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1、英英语完形填空完形填空第1页，本讲稿共57页What is a cloze test？关于完型测试？关于完型测试vA cloze test is a fill-in-the-blanks practice in which the learner uses clues from the context to supply words that have been deliberately removed from the text.vA cloze test requires the ability to understand context and vocabulary in order t
2、o identify the correct words or type of words that belong in the deleted passages of a text.vA cloze procedure is a test of reading comprehension.Responses reveal both text comprehension and language mastery levels.第2页，本讲稿共57页Cloze and Gestalt完型与格式塔心理学完型与格式塔心理学vCloze test,known also as cloze procedu
3、re,stems from Gestalt Psychology and is an exercise consisting of a portion of text with certain words removed.When preparing the exercise,teachers may choose to delete words from the text either mechanically(every nth word)or selectively,for example,verbs or adjectives.vThe word cloze derives from
4、closure in Gestalt psychology from the early 1950s.v Gestalt is a German word meaning shape or form。Gestalt is the interplay between the parts and the whole.第3页，本讲稿共57页v格式塔是从德语格式塔是从德语“Gestalt”音译而来，意思是音译而来，意思是“形形状状”、“形式形式”、“完形完形”。因此，格式塔心理学又。因此，格式塔心理学又被称为完形心理学。该理论认为，人的大脑里储存着被称为完形心理学。该理论认为，人的大脑里储存着已有的知
5、识和完整的知识体系（图式），当人们感知已有的知识和完整的知识体系（图式），当人们感知外部事物和对信息进行加工时，这些已有的知识和完外部事物和对信息进行加工时，这些已有的知识和完整的知识体系会有意识或无意识地起作用。该理论还整的知识体系会有意识或无意识地起作用。该理论还认为，认为，“人们在对事物进行感知时遵循着一定的法则人们在对事物进行感知时遵循着一定的法则去组织他们的知觉世界，其中的一个知觉组织原则就去组织他们的知觉世界，其中的一个知觉组织原则就是完形原则（是完形原则（The principle of closure）（舒）（舒运祥，运祥，2001）”。也就是说，我们在看不完整的事。也就是说，
6、我们在看不完整的事物时总有一种把它补完整的冲动。比如，看到去除了物时总有一种把它补完整的冲动。比如，看到去除了部分的长方形和椭圆，只要我们大脑里有长方形和椭部分的长方形和椭圆，只要我们大脑里有长方形和椭圆的知识，我们仍然会认为它们是长方形和椭圆。再圆的知识，我们仍然会认为它们是长方形和椭圆。再比如，我们在嘈杂的环境里跟别人进行交谈时，总会比如，我们在嘈杂的环境里跟别人进行交谈时，总会遇到一些听不清楚的词，多半情况下我们不会叫对方遇到一些听不清楚的词，多半情况下我们不会叫对方重复说过的话，而是根据我们已有的语言能力和经验重复说过的话，而是根据我们已有的语言能力和经验去推测对方所说的会是什么词，从
7、而继续进行沟通。去推测对方所说的会是什么词，从而继续进行沟通。第4页，本讲稿共57页v格式塔视觉流程v眼脑作用是一个不断组织、简化、统一的过程v正是通过这一过程，才产生出易于理解、协调的整体。visual distraction视觉混乱视觉混乱第5页，本讲稿共57页vOur visual system attempts to structure what we see into patterns to make sense of information.vObjects grouped together are seen as a whole.Our brains often ignore c
8、ontradictory information and fill in gaps in information.Pulling out of the air 无中生有无中生有第6页，本讲稿共57页 Picassos woman第7页，本讲稿共57页Riddle What It Is?第8页，本讲稿共57页And Now?第9页，本讲稿共57页You Got It!第10页，本讲稿共57页Cloze Test and Ponits Tested完型填空与测试要完型填空与测试要点点vMatching tests （1）名词与介词的搭配（2）形容词和介词的搭配（3）动词与介词的搭配（4）动词和名词
9、的搭配（5）副词与分词的搭配。Set phrases Tests 大都是约定俗成的固定表达。Grammar Tests 正确运用语法知识的能力，包括动词的时态、语态和语气的用法,主谓语一致，非谓语动词的用法和时态、语态变化，基本句型和句子分类，强调句、倒装句和省略句等。第11页，本讲稿共57页v(1)定语从句，主要考连接词，限定与非限定定语从句的区别，定语从句的判别(区分定语从句与其它主从复合句)。v(2)非谓语动词(动词不定式，现在分词，过去分词，动名词)。v(3)主谓搭配一致(时态，语态，语气，人称，数)。v(4)否定句各种否定词及否定结构。v(5)逻辑主语(主要是非谓语动词的逻辑主语)，
10、在句法上不是主谓关系，但在语义上为施动者与动作的关系。v(6)句型句式，包括区别简单句，并列句，对称结构或省略，倒装及割裂的复杂句子。v(7)词类之间的搭配要求，如名词需要形容词，名词，冠词，非谓语动词，词组及定语从句修饰；动词需要副词词组修饰；及物动词后应加宾语等。第12页，本讲稿共57页vContext and Connectionv(1)语境语境就是我们平常所说的上下文，广义的语境指所有的上下文，段与段之间,句子与句子之间，句子与段之间的语义关系。狭义的语境指句子内部的词语之间在语义上的联系。一切语义的理解都离不开语境。v(2)句际之间的逻辑关系完形填空中，句际之间的逻辑关系主要包括：并
