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1、2022年大学英语考试真题卷六（本卷共分为1 大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总 分 100分，60分及格。）单 位：姓 名：考 号：题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分一、单项选择题（共5 0题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意）1.These are tough times for Wal-Mart,America1 s b i ggest retai I er.Longaccused of wrecking sma I I -town America and condemned for the stinginessof its pay,the company has
2、 lately come under f i re for its meanness overempIoy ees heaIth-care benef its.The charge is arguabIy unfai r:the f innJs health coverage,while admittedly less extensive than the average forbig companies,is on a par with other retailers5.But bad pub Iicity,coup I ed with rising costs,has st i rred
3、the Bentonv i I I e giant to action.Wal-Mart is making changes that should shift the ground in America1 shea I th-care debate.One strategy i s to s I ash the pr i ces of many gener i c,or out-of-patent,prescription drugs.Wal-Mart recently announced thatits Florida stores would sei I a I ist of some
4、300 generic drugs at$4 fora monthJ s supply;other states wi I I foI Iow.That is above cost but farless than the prices charged by many pharmacy chains,which get profitsfrom fat margins on generics.Wal-Mart s critics dismiss the move asa pub I icity stunt.The I i st of drugs i nc I udes on I y 143 d
5、i fferent med i c i nesand excludes many popular generics.True,hut short-sighted.Wal-Marthas transformed retai Iing by using its siz e to squeez e suppliers andpassing the gains on to consumers.It could do the same with drugs.Target,another big retailerF has al ready announced that it wi I I match t
6、he newpricing.AnWal-Mart effect in drugs wi I I not solve America shealth-costs problem:generics account for only a smalI share of drugcosts,which in turn make up only 10%of overalI health spending.Butit would help.The firm s other initiative is more controversial.Wal-Mart is joining the smalI but f
7、ast-growing group of employ ers whoare control Iing costs by shifting to health insurance with highdeductibles.From January 1st new Wal-Mart empIoy ees wiI I only beoffered insurance with very low premiums(as I ittIe as$11 a month foran individual)but rather high deductibles(excesses):an individual
8、mustpay at least the first$1,000 of annual health-care expenses,and on afamily plan,the f i rst$3,000.Unusual ly,Wal-Mart*s plan includes threedoctor visits and three prescription drugs before the big deductibIekicks in.Since most empIoy ees go to the doctor less often than that,the company argues,t
9、hey will be better off because of the lower premiums.That may be true for the healthy,say critics;sicker workers wi I I seethei r health costs soar.This debate,wr it large,is the biggestcontroversy in American health care today.The Bush administration hasbeen pushing high-deductibIe plans as the bes
10、t route to control Iinghealth costs and has encouraged them,with tax-breaks for health-savingaccounts.The logic is appeaI ing.Higher deductibles encourage consumersto become price-conscious for routine care,while insurance kicks in forcatastrophic expenses.Early evidence suggests these plans do help
11、fi rms control the cost of health insurance.But critics say that thesavings are misleading.They argue that the plans shift costs to sickerworkers,discourage preventative care and wiI I any way do little tocontrol overalI health spending,since most of the$2 trillion(a sixthof its ent i re GDP)that Am
12、er ica spends on health care each y ear goes topeopIe with multiple chronic diseases.For the moment,relatively fewAmericans are covered bv theser,consumer-d i rectedHp I ans.But they arebecoming increasingly popular,especially among fi rms empIoy inglow-ski I led workers.And now America s biggest em
13、ploy er has joined thehigh-deductibIe trend.That is bound to have an impact.As to the health-care issue,Wal-Mart is try ing toA.reduce its operating costs.B.look for other way out.C.seek help from the government.D.divert people s attention.2.In 1830,only a few mi les away from what is now the great
14、city ofC i nc i nnat i y lay an immense and a I most unbroken forest.The whole regionwas sparsely sett Ied by peopIe of the frontier-restless souls who nosooner had hewn fairly hab i tab Ie homes out of the wi Iderness and atta i nedto that degree of prosperity which today we shouId cal I indigence,
15、then,i mpe I I ed by some my sterious impulse of thei r nature,they abandoned al Iand pushed farther westward,to encounter new per iIs and privations inthe effort to regain the meagre comforts which they had vol untar ilyrenounced.Many of them had already forsaken that region for the remotersett I e
16、ments,but among those rema ini ng was one who had been of those f i rstarriving.He I ived alone in a house of logs surrounded on al I sides bythe great forest,of whose gloom and siIence he seemed a part,for noone had ever known him to smile nor speak a needless word.His simplewants were supplied by
