《2022全国硕士研究生招生考试真题（英语二）.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《2022全国硕士研究生招生考试真题（英语二）.pdf（16页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、绝密启用前2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试英 语（二）（科目代码：204）考生注意事项众1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号，并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须
2、使用2B 铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank andmark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Harlan Coben believes that if youre a writer,youll find the time；and thatif you cant find t
3、he time,then writing isnt a priority and youre not a writer.For him,writing is a 1 job-a job like any other.He has 2 it withplumbing,pointing out that a plumber doesnt wake up and say that he cant workwith pipes today.3,like most writers these days,youre holding down a job to pay thebills,it5s not 4
4、 to find the time to write.But its not impossible.It requiresdetermination and single-mindedness.5 that most bestselling authors beganwriting when they were doing other things to earn a living.And today,evenwriters who are fairly 6 often have to do other work to J 7 their writingincome.As Harlan Cob
5、en has suggested,its a 8 of priorities.To make writinga priority,you*1 1 have to 9 some of your day-to-day activities and somethings you really enjoy.Depending on your 10 and your lifestyle,that mightmean spending less time watching television or listening to music,though somepeople can write 11 the
6、y listen to music.You might have to 12 theamount of exercise or sport you do.Youll have to make social media an 13activity rather than a daily,time-consuming 14.There,II probably have to beless socializing with your friends and less time with your family.Its a 15learning curve,and it wont always mak
7、e you popular.Theres just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for,16your writingand thats reading.Any writer needs to read as much and as widelyas they can；its the one 17 supportersomething you cant do without.Time is finite.The older you get,the 18 it seems to go.We need touse it as
8、 carefully and as 19 as we can.That means prioritising our activitiesso that we spend most time on the things we really want to do.If youre a writer,that means 20 writing.英 语（二）试 题.I.（共1 5页）1.A.difficultB.normalc.steadyD.pleasant2.A.combinedB.comparedc.confusedD.confronted3.A.IfB.Thoughc.OnceD.Unles
9、s4.A.enoughB.strangec.wrongD.easy5.A.AcceptB.Explainc.RememberD.Suppose6.A.well-knownB.well-advisedc.well-informedD.well-chosen7.A.donateB.generatec.supplementD.calculate8.A.causeB.purposec.questionD.condition9.A.highlightB.sacrificec.continueD.explore10.A.relationsB.interestsc.memoriesD.skills11.A.
10、untilB.becausec.whileD.before12.A.put up withB.make up forc.hang on toD.cut down on13.A.intelligentB.occasionalc.intensiveD.emotional14.A.habitB.testc.decisionD.plan15.A.toughB.gentlec.rapidD.funny16.A.in place ofB.in charge ofc.in response toD.in addition to17.A.indispensableB.innovativec.invisible
11、D.instant18.A.dullerB.harderc.quieterD.quicker19.A.peacefullyB.generouslyc.productivelyD.gratefully20.A.at mostB.in turnc.on averageD.above allSection n Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosingA,B,C or D.Mark your answers on
12、 the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)英 语（二）试 题.2.（共15页）Text 1On a recent sunny day,13,000 chickens roam over Larry Browns 40windswept acres in Shiner,Texas.Some rest in the shade of a parked car.Othersdrink water with the cows.This all seems random,but its by design,part ofwhat the$6.1 billion U.S.egg indus
13、try bets will be its next big thing:climatefriendly eggs.These eggs,which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as$8 a dozen,are still labeled organic and animal-friendly,but theyre also frombirds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture-special techniques tocultivate rich soils
14、 that can trap greenhouse gases.Such eggs could be marketedas helping to fight climate change.Im excited about our progress,M says Brown,who harvests eggs forDenver-based NestFresh Eggs and is adding more cover crops that draw wormsand crickets for the chickens to eat.The birds waste then fertilizes
15、 fields.Suchimprovements u allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that willbe good for the land,the hens,and the eggs that we supply to our customers.nThe egg industrys push is the first major test of whether animal productsfrom regenerative farms can become the next premium offeri
16、ng.In barely morethan a decade,organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product innatural foods stores to being sold at Walmart.More recently there were similardoubts about probiotics and plant-based meats,but both have exploded into majorsupermarket categories.If the sustainable-egg rollou
17、t is successful,it could openthe floodgates for regenerative beef,broccoli,and beyond.Regenerative products could be a hard sell,because the concept is tough todefine quickly,says Julie Stanton,associate professor of agricultural economicsat Pennsylvania State University Brandywine.Such fanning also
