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1、考研语法-句子结构：简单句，并列句，复合句-、简单句的结构1.主语+谓语(SV)2.主语+谓语+主语补语(SVC)主语+连系动词+表 语(SLP)3.主语+谓语+宾 语(SVO)4.主语+谓语+宾语+宾 语(SVOC)5.主语+谓语+宾语+宾 语 补 语(SVOC)句子Day broke.He died young.The doctors seemed very capable.She heard whisperings.Mary paid me a visit.I found this book easy.二、并列句的结构1.常见的并列句结构是：简单句+等立连词+简单句They were h
2、appy and they deserved their happiness.Honey is sweet,but the bee stings.2.有时也可不用等立连词，只用逗号，分号，冒号等把分句隔开He is cruel,he is lustful,he is immensely cunning.He is knocked at the door again and again:there was no answer.（一）,连词主要有 but,however,yet,although,on the contrary,while,and,then,or,not only.but also
3、.both.and.,neither.nor.（二），并列连词和从属连词按语义分如下儿种：A,常见的表示语义引申的并列连词有：LandJustice is on your side.And justice will triumph over injustice.正义在你们 边，而正义是会战胜非正义的。2.neither.norShe could neither speak the language nor write it.这种语言她既不会说，也不会写。3.both.andA man should have both courage and perseverance.一个人既要有勇气又要有毅力
4、。4.not only.but alsoWe should not only be bold,but also be cautious.我们不仅要大胆，而且要谨慎。5.as well asI have read one of his novels as well as a few of his plays.我读过他的一本小说和几个剧本。B,表示选择的并列连词有：1.orYou may do it yourself,or ask someone else to do it.你可以自己做或者让别人做。2.either.orI left it either on the table or in th
5、e drawer,我不是把它放在桌子上了，就是放在抽屉里了。除了表示选择外，。1 和either.or还可以表示否定的条件：1)Now I must go or(if not)I shall be late for the party.我现在得走了，否则晚会我就要迟到了。2)Youll either behave yourself,or youll never go out with m e.你要么老实点，要么就永远不能跟我一起出去。C,表示转折或对比的并列连词有：1.butHe tried hard but he was unsuccessful.他做了 很大努力但没有成功。2.yetThe
6、 car was old,yet it was in excellent condition.这辆车子很旧，但仍处于良好的状态。3.howeverShe felt ill.She went to work,however,and tried to concentrate.她病 了。然而她照旧去上班，并且尽力集中精神工作。4.neverthelessI dont know anything against that man;nevertheless I don*t trust him.我对那个人没有什么不良的看法，但我不能信赖他。D,表示因果关系的并列连词有：l.forYoud better p
7、ut on your sweater,for it*s rather cold outside.你最好把毛衣穿上，外边相当冷。2.soMy sister is expecting me,so I must be off now.姐姐在等我，因此我得走了。3.thereforeYou are right,therefore we should support you.你是对的，所以我们应当支持你。4.henceI fell off my bike yesterday-hence the bruises.我昨天骑自行车摔倒了-所以青，块、紫 块的。三、复合句的结构从句名词性从句(主句、宾语、表语、
8、同位语从句)形容词性从句(定语从句、状语从句)名词性从句-主语从句(subjectclause)在句首的引导词不可省。What she did is not yet known.That he should have finished the work isnt surprising.主语从句 定义:在句子中担当主语的是一个从句,这个从句就叫做主语从句。主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。L i t 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较I t 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而 it引导的强
9、调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词thato被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film.2.用 i t 作形式主语的结构(1)It is+名词+从句It is a fact that.事实是It is an honor that非常荣幸It is common knowledge that 是常识(2)it is+形容词+从句It is natural th at.很自然.It is strange th at.奇怪的是(3)it+不及物动词+从句It seems th
10、 at.似乎It happened th at.碰巧(4)it is+过去分词+从句It is reported th at.据报道It has been proved that.已证实3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况(l)i f 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。(2)It is said,(reported)结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week.(3)It happens.,It occurs.结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It occurred to him th
11、at he failed in the examination.(4)Il doesrfl mailer how/whether结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not.(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?4.W hat与 th at在引导主语从句时的区别W hat引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语.宾语.表语，而 th at则不然。例如：What he is looking for is hi
12、s watch.It is his watch what he is looking for.It is his watch that he is looking for.T1.w h o 指人，在定语从句中作主语。The boys who are playing football are from Class One.正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。2.w hom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。Li Ming is just the boy(whom)I want to see.李明正是我想要见的男孩。注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用w h o来代替，也可省略。3.W hi
13、ch指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Football is a game which is liked by most b o y s.足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。o see last night was not interesting at a l l.他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。4.T hat指人时，相当于w h o或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。The number of people that/who come to visit this city each year reaches one million.每
14、年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？The season that/which comes after spring is sum m er.春天以后的季节是夏季。Yesterday I received a letter that/which came from A ustralia.昨天我收到 了一封来自澳大利亚的信。5.W hose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。I visited a scientist whose name is known all over
15、the country.我拜访了一个全国知名的科学家。I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen i n.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。注意：1 .含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for,lookafter,take care of 等。This is the watch（which/that）I am looking f o r.（正）这是我正在找的手表。This is the watch for which I am looking.（误）T 2.若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用w
16、hom,不可用who,that；关系代词指物时只可用w hich,不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。The man with whom you talked just now is my n e ig h b o u r.（正）你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。The man with that/who you talked just now is my neighbour.（误）3.“介词+关系代词 前还可有 some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如：He loves his parents deepl
17、y,both of whom are very kind to h im.他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。In the basket there are quite many apples,some of which have gone bad.篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。（四）关系副词引导的定语从句1.w hen指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。I still remember the day when I first came to this school.我仍然记得我第-一次来到这所学校的那一天。2.w here指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。Shanghai is the c