17、the sale or barter of skins of wiId animals inthe r i ver town,for not a thing did he grow upon the I and which,if needfu I,he might have cI a i med by r ight of undisturbed possession.There wereev i dences of n improvement,-a few acres of ground immed i ate I y about thehouse had once been cleared
18、of its trees,the decay ed stumps of whichwere half concealed by the new growth that had been suffered to repairthe ravage wrought by the axe.Apparently the man,s z eal for agriculturehad burned with a failing flame,expi ring in penitential ashes.TheI ittIe log house,with its chimney of sticks,its ro
19、of of warpingclapboards weighted with traversing poles and its chinking1 of clay,had a single door and,di rect ly opposite,a window.The latter,however,was boarded up-nobody could remember a time when it was not.And noneknew why i t was so cIosed;certainly not because of the occupantJ s di sI ikeof I
20、 ight and air,for on those rare occasions when a hunter had passedthat I one Iy spot the recluse had common Iy been seen sunning himself onhis doorstep if heaven had provided sunshine for his need.I fancy thereare few persons Ii v i ng today who ever knew the secret of that wi ndow,but I am one.The
21、man s name was said to be Mur loek.He was apparentlyseventy y ears oldr actual ly about fifty.Something besides y ears had hada hand in his ageing.His hair and long,ful I beard were white,his grey,lustreless ey es sunken,his face singularly seamed with wrinkles whichappeared to be Iong to two inters
22、ecting sy stems.In figure he was tai Iand spare,with a stoop of the shoulders-a burden bearer.One dayMurloek was found in his cabin,dead.It was not a time and place forcoroners and newspapers,and I suppose it was agreed that he had diedfrom natural causes or I should have been told,and should rememb
23、er.Iknow only that with what was probably a sense of the fitness of th i ngsthe body was buried near the cabin,alongside the grave of his wife,whohad preceded him by so many y ears that I oca I trad it ion had reta i ned hard I ya hint of her existence.That closes the final chapter of this true stor
24、y.But there is an ear I ier chapter-that suppl ied by my grandfather.WhenMurloek built his cabin and began lay ing sturdi ly about with his axe tohew out a farm-the rifle,meanwh i I e,his means of support-he was y oung,strong and ful I of hope.In that eastern country whence he came he hadmarr ied,as
25、 was the fashion,a y oung woman in al I way s worthy of his honestdevotion,who shared the dangers and privations of his lot with a wi I I ingsp irit and I ight heart.There is no known record of her name;of her charmsof mind and person tradition i s s iI ent and the doubter is at I iberty toentertain
26、 his doubt;but God forbid that I should share it!Of thei raffection and happiness there is abundant assurance in every added dayof the man s wi dowed life;for what but the magnet i sm of a b Iessed memorycould have chained that venturesome sp irit to a lot I ike that One dayMur lock returned from gu
27、nn i ng in a d i stant part of the forest to findhis wife lying on the floor with fever,and deli r ious.There was nophysician within mi les,no neighbour;nor was she in a condition to beleft,to summon help.So he set about the task of nursing her back tohealth,but at the end of the thi rd clay she fel
28、 I into unconsciousnessarid so passed away,apparently,with never a gleam of returning reason.What do we know about Murlock,s wifeA.She was a character with great charm and beauty.B.More imaginary space about her life was left.C.She used to entertain other people in her house.D.She was young,delicate
29、 and devoted.3.Back in 2000,inspi red by a desi re to help those in need,Megan andDennis Doyle of Minneapolis decided they wanted to do more than justvolunteer or write a check.Instead,they took$30,000 of their own moneyand started a nonprofit cal led Hope for the City.The organizationcol lects corp
30、orate overstock and distributes it to nonprofits in the TwinCities,nationwide,and international ly to 26 developing countries.Today the nonprofit has a$900,000 operating budget and a 25,000 sq.ft.warehouse to store the donated items and has distributed nearly$380m illion of in-kind merchandise since
31、 its inception.This makes us feelI ike we re a part of something a lot bigger than just the two of us,Msays Dennis,54,who is CEO of a local commercial real estate f i rm.TheDoy Ies are not alone in thei r desire to give back.There are more than1 million 501(c)(3)charities I ike theirs,up near I y 70
32、%from the 614,000that existed a decade ago,according to Tom PoI Iak,program di rector withthe NationaI Center for Charitable Statistics at the Urban Institute.Organ i z at i ons ded i cated to educat ion,di saster re I i ef,job deve I opment,the envi ronment and AIDS are among today5 s hot causes,“s
33、ay s Phy 11 isMcGrath,president of Philanthropy Management,a Fairfield,Conn.,consulting firm that works with nonprofits nationwide.Fueling thisgrowth are several factors:baby boomers with a soc i a I -entrepreneursh i pmind-set and added time in thei r I ives to give back to thei r communitiesrsuch