11、列关系(连接词有and,while等)；转折关系(连接词有but,however,though,whereas,nevertheless等)；因果关系(连接词有so,therefore,thus,because,for,since,as等);让步关系(连接词有though,although,despite,in spite of等)；条件关系(连接词有if,unless,once,provided that,in case(of)等)；解释关系(连接词有i.e.,that is to say,in other words等)；顺序关系(连接词有before,after,and,first,se
12、cond,then,next,finally等)第13页，本讲稿共57页v(3)词汇的复现关系词汇的复现关系是指某一个词以原词，指代词，同义词，近义词，上义词，下义词，概括词等出现在语篇中，语篇中的句子通过这种复现关系得以相互衔接。根据这个原则，某一个空格所对应的答案很可能就是在上下文中复现的相关词，可以根据这些复现词之间的有机联系确定答案。v(4)词汇的同现关系词汇的同现关系是指词汇共同出现的倾向性。在语篇中，围绕一定的主题，一定的词就会同时出现，这种词的同现关系与语篇范围关系密切，根据这个原则，我们可以删除一些语篇范围以外的选项，而将重点放在语篇范围以内的选项上。第14页，本讲稿共57页T
13、actics and SkillsvSkim the whole passage to get a general picture of it.vRead the sentence one by one,trying to fill each blank.vAvoid spending too much time on a knotty question,passing it by and attending to it later.vIf you dont know the word or phrase,try to eliminate any obviously incorrect cho
14、ices as many as possible and then make a guess.vReread and check all the answers第15页，本讲稿共57页v三步解题法：v第一，快速通读全文，掌握短文主旨大意在答题时，不要急于看选项、找答案，应通篇浏览短文，掌握文中时间、地点、人物及事件，即who，when,where,what。短文开头的第一、二句通常是主题句，或是告诉考生文章所要讲的主要内容是什么。完形填空首句一般不预留空白，因此认真阅读短文开头的第一、二句，有利于学生准确地预测和推断短文的主旨。v第二，在理解的基础上，边读边答题。要按文章的先后顺序，对每道题所
15、给词语的确切含义进行分析比较。答题时必须先易后难，先做最有把握、最熟悉的短语、惯用法、动词形式和语言结构的题目，并考虑到全文整体意境的影响，做到瞻前顾后，上下文呼应，运用逻辑思维，推理的方式来进行答题。切不可自行断意，顾此失彼。第16页，本讲稿共57页v第三，借助自己已补全的那些空缺，再细读全文，此时对全文意思的理解程度会更清楚。一篇文章是一个整体，有它独立的内容，结构与逻辑联系，不能单从局部的词义和语法来理解，应从全文内容出发不断深入理解，这样就为在解决那些少数疑难问题排除了在逻辑意义上易选错的选项。先看看哪些词语意义与文章不符，然后综合运用词汇、句型、语法等知识反复地字斟句酌，排除明显错误
16、，缩小选择范围，得出符合逻辑的正确答案。第17页，本讲稿共57页Supplements 增补须知增补须知v1.解题前通读全文以了解文章的大体内容，这样在解题时可以争取主动，因为不少的题目答案与全文的内容及上下文有联系。另外，基础较好的学生可以边读边猜测可能答案；v2.重视文章的首句，因为它往往是文章的文眼，能给读者提供重要的信息，如文章所要讲的主题等；v3.联系上下文，找到与答案有关的提示词，特别要注意表示时间、因果、转折、并列、选择、目的、比较等逻辑关系的词，它们可以帮助我们作出正确的判断；v4.从词汇用法、固定搭配、习惯用法、句子结构等方面入手，结合全文的主旨，选出最恰当的表达；v5.注意
17、解题的连贯性，碰到较难的题时应先放一放，继续往下做，然后再回头攻克难题，这样一方面可以节约时间，另一方面可能在后面发现前面题目的答案；v6.做好全部题目后，把文章再读一遍，看是否通顺；v7.平时尽量抽出时间阅读各种题材的文章，积累英语背景知识以及常识，同时也可以培养语感。第18页，本讲稿共57页Singnals and Cluesv信号词常用来连接细节或是强调内容，并可完成段落的转换，暗示读者下文要讲的内容，标志出作者要提出一个新的思想或者观点，或者是作者要对所论述的观点举例说明，或者要详细论述同一观点。例如：v1)To sum up，Aristotle thought that all mo
18、tions resulted either from the nature of the moving object or from a sustained push or pull.(表明作者要做结论)vThere is never only a single force in a situation.For example,in walking across the floor，we push against the floor,and the floor in turn pushes against us.(举例说明)第19页，本讲稿共57页vIn other words,in an e
19、conomic sense the family was analmost selfsufficient unit.(用不同的表达方法说明同一观点)v常用的主要有：vA.表示递进关系,如：also，besides，further，furthermore，even，too，moreover.in addition，in particular，even more important等。v B.表示时间和顺序,如：before，now，next，first，finally，at first，at last，then，until，soon，later，after，eventually，in the p
20、ast，afterwards，meanwhile。in the meantime等。第20页，本讲稿共57页vC.表示空间顺序,如：beside，between，beyond，from(to)，outside，next to，opposite to等。vD.表示下文要引出例子,如：such as,i.e.，for example，for instance，in fact等。vE.表示因果关系,如：because，thus，so，so that，as a result，therefore，consequently,for this(that)reason，hence，accordingly等。v