18、 brings minimal,if any,improvement to the food products(though some producers say their eggshave more protein).The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premiumattributes such as free-range,non-GMO,and pasture-raised eggs will embracesustainability.Surveys show that younger gen
19、erations are more concerned aboutclimate change,and some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up toshoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect the environment.Young adults4 really care about the planet,n says John Brunnquell,president of EggInnovations.They are absolutely alterin
20、g the food chain beyond what I thinkeven they understand what they*re doing.M英 语（二）试 题.3.（共15页）21.The climate-friendly eggs are produced.A.at a considerably low costB.at the demand of regular shoppersC.as a replacement for organic eggsD.on specially designed farms22.Larry Brown is excited about his
21、progress in.A.reducing the damage of wormsB.accelerating the disposal of wasteC.creating a sustainable systemD.attracting customers to his products23.The example of organic eggs is used in Paragraph 4 to s u g g e s t.A.the doubts over natural foodsB.the setbacks in the egg industryC.the potential o
22、f regenerative productsD.the promotional success of supermarkets24.It can be learned from the last paragraph that young p e o p l e.A.are reluctant to change their dietB.are likely to buy climate-friendly eggsC.are curious about new foodsD.are amazed at agriculture advances25.John Brunnquell would d
23、isagree with Julie Stanton over regenerativeproducts1.A.market prospectsB.standard definitionC.nutritional valueD.moral implications英 语（二）试 题.4.（共15页）Text 2More Americans are opting to work well into retirement,a growing trendthat threatens to upend the old workforce model.One in three Americans who
24、 are at least 40 have or plan to have a job inretirement to prepare for a longer life,according to a survey conducted by HarrisPoll for TD Ameritrade.Even more surprising is that more than half ofM unretireesMthose who plan to work in retirement or went back to work afterretiringsaid they would be e
25、mployed in their later years even if they had enoughmoney to settle down,the survey showed.Financial needs arent the only culprit for the M unretirementM trend.Otherreasons,according to the study,include personal fulfillment such as stayingmentally fit,preventing boredom or avoiding depression.44 Th
26、e concept of retirement is evolving,M said Christine Russell,seniormanager of retirement at TD Ameritrade.Its not just about finances.The valueof work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement.nOne reason for the change in retirement patterns:Americans are livinglonger.Because of lon
27、ger life spans,Americans are also boosting their savings topreserve their nest eggs,the TD Ameritrade study showed,which surveyed 2,000adults between 40 to 79.Six in 10 u unretireesM are increasing their savings inanticipation of a longer life,according to the survey.Among the most popularways they
28、are doing this,the company said,is by reducing their overallexpenses,securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirementaccounts.Unfortunately,many people who are opting to work in retirement arepreparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their lateryear
29、s,said Brent Weiss,a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firmFacet Wealth.He suggested that preretirees should speak with a financial adviserto set long-term financial goals.uThe most challenging moments in life are getting married,starting a familyand ultimately retiring,M Weiss said.I
30、ts not just a financial decision,but anemotional one.Many people believe they cant retire.n英 语（二）试 题.5.（共15页）26.The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates t hat.A.over half of the retirees are physically fit for workB.the old workforce is as active as the younger oneC.one in three Americans enjoy
31、 earlier retirementD.more Americans are willing to work in retirement27.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that Americans tend to think thatA.retirement may cause problems for themB.boredom can be relieved after retirementC.the mental health of retirees is overlookedD.u unretirementM contributes to
32、 the economy28.Retirement patterns are changing partly due to.A.labor shortageB.population growthC.longer life expectancyD.rising living costs29.Many u unretireesM are increasing their savings b y _.A.investing more in stocksB.taking up odd jobsC.getting well-paid workD.spending less30.With regard t
33、o retirement,Brent Weiss thinks that many people areA.unpreparedB.unafraidC.disappointedD.enthusiastic英 语（二）试 题.6.（共15页）Text 3We have all encountered them,in both our personal and professional lives.Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership orsubscription that had a seamle
