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1、2022年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题Sect ion I Use of En glishDirectio ns:Read the follow ing text.Choose the best word(s)for each nu mbered bla nk and mark A,B,C or D onthe ANSWER SHEET.(10poi nts)Harlan Coben believe that if you re writer,you find the time;and that if you can find the time,t wake upthen writin
2、g isn t a priority and you Fcrehiiiot,awWinigris a/_ jo b-a joblike any other.He has _ 2 _it with plumbing,pointing out that a plumber doesn and say that he can*t work with pipesoday.3,like most writers these days,you cfovre tacjtsiinio pay the b川s,it s4notto find the time to write.But if not imposs
3、ible.It requires determ in ati on and sin gle-min ded ness.5 thatmost bestselli ng authors bega n writ ing whe n they were doing other things to earn a livi ng.And today,even writers who are fairly 6 often have to do other work to 7 their writing ine.As Harlan Coben has suggested,it ra s_8 of priori
4、ties.To make writing a priority,you II have to 9some of your day-to-day activities and some things you really enjoy.Depe nding on your 10 and yourlifestyle,that might mean spending less time watching television or listening to music,though somepeople can write 11 they listen to music.You might have
5、to 12 theamount of exercise or sport you do.You Ihave to make social media an 13activity rather than a daily,time-consuming 14.There probably have to be less socialising with yourfriends and less time with your family.It a 15 learning curve,and it won,t always make you popular.There s just one thing
6、 you should try to keep at least some time for,1 _ 6 your writing-and thatreading.Any writer needs to read as much and as widely as they can;it s ttone 17 supporter someth!ng you can witho ut.Time is fin ite.The older you get,the 18 it seems to go.We n eed to use it as carefully and as 19 aswe can,t
7、hat means prioritis ing out activities so that we spe nd most time on the things we really want todo.If you are a writer,that means-_20 writ ing.1.A difficultB no rmalC steadyD pleasa nt2.A bin edB paredC con fusedD confronted3.A IfB ThoughC OnceD Uni ess4.AenoughB stra ngeC wrongD easy5.A AcceptB E
8、xplai nC RememberD Suppose6.A well-k nownB well-advisedC well-i nformedDwell-chosen7.A donateB gen erateC suppleme ntD calculate8.A causeB purposeC questionD condition1 /209.A highlightB sacrificeC continueD explore10A relationsB interestsC memoriesD skills1 1A untilB becauseC whileD before12D cut d
9、own4 OA put up withB make up forC hang on toonIo1 AA intelligentB occasionalC intensiveD emotional14A habitB testC decisionD plan15A toughB gentleC rapidD funny16D in addition4 -7A in place ofB in charge ofC in response toto1 f4 OA indispensableB innovativeC invisibleD instant18A dullerB harderC qui
10、eterD quickeriyA peacefullyB generouslyC productivelyD gratefully20A at mostB in turnC on averageD above allSection II Reading prehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Markyour answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1On
11、 a recent sunny day,13,000 chickens roam over Larry Brown s40 windswept acres in Shiner,Texas.Some rest in the shade of a parked car.Others drink water with the cows.This all seems random,but it*bsy design,part of what the$6.1 billion U.S.egg industry bets will be its next big thing:climate-friendly
12、 eggs.These eggs,which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as$8 a dozen,are stilllabeled organic and animal-friendly,but they arelso from birds that live on farms using regenerativeagriculture special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap greenhouse gases.Such eggs couldbe m
13、arketed as helping to fight climate change.emxcited about our progress,sa ys Brown,who harvests eggs for Denver-based NestFreshEggs and is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat.Thebirdswaste then fertilizes fields.Such improvements“allowour hens to forage for h
14、igher-quality natural feedthat will be good for the land,the hens,and the eggs that we supply to our customers.The egg industry s push is the first major otef swthether animal products from regenerativefarms can bee the next premium offering.In barely more than a decade,organic eggs went from beingd
15、ismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart.More recently there weresimilar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats,but both have exploded into major supermarketcategories.If the sustainable-egg rollout is successful,it could open the floodgates for2/20rege ner
16、ative beef,broccoli,and bey ond.Regenerative products could be a hard sell,because the concept is tough to define quickly,says Julie Stanton,associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine.Such farming also bringsminimal,if any,improvement to the food produc
17、ts(though some producers say their eggs have more prote in).The in dustry is bett ing that the same con sumers pay ing more for premium attributes such as free-ra nge,non-GMO,and pasture-raised eggs will embrace susta in ability.Surveys show that youn ger gen erati ons are more concerned aboutclimat