34、tragic events as Sept.11 and Hurricane Katrina,and greater numbersof wealthy individuals with the funds to launch thei r own nonprofits.But starting a nonprofit is a Herculean effort,requi ring pat i ence anddetermination.It may take at least six months to a y ear and as muchas 30 to 40 hours a week
35、 to get an organiz ation off the ground,McGrathsay s.Hiring an attorney experienced with nonprofits to hand I e statewideand federal applicat ions is key.The 501(c)(3)des i gnat i on comes fromthe IRS(Internal Revenue Service),and nonprofits are expected toprovide the government with such informatio
36、n as a mission statement,anidea of who wi I I be assisted and by what methods,anticipated budget andboard of directors,say s Andrew Grumet,a lawy er representing nonprofitswith the Manhattan firm Herrick,Feinstein,LLP.Accountants famiIiarw i th nonprof i ts can adv i se on how much of an i nvestment
37、 can be made w i thoutaffecting personal wealth.But even with the best of intentions,nonprofits have a high fai lure rate:only one-thi rd survive bey ond fivey ears,say s Stan Madden,director of the Center for Nonprofit Studiesat the Hankamer Schoo I of Business at Bay lor University in Waeo,Texas.T
38、he best approach is to start with a business plan.Research otherorgan i z at i ons i n the field to make sure there i s no other group address i ngthe same cause.Consult with other charities to determine that there areconstituents who can really use your services.As McGrath notes,Consider a re a lis
39、 tic and doable niche that your organization canuniquely f i l l.That is just what Beth Shaw,41,did.The owner ofa$4 mi I I ion company that trains yoga f itness instructors wor Idwide,Shawused her know I edge of the market to launch Visionary Women in Fitness,which provides scholarships to underpriv
40、ileged women so that they cantra in to become instructors.With a budget of just$30,000,the nonprofit,based in Hermosa Beach,C a lif.,is able to help 15 to 20 women a yearlearn a s k ill that can get them an entry-1 eve I job.n I have two homesand a successfuI business,so many young women out there h
41、ave noth ing,Hsays Shaw,who has donated$50,000 of her own money since she launchedthe charity in June 2004.This was the time in my life to step up andstart giving back.It can be cone Iuded from the passage thatA.hard work and good intentions dont guarantee the success of nonprofits.B.an experienced
42、lawyer is the determining factor of the success ofnonprofits.C.accountants will be helpful in deciding whether to invest in nonprofits.D.investing in nonprofits means a high risk of losing one s wealth.4.These are tough times for Wal-Mart,America s b i ggest retai I er.Longaccused of wrecking sma I
43、I-town Amer ica and condemned for the stinginessof its pay,the company has I ate I y come under f i re for its meanness overemp I oyees5 hea I th-care benef its.The charge i s arguab I y unfa i r:the f i nns health coverage,while admittedly less extensive than the average forbig companies,is on a pa
44、r with other re ta ile rs.But bad pub Iic ity,coup I ed with rising costs,has st i rred the Bentonv i I I e giant to act i on.Wal-Mart is making changes that should s h ift the ground in America shea I th-care debate.One strategy i s to s I ash the pr i ces of many gener i c,or out-of-patent,prescri
45、ption drugs.Wal-Mart recently announced thatits Florida stores would sei I a I ist of some 300 generic drugs at$4 fora monthJ s supply;other states wiI I foI Iow.That is above cost but farless than the prices charged by many pharmacy chains,which get profitsfrom fat margins on generics.Wal-Mart s cr
46、itics dismiss the move asa pub I icity stunt.The I i st of drugs i ncI udes on Iy 143 d i fferent med ici nesand excludes many popular generics.True,hut short-sighted.Wal-Marthas transformed retai Iing by using its siz e to squeez e suppliers andpassing the gains on to consumers.It could do the same
47、 with drugs.Target,another big retai I er,has al ready announced that it wi I I match the newpricing.A Wal-Mart effect*in drugs wi I I not solve America 5 shealth-costs problem:generics account for only a smalI share of drugcosts,which in turn make up only 10%of overalI health spending.Butit would h
48、elp.The firm s other initiative is more controversial.Wal-Mart is joining the smalI but fast-growing group of employ ers whoare control Iing costs by shifting to health insurance with highdeductibles.From January 1st new Wal-Mart empIoy ees wiI I only beoffered insurance with very low premiums(as I
49、ittIe as$11 a month foran individual)but rather high deductibIes(excesses):an individual mustpay at least the first$1,000 of annual health-care expenses,and on afami ly plan,the f i rst$3,000.Unusual ly,Wal-Mart s plan includes threedoctor visits and three prescription drugs before the big deductibI
50、ekicks in.Since most empIoy ees go to the doctor less often than that,the company argues,they wi I I be better off because of the lower premiums.That may be true for the healthy,say critics;sicker workers wi I I seetheir health costs soar.This debate,writ large,is the biggestcontroversy in American