
10、eB. ExplainB.well-advised B.generate B.purpose B.sacrifice B.interests B.because B.make up for B.occasional B.test B.gentleB.in charge ofB.innovative B.harder B.generously B.in turnC. OnceD. UnlessC. wrongD. easyC. RememberD. SupposeC.well-informedD.well-chose C.supplementD.calculate C.questionD.con
11、ditionC.continueD.exploreC.memoriesD.skillsC.whileD.before C.hang on toD.cut down on C.intensiveD.emotionalC.decisionD.planC.rapidD.funnyC.in response toD.in additiontoC.invisibleD.instantC.quieterD.quicker C.productivelyD.gratefully C.on averageD.above allPart ADirections:Section Reading Comprehens
12、ionRead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1On a recent sunny day 13000 chickens roam over Larry Browns 40 windswept acres in Shiner, Texas. Some rest in the shade of a parked car. Others drink
13、 water with the cows. This all seems random, but its by design, part of what the $ 6.1 billion US. egg industry bets will be its next big thing: climate-friendly eggs.These eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as $8 a dozen, are still labeled organic and animal-friendly, but
14、 theyre also from birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture-special house gases. Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.“Im excited about our progress,” says Brown, who is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat. The birds wa
15、ste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements “allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land, the hens, and the eggs that we supply to our customers.”The egg industrys push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can become
16、 the next premium offering. In barely more than a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats, but both have exploded into major supermarket categories. If the sustainable- egg roll out is successful.
17、It could open the floodgates for regenerative beef, broccoli, and beyond.Regenerative products could be a hard sell because the concept is tough to define quickly says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine. Such farming also brings m
18、inimal, if any, improvement to the food products (though some producers say their eggs have more protein).The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range, non-GMO, and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability. Surveys show that younger gen
19、erations are more concerned about climate change, and some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting tosignal their desire to protect the environment. Young adults “really care about the planet,” says John Brunnquell, president of Egg Innovations. “They are absolutely
20、altering the food chain beyond what I think even they understand what theyre doing.”21. The climate- friendly eggs are produced .A. at a considerably low costB. at the demand of regular shoppersC. as a replacement for organic eggsD. on specially designed farms22. Larry Brawn is excited about its pro
21、gress in .A. reducing the damage of wormsB. accelerating the disposal of wasteC. creating a sustainable systemD. attracting customers to his product23. The example of organic eggs is used in Paragraph 4 to suggest.A. the doubts over natural foodsB. the setbacks in the egg industryC. the potential of
22、 regenerative productsD. the promotional success of supermarkets24. It can be leaned from the last paragraph that young people.A. are reluctant to change their dietB. are likely to buy climate- friendly eggsC. are curious about new foodsD. are amazed at agricultural advances25. John Brunnquell would
23、 disagree with Julie Stanton everregenerative products.A. market prospectsB. nutritional valueC. standard definitionD. moral implicationText 2More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend thatthreatens to upend the old workforce model.One in three Americans who are at least
24、 40 have, or plan to have a job in retirement toprepare for a longer life, according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade.Even more surprising is that more than half of unretirees - those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring- said they would be employe
25、d in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey showed.Financial needs arent the only culprit for the“unretirement” trend. Other reasons, according to the study, include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit, preventing boredom or avoiding depression.“The
26、concept of retirement is evolving,” said Christine Russell, senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade. “Its not just about finances. The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement.”One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer. OlderAm
27、ericans are also percentage of retirement-age people in the labor force has doubled over the past three decades. About 20% of people 65 and older were in the workforce in February 2019, up from an all-time low of 10% in January 1985 according to money manager United Income.Because of longer life spa
28、ns, Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed, which surveyed 2,000 adults between 40 to 79. Six in 10 “unretirees” are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life. Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company
29、said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss,
30、aco-founderatBaltimore-basedfinancial-planningfirmFacetWealth.He suggestedthat pre-retirees should speak with a financial advisor to set long-term financial goals.“The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and ultimately retiring,” Weiss said. “Its not just a financ
31、ial decision, but an emotional one. Many people believe they cant retire.”26. The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates that.A. over half of the retirees are physically fit for workB. the old workforce is as active as the younger oneC. one in three Americans enjoy earlier retirementD. more Ameri
32、cans are willing to work in retirement27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that Americans tend tothink that.A. retirement may cause problems for themB. boredom can be relieved after retirementC. the mental health of retirees is overlookedD. “unretirement” contributes to the economy28. Retirement
33、patterns are changing partly due to.A. labor shortagesB. population growthC. longer life expectancyD. rising living costs29. Many “unretirees” are increasing their savings by.A. investing more in stocksB. taking up odd jobsC. getting well-paid workD. spending less30. With regard to retirement, Brent
34、 Weiss thinks that many people are.A. unpreparedB. unafraidC. disappointedD. enthusiasticText 3We have all encountered them,in both our personal and professional lives. Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was la
35、ter difficult to cancel. Something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that impair consumer choice. These are examples of dark patterns.First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull, “dark patterns” is a catch-all term f
36、or practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision- making ability of users. Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns, ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to roach motel, where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when th
37、e user tries to get out.In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11000 websites, researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices. Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood. Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patter
38、ns and try to avoid the gray are as they engender.Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns?Businesses should engage in conversations with ll, compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy policy, and include in the discuss the customer/user experience design
39、ers and coders responsible for the companys user interface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible forsign-ups, checkout baskets, pricing, and promotions. Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding digital deception.Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to ad
40、dress the ambiguity around dark patterns, most recent at the state level. In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that “ensure that customer will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise the
41、ir data privacy rights.” The regulations aim to ban dark patterns-this means prohibiting companies from using “confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldnt optout.”As more states consider promulgating additional
42、 regulations, there is a need for greater account ability from within the business community. Dark patterns also be addressed on a self regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements, but also to industry best practices and standard.31. It can
43、 be learned from the first two paragraphs tat dark patterns .A. improve user experienceB. leak user information for profitC. undermine users decision-makingD. remind users of hidden costs32. The 2019 study on dark patterns is mentioned to show .A. their major flawsB. their complex designsC. their se
44、vere damageD. their strong presence33. To handle digital deception, businesses should .A. listen to customer feedbackB. talk with relevant teamsC. turn to independent agenciesD. rely on professional training34. The additional regulations under the CCPA areintended to.A. guide users through opt-out p
45、rocessesB. protect consumers from being trickedC. grant companies data privacy rightsD. restrict access to problematic content35. According to the last paragraph, a key to coping with dark patterns is.A. new legal requirementsB. businesses self-disciplineC. strict regulatory standsD. consumers safet
46、y awareness.Text 4Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports. But a new study published in Cognition found that, in a
47、t least one real-world situation a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.The researchers investigated one class sessions impact on eating meat. They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Enc Schwitzgebel, a philosopher at the University of Califor
48、nia, Riverside: Students attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering. Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the