21、F.表示比较或对比(下文要开始转折),如：(un)like，similarly，likewise，in the same way，in spite of，despite，on the contrary，by comparison，in contrast，but，however，although，on the other hand，yet，nevertheless，conversely，otherwise等。vG.表示结论和概括意义,如：to conclude，to sum up，in sum，in conclusion.In short，in brief，on the whole等。第21页，
22、本讲稿共57页More Cluesv1.以下词组提示下文所涉及的重要信息：vThe main/important point/conclusion/reason.vThe point to note herev2.以下词组提示了下文的结构框架：vThere are three major reasonsv3.but 和 however表示对比，常常用来提示重要信息，例如：vThe rising birth rate is not due to increased fertility,but to a sharp decline in the death rate.第22页，本讲稿共57页v4.
23、在文中提问可以突出问题后的答案，提示读者答案中有重要信息，例如：vWhy is a piped water supply so important?Disease due to contaminated water is a common cause of death in childhood.v5.有时，为了保证读者完全理解自己的观点，作者会在文中反复提出自己的观点，例如：vDeath control can be achieved autonomously.In other words,the death rate can be cut without anything else chan
24、ging.v6.文章的结论通常是非常重要的，因此，读者要在文中寻找提示结论的“信号词”，例如：vTherefore the resultvIn conclusion we can concludevOne of the primary conclusions第23页，本讲稿共57页v7.举例是为了帮助读者理解某一个观点，因此，文中的例子不是浏览文章时的重要信息。在阅读过程中，以下词组提示读者下文是举例部分信息。vFor example/instance/like Such as/these includevTo illustrate/among these arev有时，作者也会用破折号或括号
25、来提示举例信息，例如：The developing countries are dependent on cash crops C sugar,coffee,cacao,cotton.vPrecipitating/violent/unexpected factors are those which reduce the food supply(droughts,floods,wars,epidemics)v在段落浏览时，读者在看到信号词后，应不断对下文信息作出相应的判断，例如：vThe main reason for(提示：下文信息重要)the reduction in the death r
26、ate in the developing world has been improved public health measures.第24页，本讲稿共57页vFor example,(提示：下文信息不重要，仅仅是为了用来证明前面的观点)in Sri Lanka the death rate was halved over ten years by spraying the mosquitoes which carry malaria.vWhy(提示：问题的答案中有读者应该关注的重点)is it so easy to cut the death rate in this way and y
27、et so hard to reduce the birth rate?vOne answer(提示：这只是众多答案中的一种，并不是最重要的。)is that public health measures can be very cheap.Anti-malarial spraying is inexpensive.But this is not the important point(提示：but后面的是非常重要的信息).vFor birth control programmes to be successful,a change in attitude is required,wherea
28、s death control can be achieved autonomously.vIn other words,(提示：这里是作者想要强调的重要信息)the death rate can be cut without anything else changing.第25页，本讲稿共57页Word Guessing Through Suffixesv1.名词后缀v1)-or/er/ess/crat/cis:做某件事情或职业的人或物：worker,debtorv2)-acy,表示性质，状态，境遇 democracy,accuracy,diplomacyv3)-ance,-ence表示性质
29、，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度”importance,diligence,difference,obediencev4)-ancy,-ency,表示性质，状态，行为，过程 frequency,urgency,efficiency,v5)-bility,表示动作，性质，状态 possibility,flexibility,feasibility,v6)-dom,表示等级，领域，状态 freedom,kingdom,wisdom第26页，本讲稿共57页v7)-hood,表示资格，身份,年纪，状态 childhood,manhood,falsehoodv8)-ion,-sion,-tion,-ati
30、on,-ition,表示行为的过程，结果，状况 action,solution,conclusion,destruction,expression,correctionv9)-ism,表示制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为 socialism,criticism,colloquialism,heroismv10)-ity,表示性质，状态，程度”purity,reality,ability,calamityv11)-ment,表示行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果 treatment,movement,judgment,punishment,argumentv12)-ness,表示性质，状态，程度 goo