34、ss sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel.Something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated,intentionally or unintentionally,in ways that impair consumer choice.These areexamples of dark patterns.First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull,u darkpatterns
35、v is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces toinfluence the decision-making ability of users.Brignull identifies 12 types ofcommon dark patterns,ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to u roachmotel,“where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start,but turns
36、difficult when the user tries to get out.In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites,researchersfound that about one in 10 employs these design practices.Though widelyprevalent,the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood.Business andnonprofit leaders should be aware of
37、dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areasthey engender.Where is the line between ethical,persuasive design and dark patterns?Businesses should engage in conversations with IT,compliance,risk,and legalteams to review their privacy policy,and include in the discussion the customer/user experience
38、designers and coders responsible for the companys user interface,as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups,checkoutbaskets,pricing,and promotions.Any or all these teams can play a role increating or avoiding u digital deception.nLawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to
39、 address the ambiguityaround dark patterns,most recently at the state level.In March,the CaliforniaAttorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under theCalifornia Consumer Privacy Act(CCPA)that“ensure that consumers will notbe confused or misled when seeking to exercise their d
40、ata privacy rights.M Theregulations aim to ban dark patterns-this means prohibiting companies fromusing M confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to clickthrough multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldnt opt out.nAs more states consider promulgating additional regu
41、lations,there is a needfor greater accountability from within the business community.Dark patterns alsocan be addressed on a self-regulatory basis,but only if organizations holdthemselves accountable,not just to legal requirements,but also to industry bestpractices and standards.英 语（二）试 题,7.（共15页）31
42、.It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that dark p a t t e r n s.A.improve user experiencesB.leak user information for profitC.undermine users decision-makingD.remind users of hidden costs32.The 2019 study on dark patterns is mentioned to showA.their major flawsB.their complex designsC.the
43、ir severe damageD.their strong presence33.To handle digital deception,businesses s h o u l d.A.listen to customer feedbackB.talk with relevant teamsC.turn to independent agenciesD.rely on professional training34.The additional regulations under the CCPA are intended to.A.guide users through opt-out
44、processesB.protect consumers from being trickedC.grant companies data privacy rightsD.restrict access to problematic content35.According to the last paragraph,a key to coping with dark patternsis.A.new legal requirementsB.businesses,self-disciplineC.strict regulatory standardsD.consumers safety awar
45、eness英 语（二）试 题.8.（共1 5页）Text 4Although ethics classes are common around the world,scientists are unsureif their lessons can actually change behavior;evidence either way is weak,relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports.But anew study published in Cognition found that
46、,in at least one real-world situation,a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.The researchers investigated one class sessions impact on eating meat.Theychose this particular behavior for three reasons,according to study co-author EricSchwitzgebel,a philosopher at the University of Califo
47、rnia,Riverside:students)attitudes on the topic are variable and unstable,behavior is easily measurable,and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reducesenvironmental harm and animal suffering.Half of the students in four largephilosophy classes read an article on
48、the ethics of factory-farmed meat,optionallywatched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion.Theother half focused on charitable giving instead.Then,unknown to the students,the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester一nearly 14,000 receipts
49、for almost 500 students.Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect;he hadpreviously found that ethics professors do not differ from other professors on arange of behaviors,including voting rates,blood donation and returning librarybooks.But among student subjects who discussed meat
50、 ethics,meal purchasescontaining meat decreased from 52 to 45 percentand this effect held steady forthe studys duration of several weeks.Purchases from the other group remained at52 percent.Thats actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention,MSchwitzgebel says.Psychologist Nina Stro