《考研语法讲义.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《考研语法讲义.pdf（22页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、考研基础语法什么是语法？语言的法则：也就是遣词造句的规律为什么学习语法？学习的角度：输入与输出 输入一 初试 阅读、完型、翻译、新题型 复试 听力 输出f 初试 写作 复试 口语语法学习综述03年第二篇第二段第一句:For example,a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights boothat a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouragedreaders not to use anything that comes from or is tested in
2、animals一no meat,no fur,no medicines.For example,a grandmotherly woman staffing（供职于）an animalrights booth（摊,亭）al a rcccnl sic。l 晨 iir（市场,集市）wasdistributing a brochure（小册子）that encouraged readers not to useanything that comes from or is tested in animals-no meat,no fur（毛皮）,no medicines.04 年考研写作真题：18分范
3、文第一段：T he cartoon depicts a vivid picture in which an athlete,drippingsweat,is rushing to the end.Obviously,he wins the match,but thisis not the key message conveyed by the mencement 18分范文第一段：,T he cartoon depicts a vivid picture in which an athlete,drippingsweat,is rushing to the end.Obviously,he w
4、ins the match,but thisis not the key message conveyed by the picture.语法学习的一个基础、两条主线 基础：简单句 主 线 一 词 法、句法词法：动词的变化.时态和语态 时 态 时 间 状态“时”分为四种：过去时、现在时、将来时和过去将来时。“态”分为四种：般状态、进行状态、完成状态和完成进行状态。一般进行完成完成进行现在d o/d o e sb e d o i n g.H ave/hasd o n e.H ave b e e nd o i n g过去D i dwas/we r ed o i n g.H ad d o n e.H
5、 ad b e e n d o i n g将来W i l l d o.W i l l b ed o i n g.wi l l haved o n e.W i l l have b e e nd o i n g去来过将W o ul d d o.W o ul d b ed o i n gW o ul d haved o n eW o ul d have b e e nd o i n g常考时态难点解析,(1)般现在时：(d o/d o e s )表示客观事实或真理,e.gl.T he e ar t h m o ve s ar o un d t he s un.,e.g2.K n o wl e d
6、ge i s p o we r.表示习惯性、常规性的重复动作,e.g.3.J ac k al ways go e s t o s c ho o l b y b i k e.(2)一 般 过 去 时(d i d )过去特定时间的动作或状态,I s aw hi m i n t he l i b r ar y ye s t e r d ay m o r n i n g.过去的重复性动作 I wr o t e a l e t t e r o n c e a we e k t o m y f am i l y whe n I was i n m y f i r s tc o l l e ge ye ar
7、.【注】一般现在时vs 一般过去时,T he d o g b i t e s X i ao Q i an g.见一次咬一次,T he d o g b i t X i ao Q i an g.,曾经咬过,(3)现在完成时：(have/has+d o n e)从过去一直延续到现在的动作和状态；强调过去的动作和状态对现在产生的影响和结果。,常用的时间状语通常表示 一 段 时 间 ：al r e ad y,ye t,n e ve r,以及,s i n c e+点时间，,i n /f o r /t hr o ugho ut /o ve r /d ur i n g+段时间；,e.g.I have wo r
8、 k e d i n t hi s c o m p an y s i n c e I l e f t s c ho o l.,e.g.T hr o ugho ut hi s t o r y m an has had t o ac c e p t t he f ac t t hat al ll i vi n g t hi n gs m us t d i e.【注1】主句的谓语动词一般是延续性动词；如果是否定形式，主句的谓语动词可用瞬间动词。【注2】一般过去时VS现在完成时,S he was m y gi r l f r i e n d.（当爱已成往事）,S he has b e e n m y
9、gi r l f r i e n d （f o r t wo ye ar s）.（依旧你侬我侬）（4）过去完成时（had+d o n e）:a）表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。e.g:B y n i n e o c l o c k l as t n i ght,we had go t 2 0 0 p i c t ur e s f r o m t hes p ac e s hi p.b）表示由过去的某一时刻开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态e.g.:I had s t aye d i n A m e r i c a f o r 2 ye ar s b e f o
10、 r e s he m o ve d he r e.,W he n a S c o t t i s h r e s e ar c h t e am s t ar t l e d t he wo r l d b y r e ve al i n g t hat3 m o n t hs ago i t had c l o n e d an ad ul t s he e p （1 9 9 9,阅读 T 4-P 1-L 1）一个苏格兰的研究团队三个月前克隆了 一只成年绵羊，并于近期披露从而震惊了世界。（5）现在完成进行时（强调动作持续性）h a ve d o n e +b e d o i n g=?h