18、e cha nge,and some of the success of pla ntbased meat can be chalked up to shoppers wan ti ng to sig nal their desireto protect the environment.Young adults Really care abthet planet,“says John Brunnquell,presiderftEgg Innovations.“Theyire absolutely altering the food chain beyond what I think even
19、they understand what they re doing.”21.The climate friendly eggs are p r o d u c e d.A at a considerably low costB at the dema nd of regular shoppersC as a replacement for organic eggsD on specially designed farms22.Larry Brown is excited about his progress in.A reducing the damage of worms.B accele
20、rating the disposal of wasteC creati ng a susta in able systemD attracting customers to his products23.The example of organic eggs is used in Paragraph 4 to s u g g e s t.A the doubts over natural foodsB the setbacks in the egg industryC the potential of regenerative productsD the promotional succes
21、s of supermarkets24.It can be learned from the last paragraph that young peopleA are reluctant to change their dietB are likely to buy climate-frie ndly eggsC are curious about new foodD are amazed at agricultural advances25.John Brunnquell would disagree with Julie Stanton over regenerative p r o d
22、 u c t s A market prospectsB nutritional value3/20D moral implicationsText 2More Americans are opting to work well into retirement,a growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforcemodel.One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longe
23、r life,according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade.Even more surprising is that more than half of unretirees-those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiri ng-said they would be employed in their later yearseven if they had eno ugh money to settle down,th
24、e survey showed.Financial needs arent the only culprit for the unretirement trend.Other reasons,accorto the study,include personal fulfilment such as staying mentally fit,preventing boredom or avoiding depression.About 72%of“unretiree”respondents said that they would return to work once retired to k
25、eep mentally fit while 59%said it would betied to making ends meet.“The concept of retirement is evolving,“said Christine Russell,senior manager of retirementat TD Amerit rade.44lts not just about finances.The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement.，One reason for th
26、e change in retirement patterns:Americans are living longer.The share of the population 65 and olderwas 16%in 2018,up 3.2%from the prior year,according to the U.S.Census Bureau.Thafesiso up 30.2%since 2010.OlderAmericans are also the fastest-growing segment of the U.S.workforce,and boomers are expec
27、ted to live longer thanprevious generations.The percentage of retirement-age people in the labor force has doubled over the past three decades.About 20%of people 65 and older were in the workforce in February,up from an all-time low of 10%in January 1985,according to money manager United Ine.Because
28、 of longer life spans,Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs,the TD Ameritradestudy showed,which surveyed 2,000 adults between 40 to 79.Six in 10 unretirees“are increasingstahveinr gs inanticipation of a longer life,according to the survey.Among the most popular ways t
29、hey are doing this,the pany said,is byreducing their overall expenses,securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.Unfortunately,many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried aboutmaking ends meet in their later y
30、ears,said Brent Weiss,a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial-planning firm FacetWealth.He suggested that preretirees should speak with a financial adviser to set long-term financial goals.“The most challenging moments in life are getting married,starting a family and ultimately retiring；Weiss sai
31、d.It snot just a financial dneecmisoiotnio,nbaul toane.Many people believethey can 4 retire.26.The survey con ducted by Harris Poll in dicates t hat.A over half of the retirees are physically fit for workB the old workforce is as active as the younger oneC one in three America ns enjoys earlier reti
32、reme ntD more America ns are willi ng to work in retireme nt4/2 027.It can be in ferred from Paragraph 3 that America ns tend to thi nk thatA retirement may cause problems for themB boredom can be relieved after retirementC the mental health of retirees is overlookedD ftun retireme nt”con tributes t
33、ectheomy28.Retireme nt patter ns are cha nging partly due to.A labor shortagesB population growthC Ion ger life expecta ncyD rising living costs29.Many“unretirees are increasingaheigs byA in vest ing more in stocksB taking up odd jobsC getting well-paid workD spending less30.With regard to retiremen