31、dness,kindness,tiredness,friendliness第27页，本讲稿共57页v13)-ship,表示情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业”hardship,membership,friendshipv14)-th,表示动作，性质，过程，状态 depth,wealth,truth,length,growthv15)-tude,表示性质，状态，程度 latitude,altitude(海拔)v16)-ure,表示行为，结果 exposure,pressure,failure,procedure(手续)，v17-grapy,表示学，写法”biography,calligraphy
32、,geographyv18)-ic,ics,表示学法 logic,mechanics,electronics,linguisticsv19)-ology,表示学论”biology,zoology,technology(工艺学)v20)-nomy,表示学术 astronomy,economy,bionomy(生态学)第28页，本讲稿共57页v2.形容词后缀v(1)带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义v1)-able,-ible,visible,flexiblev2)名词-ish,foolish,bookish,selfish(注意accomplish,vanish)v3)-ive,active,sen
33、sitive,productivev4)-like,manlike,childlikev5)名词-ly,manly,fatherly,scholarly,motherlyv6)-some,troublesome,handsomev7)-ful,beautiful,wonderful,helpful,truthfulv8)-ous,dangerous,generous,courageous,various第29页，本讲稿共57页v9)-ent,violentv10)-most,foremost,topmostv(11)less,表示否定，countless,stainless,wirelessv
34、3.动词后缀来源：v1)-ize,ise,表示做成，变成，化“modernize,mechanize,democratize,organizev2)-en,表示使成为，引起，使有”quicken,weaken,soften,hardenv3)-fy,表示使化,使成”beautify,purify,intensify,signify,simplifyv4)-ish,表示使，令”finish,abolish,diminish,establishv5)-ate,表示“成为，处理，作用”separate,operate,indicate第30页，本讲稿共57页v4.副词后缀v(形容词)-ly：badb
35、adly坏地/恶劣地，carefulcarefully小心地v-wise(OE)：clockclockwise(a./adv.)顺时针方向的(地)；likelikewise同样地v-wards：outoutwards向外面地，northnorthwards向北方地第31页，本讲稿共57页Actual Combat vManpower Inc.,with 560,000 workers,is the worlds largest temporary employment agency.Every morning,its people 41 into the offices and factori
36、es of America,seeking a days work for a days pay.One day at a time.42 industrial giants like General Motors and IBM struggle to survive 43 reducing the number of employees,Manpower,based in Milwaukee,Wisconsin,is booming.v41.A swarm B stride C separate D slipv 42.A For B Because C As D Sincev 43.A f
37、rom B in C on D by第32页，本讲稿共57页v44 its economy continues to recover,the US is increasingly becoming a nation of part-timers and temporary workers.This 45 work force is the most important 46 in American business today,and it is 47 changing the relationship between people and their jobs.The phenomenon
38、provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive 48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49 by employment rules,healthcare costs and pension plans.For workers it can mean an end to the security,benefits and sense of 50 that came from being a loyal employee.第33页，本讲稿共57页v44.A Even
39、 though B Now that C If only D Provided thatv45.A durable B disposable C available D transferablev46.A approach B flow C fashion D trendv47.A instantly B reversely C fundamentally D sufficientlyv48.A but B while C and D whereasv49.A imposed B restricted C illustrated D confinedv50.A excitement B con
40、viction C enthusiasm D importance第34页，本讲稿共57页v参考答案：41.A 42.C 43.D 44.A 45.B 46.D 47.C 48.B 49.A 50.DvBe frirst sentence conscious!v从第一句话中，我们一般能知道文章所谈论事情的：vA发生的时间 C.发生的环境vB发生的地点 D主要人物vF规模大小 H性质特点vG.范围 I.大致发展趋势和归属vE.参与人物的身份、特征、心境、装束、数量、职业等vJ有关的论点和主张第35页，本讲稿共57页vNo one knows for sure what the world wou