11、a ve b e e n d o i n g动作或状态从过去某时开始，进行到现在，并将继续进行下去。,e.g.T h e se p o p f a n s h a ve b e e n wa i ti n g f o r th e f a m o us si n g e r f o rn e a rl y th re e h o urs i n th e c o l d.【注n现在完成进行时可以是短暂性动词,表示不断重复的动作。,e.g:A m ri c a n s h a ve b e e n m i g ra ti n g so uth a n d we st i n l a rg e r
12、 n um b e rsi n c e Wo rl d Wa r 1 1,a n d th e p a tte rn sti l l p re va i l s.（1 998 阅读T 4-P3-L 1）二战以来，美国人口一直在向南部和西部大量流动，这个趋势现在仍然在继续。K o re a n s h a ve b e e n m a rry i n g US so l d i e rs sta ti o n e d h e re si n c e th e1 950 s.II T h e p e a k y e a rs we re d uri n g th e 1 970 s,wh e n
13、m o re th a n 40 0 0K o re a n s m a rri e d US so l d i e r e a c h y e a r.,m a rry短暂动词，表重复动作 自1 950年代以来就不断有韩国人与当地美国驻军成婚，在1 970年代达到了高峰，每年有40 0 0多韩国人嫁给美国兵。【注2】现在完成时V S现在完成进行时 如果现在完成时中没有表示一段时间的状语(si n c e/f o r)，那么它仅表示一个完成了的动作而不再继续。,S h e h a s sl e p t.她睡完了(不困了),S h e h a s b e e n sl e e p i n g.她
14、一直在睡。(6)一般将来完成时,(sh a l l/wi l l h a ve +d o n e):将来某时必定会发生的事.I wi l l h a ve ta ug h t E n g l i sh i n Ne w Ori e n ta l S c h o o l f o r f i ve y e a rsb y th e e n d o f n e x t m o n th.语态 语态描述主语和谓语间的关系 语态分两种 1.主动语态主语是动作的发起者，称为主动语态；He cleans the window.2.被动语态主语是动作的承受者，称为被动语态。The window is clea
15、ned by him.动词主动时态一般进行完成完成进行现在d o/d o e sb e d o i n g.H a ve/h a s d o n e.H a ve b e e nd o i n g过去D i dwa s/we re d o i n g.H a d d o n e.H a d b e e n d o i n g将来Wi l l d o.Wi l l b e d o i n g.wi l l h a ved o n e.Wi l l h a ve b e e nd o i n g过去将来Wo ul d d o.Wo ul d b ed o i n gWo ul d h a ved
16、o n eWo ul d h a ve b e e nd o i n g动词的被动时态一般进行完成现在a m/i s/a red o n ea m/i s/a re b e i n gd o n eh a ve/h a s b e e n d o n e过去wa s/we re d o n ewa s/we re b e i n gd o n eH a d b e e n d o n e.将来Wi l l b ed o n e./Wi l l h a ve b e e nd o n e.过去将来 Wo ul d b ed o n e./Wo ul d h a ve b e e nd o n e
17、.动词主动时态变被动：,1.动词全部变成d o n e,2.d o n e 前加b e （形式随b e 前一个词而变）被动语态通式：（以般现在时为例）,动作承受者+a m/i s/a re d o n e +by施动者使用被动语态的目的 实现句式结构的多样性 20 0 6年考研写作真题 通篇的汉语思维导致通篇的主动句式，所以我们呼唤被动句式！范文末段倒数第二句,I n f a c t,so m e m e a sure s h a ve a l re a d y b e e n ta k e n.I n m y un i ve rsi ty,c a m p a i g n s h a ve b
18、 e e n l a un c h e d to e d uc a te p e o p l e to p a y m o re a tte n ti o nto o ur tra d i ti o n a l c ul ture a n d re a d m o re b o o k s i n ste a d o f f o c usi n go n o ur a p p e a ra n c e s.突出强调接受动作的一方省略动作发出者逃避责任,I b ro k e th e wi n d o w th i s m o rn i n g.,T h e wi n d o w wa s b
19、ro k e n th i s m o rn i n g.施动者不明或没必要提,I wa s b o rn i n T i a n j i n.Ob a m a wa s e l e c te d a s th e p re si d e n t o f US A（+b y th e A m e ri c a n p e o p l e ）【注】：不及物动词没有被动语态 主动语态中的宾语要变成被动语态中的主语 带宾语的动词才能有被动语态。注：系动词没有被动语态,H e l o o k s h a n d s o m e.,It f e e l s f a n t a s t i c.句法*基础
20、：简单句*句法：从句二、简单句主+谓,主+谓+宾 主+系+表 主+谓+宾+宾 主+谓+宾+宾补主语+谓语Man proposes;God disposes.谋事在人，成事在天主语+谓语+宾语Beauty will buy no beef.主语+系动词+表语It is none of your business.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语Chatting on the Internet brings me a lot of fun.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语A hedge(树篱)between keeps friendship green.君子之交淡如水 1.什么能作主语？名词名 词性词组