18、ity where I was b o rn,上海是我出生的城市。3.w h y指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.请告诉我你误机的原因。注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：Great changes are taking place in the city where/in which they live.他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is qui
19、te clear.他为彳卜么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。（一）限制性定语从句中只能用th a t引导定语从句的情况1.当先彳了词是 everything,anything,nothing（something 除 夕 卜），all,none,few,little,some等代词时,或当先行词受every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等代词修饰时。如：Have you taken down everything that Mr.Li said?李老师讲的你都记卜 来了吗？All that can be done has been done.所有能做的都做好了。
20、There is little that I can do for yo u.我不能为你干什么。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词w h o,如：Any man that/who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。All the guests that/who were invited to her wedding were important people.所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。2.当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：The first place that they visited in Lo
21、ndon was the Big B en.在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。3.当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the best film that I have ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。4.当先行词被the very,the only修饰时。如：This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.这正是我要买的词典。After the fire in his house,the old car is the only thing that he ow ns.家里发生了“灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。注意：
22、当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：Wang Hua is the only person in our school who w川 attend the meeting.王华是我校唯出席会议的人。5.当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时。如：Who is the man that is standing by the gate?站在门 口 的那个人是谁？Which is the T-shirt that fits me m ost?哪件 T 恤衫最合我的身？6.当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：They talked about the persons and things
23、 that they remembered at school 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the s tre e t.瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他 的 毛 驴。（二）关系代词as和 w hich引导的定语从句a s 和 w hich引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1.a s 和 which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：He married her,as/which was natural.他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。He
24、is honest,as/which we can see.他很诚实，这一点我们看得出来。2.a s 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，a s 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：As is known to all,China is a developing country.众所周知，中国是发展中国家。He is from the south,as we can know from his accent.他是南方人,这一点我们从他的 口音可以知道。注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往
25、只用which。如：Tom was late for school again and again,which made his teacher very angry.汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。These tables are made of metal,which made them very heavy.这些桌子是金属的，这使得这些桌子很重。1.当先行词受such,the sam e修饰时，关系词常用as。如:IHe is not such a fool as he looks.他可不象他看上去的那样傻。This is the same dictionary as I lost la
26、st week.这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。注意：当先行词受the sam e修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但与a s引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding.她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。She wore the same dress as her younger sister w ore.她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。（三）以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或 that引导，而且通常可以省略。如：The way（that/in which）h
27、e answered the questions was surprising.他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。I dont like the way（that/in which）you laugh at her.我不喜欢你冲她的样子。（四）关系代词与关系副词的选择用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。试比较：A.I know a place where we can have a picnic.我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。I know a place which/that is famous for its beautiful natural s
28、cenery.我知道个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。（五）b u t有时也用作关系词引导定语从句。如：There are very few but admire his ta le n ts.很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。（but=whodont）（六）定语从句与同位语从句的区别1.定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,它与先行词是同位关系。The plane that has just taken off is for P a ris.（定语从句）刚刚起、的那架 机是开往巴黎的。The fact that he has already died is qui
29、te c le a r.（同位语从句）他已经去世了，这个事实很明了。2.定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词th a t引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时也由where,when,how,who,whether,w hat等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。The news that he told me is tr u e.（定语从句）他告诉我的消息是真的。The news that he has just died is t r u e.（同位语从句）他刚刚去世了，这个消息是真的。The probl
30、em that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money.（定语从句）我们现在面临的问题是如何筹集这么多资金。The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.（同位语从句）我们如何筹集这么多资金，这个问题很难解决。The question that he raised puzzled all of u s.（定语从句）他提出的问题让我们很为难。The question whether he is sure to win the game is
31、hard to answer.（同位语从句）他是否一定会赢得那场比赛，这个问题很难回答。3.同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句则不能。如：A.The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is w onderful.（同位语从句）我们可以向老师请教，这个主意不错。The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.B.The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to a ll.（同位语从句）地球围绕太阳转，这个事实人人皆知。The fact is that the earth moves around the sun.C.Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild anim als.（同位语从句）请注意如何保护野生动物这个问题。The problem is how we can protect the wild animals.