41、ld be like in the year 2001.Many books have been written 1 the future.But the 19th-century French novelist Jules Verne may be called a futurologist in the fullest 2 of the word.In his fantastic novels“A Trip to the moon”and“80 Days Around the World”,he described with detail the aeroplane and even th
42、e helicopter.These novels still have a great attraction 3 young readers of today because of their bold imagination and scientific accuracy.第36页，本讲稿共57页vBelow is a description of what our life will be in the year 2001 as predicted by a 4 writer.vIn 2001,in the home,cookers will be set so that you can
43、 cook a complete meal at the touch of a switch.vTelevision will provide information on prices at the 5 shops as well as news and entertainment.Videophones will bring pictures as well as 6 to telephone conversations.vMachines will control temperature,lighting,entertainment,security alarms,laundry and
44、 gardening.第37页，本讲稿共57页vLighting will provide decoration as well as wallpaper.vAt work,robots will take 7 most jobs in the manufacturing industries.Working hours will fall to under 30 hours a week.Holidays will get longer;six weeks will be the normal annual holiday.Men and women will retire at the s
45、ame age.vOur leisure will be different too.The home will become the center of entertainment through television and electronic games.More people will eat out in restaurants 8 they do today;also they will have a much wider variety food available.There will be a change of taste toward a more savouryfla
46、vored menu.New synthetic food will form a 9 part of peoples diets.第38页，本讲稿共57页vForeign travel will 10;winter holidays will become more popular than summer ones.Also non-stop flights from Britain to Australia and New Zealand will be easily available and much cheaper.Education will become increasingly
47、 more important than ever before.v1.Ain Bof Cabout Dforv2.Asense Bmeaning Cdetail Dimplicationv3.Afor Bof Con Dtowards第39页，本讲稿共57页v4.Atoday Bnowadays Cpresent dayDpresentv5.AnearBnearbyCnearlyD nearerv6.AnoiseBsoundCtone Dtunev7.Ato BawayCoff Doverv8.Athan Bas CwhenDwhilev9.Ausual BpopularCdailyDreg
48、ularv10.Aadd BincreaseCraise Darisev参考答案1.C2.A3.A4.C5.B6.B7.D8.A9.D10.B第40页，本讲稿共57页Maneuvers vI.vThe term e-commerce refers to all commercial transactions conducted over the Internet,including transactions by consumers and business-to-business transactions.Conceptually,e-commerce does not _67_ from
49、well-known commercial offerings such as banking by phone,mail order catalogs,or sending a purchase order to supplier _68_ fax.E-commerce follows the same model _69_ in other business transactions;the difference _70_ in the details.第41页，本讲稿共57页vTo a consumer,the most visible form of e-commerce consis
50、ts _71_ online ordering.A customer begins with a catalog of possible items,_72_ an item,arranges a form of payment,and _73_ an order.Instead of a physical catalog,e-commerce arranges for catalogs to be _74_ on the Internet.Instead of sending an order on paper or by telephone,e-commerce arranges for