21、 代词 动名词,Doing business is one thing and doing good business is another.不定式,T o help others is to help yourself.名词性从句,T hat the world is round is fact.2.什么词能作谓语？动词 实义动词 情态动词,can/could,will/would,shall/should,may/might,must/need,have to,ought to,used to【注】1.一个简单句只能有一个谓语部分。2.并列句和复合句有两个及两个以上谓语部分。并列句:几个简
22、单句由连词(and but or-)连接而成复合句:一句为主句，其余为从句，中间有引导词。3.什么词能作系动词？*be动词：am,is,are,was,were being,been 感官动词：feel,look,sound,smell,taste-*4.什么词能作宾语？同 主语 5.什么词能作表语？形容词 名词 代词（宾格）,名词性从句,动名词 My hobby is swimming.介宾短语,T he box is on the desk.不定式,T o help others is to help yourself.6.双宾语？直接宾语、间接宾语直 接宾语一动作直接作用的宾语，常常是物
23、 间接宾语一动作间接作用的宾语，往往是人,I bought her a gift.7宾语补足语？有 些动词后面接宾语是意思不完整，因而还需要在宾语的后面接补充宾语的补足语。,All of us called Running Fan a coward.常见的带宾补的动词还有：,appoint,choose,vote,prove,suppose,declare【注】双 宾 语v s宾语补足语I bought her a gift.All of us called Running Fana coward.在两部分之间加入一个be动词，若能说得通就是宾补结构；若说不通就是双宾结构。三.定语从句 定语？
24、修 饰名词的成分。单重定语：一个词OR词组,Adam s apple,anything possible,the cat under the table the material rising from deeper layer 多重定语：一个词O R 词组 考 研 翻 译 19 9 6（71）reasonable consequences of particular advances in science 考 研 翻 译 2007（4 6）a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educatedperson.Intellect
25、ual:adj.知识的,智力的 n.知识分子 定语从句就是用一句话做定语，放在被修饰名词的后面。T he girl who is dancing with that man is my girlfriend.the girl：先 行 词（定语从句所修饰名词）who：引导词引导词 指代先行词并且在定语从句中充当成分连接主句和从句 定从引导词主要有：（that,which,who/whom,whose,when,where,why）【注】when=on/at whichwhere=in/on/at whichwhy=for which【注】定语从句不是完整句子！缺什么？缺先行词！T he girl
26、 who is dancing with that boy先 行 词 弓 再 词 定 语 从 句is my girlfriend.定语从句：找先行词 依据：先行词先行于引导词出现定语从句缺的就是先行词 前溯找名词带入从句，看：语法是否正确意思是否正确【注】先行词一般是主句意思的中心词 前溯找名词 （2005翻译一4 9）Creating a“European identityv that respects thedifferent cultures and traditions which go to make up the connectingfabric of the Old Contin
27、ent is no easy task and demands a strategicchoice （2005-翻译-4 9）Creating a“European identity”that respects thedifferent cultures and traditions which go to make up the connectingfabric of the Old Continent i_s no easy task and demands a strategicchoice前溯找名词 （2005 阅读 T 4-P4-L3）As a linguist,he acknowl
28、edges that allv a r i e t i e s o f h u m a n l a n g u a g e,i n c l u d i n g n o n-s t a n d a r d o n e s l i k e B l a c kE n g l i s h,c a n b e po w e r f u l l y e x pr e s s i v e -t h e r e e x i s t s n o l a n g u a g eo r d i a l e c t i n t h e w o r l d t h a t c a n n o t c o n v e y
29、 c o m pl e x i d e a s.先行词+状语+定从,a n d or连接的两个名词地位相等 2 0 0 4-完型,F o r e x a m pl e,c h a n g e s i n t h e e c o n o m y t h a t _3 0 _ l e a d _ t o f e w e r j o bo ppo r t u n i t i e s f o r y o u t h a n d r i s i n g u n e m pl o y m e n t 3 1 i n g e n e r a lm a k e g a i n f u l e m pl o y
30、 m e n t i n c r e a s i n g l y d i f f i c u l t t o o b t a i n.先行词+其他定语+定从例如，经济方面的变化使得青年的就业机会更少，失业率上升，从而导致赚钱的工作日益难找。,（1 9 9 4 完型-4 5）T h e w or d s u s e d b y t h e s p e a k e r m a y s t i r u p u n f a v or a b l er e a c t i on s i n t h e l i s t e n e r i n t e r f e r e w i t h h i sc om