34、t,Brent Weiss thinks that many people areA unpreparedB unafraidC disappo in tedD enthusiasticText 3We have all encoun tered them,in both our pers onal and professi onal lives.Think about the times you felt tricked orfrustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless signup process but wa
35、s later difficult to can cel.Someth ingthat should be simple and tran spare nt can be plicated,inten ti on ally or uninten ti on ally,in ways that impair con sumerchoice.These are examples of dark patter ns.5/20First coined in 2010 by user experie nee expert Harry Brig null,dar-ap atter nsis a catte
36、rm for practices that man ipulate user in terfaces to in flue nee the decisi on-mak ing ability of users.Brig null identifies 12 types of mon dark patter ns,ranging from misdirect ion and hidde n costs to4foachmotel,“here a user experienee seems easy and intuitive at the start,but turns difficult wh
37、e n the user tries toget out.In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites,researchers found that about one in 10 employsthese desig n practices.Though widely prevale nt,the con cept of dark patter ns is still not well un derstood.Busin essand non profit leaders should be aware of dark
38、 patter ns and try to avoid the gray areas they engen der.Where is the line betwee n ethical,persuasive desig n and dark patter ns?Busin esses should engage inconversations with IT,plianee,risk,and legal teams to review their privacy policy,and include in the discussion thecustomer/user experienee d
39、esigners and coders responsible for the panys user in terface,as well asthe marketersand advertisers respon sible for sig n-ups,checkout baskets,pricing,and promotions.Any or all these teams can play arole in creatingor avoiding“digitadecepti on.”Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starti ng to addr
40、ess the ambiguity around dark patter ns,most recently at thestate level.In March,the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under theCalifornia Consumer Privacy Act(CCPA)that“ensurehat con sumers will not be con fused or misled whe n seek ingto exercise their da
41、ta privacy rights.regulati ons aim to ban dark patter nsthis means prohibit ing parties from using“confusing Ian guage or unn ecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple scree ns or liste n toreasons why they shouldn rt opt out.9fAs more states consider promulgating additional regu
42、lations,there is a need for greater acco un tability from withinthe bus in ess muni ty.Dark patter ns also can be addressed on a self-regulatory basis,but only if organizations holdthemselves accountable,not just to legal requireme nts but also to in dustry best practices and sta ndards.31.It can be
43、 lear ned from the first two paragraphs that dark patter ns.A improve user experieneeB leak user information for profitC undermine users de,ision-makingD remind users of hidden costs32.The 2019 study on dark patter ns is men tio ned to showA their major flawsB their plex desig nsC their severe damag
44、eD their strong presenee33.To han die digital deceptio n,bus in esses s h o u l d.6/20A listen to customer feedbackB talk with releva nt teamsC turn to independent agenciesD rely on professional training34.The additional regulations under the CCPA are intended to.A guide users through opt-out proces
45、sesB protect customers from being trickedC grant panies data privacy rightsD restrict access to problematic content35.Accord ing to the last paragraph,a key to copy ing with dark patter ns is.A new legal requirementsB bus in esses sdlf-discipli neC strict regulatory standardsD consumers safety aware
46、nessText 4Although ethics classes are mon around the world,scie ntists are un sure if their less ons can actually changebehavior;evidence either way is weak,relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self-reports.But anew study published in Cognition found that,in at least one rea
47、l-world situati on,a sin gle ethics less on may have hadlast ing effects.The researchers investigated one class session Imqaact on eating meat.They chose this particular behavior forthree reasons,according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel,a philosopher at the University of California,Riverside:s
48、tudents taeitodicsare variable and unstable,behavior is easily measurable,and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reducesenvironmental harm and animal suffering.Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on theethics of factory-farmed
49、meat,opti on ally watched an 11 minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussi on.The other half focused on charitable givi ng in stead.Then,unknown to the stude nts,the researchers studied theiranony mized meal-card purchases for that semester n early 14,000 receipts for almost 500 stude
50、 nts.Schwitzgebel predicted the in terve nti on would have no effect;he had previously found that ethics professors donot differ from other professors on a range of behaviors,in cludi ng voti ng rates,blood don ati on and retur ning librarybooks.But among stude nt subjects who discussed meat ethics,