31、 p r e h e n s i on.A w h o B a s C w h i c h D w h a t C 2 0 0 6 完型-1 2,E v e n w h e n h om e l e s s i n d i v i d u a l s m a n a g e t o f i n d a _12_ t h a t w i l lg i v e t h e m t h r e e m e a l s a d a y a n d a p l a c e t o s l e e p a t n i g h t,a g oodn u m b e r s t i l l A l od g
32、i n g B s h e l t e r C d w e l l i n g D h ou s es p e n d t h e b u l k of e a c h d a y w a n d e r i n g t h e s t r e e t.（寄宿处，临时住地）（避难所，收容所）（住处）（房屋）限定性定语从句VS非限定性定语从句 形式上的不同（如何识别）：引导词前有无逗号有 逗 号 非 限 从无逗号 限从功能上的不同：限定性定语从句：提 供的是必要信息，且不能去掉，否则会引起读者理解上的困难;非限定性定语从句：提供的是非必要信息，可以去掉，去掉不会引起歧义;非限先行词可以是词或词组
33、，也可以是整个句子,W h o i s M a r y,s b oy f r i e n d?坐在角落里的男生是玛丽的男友。T h e b oy w h o s i t s i n t h e c or n e r i s M a r y s b oy f r i e n d.,M y g i r l f r i e n d 1 i k e s d a n c i n g w i t h ot h e r g u y s,w h i c h r e a l l y d r i v e sm e c r a z y.（19 9 8 阅读-T 2-P2-L3）And since 19 9 1,pr
34、oductivity has increased by about 2%a year,which ismore than twice the 19 78-19 87 average.And since 19 9 1,productivity has increased by about 2%a year.*,All the books which have pictures in them were written by him.All the books were written by him,which have pictures in them.,He has a father,who
35、lives in Yunnan,He has a father who lives in Yunnan【注】当先行词充当定语从句的宾语时一，引导词可以省略。,T he one（whom）I love most hurts me most deeply.我最爱的人伤我最深。定语从句的简化：分词结构 从句的简化：句子一短语 精简句子，并使句式多样！短语？没有主语；谓语动词一分词结构。注：定语从句的简化只能是引导词在从句中作主语的情况。,现在分词结构：v.+ing,过去分词结构：v.+ed 取决于与所伴随的名词之间的关系：语态 该名词发出动作：主动关系一现在分词 该名词接受动作：被动关系一过去分词
36、T he man that I saw at the party is my teacher.先行词作宾语 T he man that saw me at the party is my teacher.先行词作主语,从句含有be动词步骤：只需去掉引导词和be动词即可,Books that are written in English are more expensive.,Books written in English are more expensive.*（2006 阅读-T 4-P4-L1）After all,what is the one modern form ofexpress
37、ion almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness?After all,what is the one modern form of expression which is almostcompletely dedicated to depicting happiness?(2003 翻译 63)T he emphasis on data gathered first-hand,combinedwith a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis ofcultures pas
38、t and present,makes this study a unique and distinctlyimportant social science.从句不含be动词 步骤：去掉引导词，把谓语动词变成现在分词 T he boy who sits in the corner is Mary s boyfriend.T he boy sitting in the corner is Mary s boyfriend.(2004-完型-24)T heories focusing on the role of society suggest thatchiIdren commit crimes
39、 in response to their failure to rise abovetheir socioeconomic status,or as a rejection of middle-classvalues.(2004-完型-24)T heories which focus on the role of society suggestthat children commit crimes in response to their failure to riseabove their socioeconomic status,or as a rejection of middle-c
40、lassvalues.分词结构定 语从句可以简化成分词结构；但 分词结构一定都作定语么？状 语 伴随关系 She comes in,smiling at me.如 何区分分词结构是定语还是状语？分 词结构之前有无逗号！一句话中同一主语发出多于一个的动作时，你选择其中一个动作作主要动作一谓语动词，其他几个动作作次要动作一分词结构。采菊东篱下，悠然见南山(陶渊明)采菊东篱下，(陶渊明)悠然见南山 T ao picked the flower.T ao saw the south mountain.T ao picked the flower,seeing the south mountain.Pi
41、cking the flower,T ao saw the south mountain.Police _(hunt)the killer of a part-time police officer _(stab)outside her home in northwest London are seeking a man _(wear)aT-shirt _(see)_(run)away from the scene.Police hunting the killer of a part-time police officer stabbedoutside her home in northwe
42、st London are seeking a man wearing aT-shirt seen running away from the scene.有自己主语的分词结构：独立主格 不同主语发出两个相关动作 T he beautiful girl stood there.T ears streamed down her cheeks.T he beautiful girl stood there,tears streaming down her cheeks.It is Spring Festival today.We do not need to go to school.f It b
43、eing Spring Festival today,we do not need to go to school.现在分词vs动名词 动名词是动词的名词化，可视作名词，多数情况下属于句子的主干；现在分词不是表伴随，就是作修饰（不是定语，就是状语），一般不是主干。麟 麟 邹 楠;，现 在 分 和悔猊即搞第耦动名词作表语：居多说 明句子的具体内容“是什么”Xiao Qiang s job is feeding dogs.现在分词作表语：修 饰句子主语，说明主语的性质特征，是别人对主语的感受 T he result of this match is most satisfying.过去分词作表语：
44、主语对其他人或物的感受 All the people are not satisfied with the quality of milk powder.现在分词作定语：居多 一般表示被修饰名词的行为状态 通常具有进行时的意味 可以变为定语从句 a sleeping child =a child who/that is sleeping a barking dog =a dog which/that is barking a reading girl =a girl who/that is reading 动名词作定语：一般表示被修饰名词的用途，不含有进行时的意味，不可直接变为定语从句 a s
45、leeping bag =a bag used for sleeping vs a sleeping child a reading room =a room used for reading vs a reading girl四状语从句 状语：修 饰 动 词（主要）和形容词 状语从句：用一句话作状语 关键：不同连词引导不同状语从句，表示分句间不同逻辑关系。分类：时间状语从句：when,while,until 定从？状从？有无一个表示时间的名词作先行词 I will never forget that day when I met you.T he pork was very cheap wh
46、en I was a little boy 地点状语从句：where 定从？状从？取决于引导词之前的名词是不是地点 是地点一修饰地点一定语从句 不是地点一修饰动词一地点状语从句 When you read books,you had better make a mark at the spot whereyou have any question.When you read books,you had better make a mark where you have anyquestion.原因状语从句：because,for,as,since目的状语从句：so that（以便），in or
47、der that （2003 完型-35）A variety of activities should be organized _ 3 5 _ participants canremain active as long as they want A if only 只要 B now that 既然 C so that D even if 即使 条件状语从句：if,unless,provided that,on condition that,aslong ase.g:I don t care who you are,where you are from,what you did,as long
48、 as you love me.让步状语从句：though,although,even though（if）while,whereas （2006 完型-7）Not everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless.Estimates range anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million.7 the figuremay vary,analysts do agree on another matter:that the number oft h e h o m e l e s s i s i n
49、c r e a s i n g.A N o w t h a t B A l t h o u g h C P r o v i d e d D E x c e p t t h a t (20 0 5 完型-9)S t r a n g e l y,s o m e p e o p l e f i n d t h a t t h e y c a n s m e l l o n e t y p e o f f l o w e rb u t n o t a n o t h e r,9 o t h e r s a r e s e n s i t i v e t o t h e s m e l l s o f
50、b o t hf l o w e r s.A w h e n B s i n c e C f o r D w h e r e a s W h i l e 位于句首，一般表让步 (20 0 5 阅读-T 4-P 2-L 6)W h i l e e v e n t h e m o d e s t l y e d u c a t e d s o u g h t a n e l e v a t e d t o n e w h e n t h e yp u t p e n t o p a p e r b e f o r e t h e 1 9 6 0 s,e v e n t h e m o s t w