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1、Basic Skills in Writing Paragraphs1.1 Introduction to Paragraphs 1.1 Introduction to Paragraphs 1.1.1 paragraph 1.1.1 paragraph Paragraph is the basic unit of organization in Paragraph is the basic unit of organization in writing in which a group of related sentences writing in which a group of rela
2、ted sentences develops one main idea.A Paragraph can be as develops one main idea.A Paragraph can be as short as one sentence or as long as ten more short as one sentence or as long as ten more sentences.The number of sentences is unimportant;sentences.The number of sentences is unimportant;however,
3、the paragraphs should be long enough to however,the paragraphs should be long enough to develop the main idea clearly.In general,a develop the main idea clearly.In general,a paragraph comprises three major structural parts:paragraph comprises three major structural parts:a a topic sentence,supportin
4、g sentences,and atopic sentence,supporting sentences,and a concluding sentences.concluding sentences.The topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph.It The topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph.It not only names the topic of the paragraphs,but also limits the not only names t
5、he topic of the paragraphs,but also limits the topic to one or two areas that can be discussed completely in topic to one or two areas that can be discussed completely in the space of a sigle paragraphs.The specific area is called the space of a sigle paragraphs.The specific area is called the contr
6、olling idea.the controlling idea.1.1.2 Essay 1.1.2 EssayA necessary is a piece of writing with several related A necessary is a piece of writing with several related paragraph.It is written about one topic,just as a paragraph is paragraph.It is written about one topic,just as a paragraph is.However,
7、the topic of an essay is too long complex to be.However,the topic of an essay is too long complex to be discussed in one paragraph.Therefore,you must tie all the discussed in one paragraph.Therefore,you must tie all the separate paragraphs together in one way or another to form separate paragraphs t
8、ogether in one way or another to form an essay.Writing an essay is no more difficult than writng a an essay.Writing an essay is no more difficult than writng a paragraph,except that an essay is longer.The principles of paragraph,except that an essay is longer.The principles of organization are the s
9、ame for both;so if you can write a good organization are the same for both;so if you can write a good Paragraph,you can write a good essay.Paragraph,you can write a good essay.1.2 Organizatiom of a paragraph 1.2 Organizatiom of a paragraph Organizatiom is vital to good composition,so it Organizatiom
10、 is vital to good composition,so it cannot be negected by either student or teacher.A cannot be negected by either student or teacher.A paragraph is a unit of Organizatiom of written paragraph is a unit of Organizatiom of written language.It has only one basic aim:to language.It has only one basic a
11、im:to communicates one central ideas clearly and communicates one central ideas clearly and effectively.effectively.1.2.1 A narrowed-down topic 1.2.1 A narrowed-down topic There is usually only one central idea in a There is usually only one central idea in a paragraph.When you begin to write,what y
12、ou must paragraph.When you begin to write,what you must do first is narrow down the topic.The paragraph do first is narrow down the topic.The paragraph should be limited to one part of a subject,should be limited to one part of a subject,Although the subject is probably much larger than the single a
13、spect in the paragraph.In other words,there must be a focus in the paragraph.For example,suppose you are asked to write something about your house in one paragraph.“house”may be too general a topic for you to discuss in a paragraph,even your living room is tool arge.So you should pick out a part of
14、the room,suchas your favourite desk,or the fireplace,or your bookcase,ect.In the following example,the writer specializes his topic-the characters face.1.2.2 A Reasonable Sequence It is not enough just to have a specific topic.Since a paragraph is just like a mini-essay,it needs a resonable organiza
15、tion or sequence.However,paragraphs are not organized in the same way.The choice is based on the content of the paragraph and the intention of the writer.In otherwords,exactly how the parts of a paragraph will fit together depends on what the paragraph is saving.For instance,if it describes a place,
16、it may move from a general view to the significant details-or from someImmediately striking details to some lessobvious but Immediately striking details to some lessobvious but perhaps more important ones.It may also move from perhaps more important ones.It may also move from near to far,or from far
17、 to near.The example below near to far,or from far to near.The example below describes a picture in describes a picture in Time magazine spatially-first Time magazine spatially-first from top to bottom,and then from left to right.from top to bottom,and then from left to right.Other Other paragraphs
18、may move from cause to effect,or paragraphs may move from cause to effect,or from effect back to cause,or from past to present.In from effect back to cause,or from past to present.In a word,paragraph are not organized in the same a word,paragraph are not organized in the same way how they communicat
19、e depends on what the way how they communicate depends on what the writer wished to express and he/she expresses it.writer wished to express and he/she expresses it.In our daily conversation,questions with“why”are often asked and answered.This shows that casual analysis is very common;it is somethin
20、g we are very familiar with.The same goes with our reading and writing.For this kind of writing,cause and effect technique is often employed,and the“why question is sometimes implied.If a paragraph is classifying,it may begin by If a paragraph is classifying,it may begin by enumerating(enumerating(列
21、举列举)and go to study each,perphaps)and go to study each,perphaps in a climatic order.in a climatic order.Comparison and contrastComparison and contrast are often used in are often used in paragraph writing how to organize a paragraph of paragraph writing how to organize a paragraph of comparison and
22、contrast?One way is to examine comparison and contrast?One way is to examine one thing thoroughly and then do so with another.one thing thoroughly and then do so with another.The orther way is to examine two things at the same The orther way is to examine two things at the same time,discussing them
23、point by point.time,discussing them point by point.Another important way to organize a paragraph is to Another important way to organize a paragraph is to arrange the details or examples either from specifics arrange the details or examples either from specifics to generalization,or from generalizat
24、ion to specifics.to generalization,or from generalization to specifics.In short,a paragraph can develop or advance ideas In short,a paragraph can develop or advance ideas in different ways:in different ways:1)It can run from the least important to the most 1)It can run from the least important to th
25、e most important,or from the most important to the least important,or from the most important to the least important;important;2)It can go from specifics to general 2)It can go from specifics to general conclusion(inductively),or from a general conclusion conclusion(inductively),or from a general co
26、nclusion to specifics(deductively)to specifics(deductively)3)It can develop from cause to effect,or from effect 3)It can develop from cause to effect,or from effect to cause;to cause;4)It can grow by listing the reasons or details(usually 4)It can grow by listing the reasons or details(usually in cl
27、imacticin climactic（渐层的）（渐层的）order)order)；5）it can also move forward chronologically(in time order)or spatially(in space order)You may choose among all these methods any one you like as long as it serves your purpose.The only rule that governs your choice is this:a good paragraph is a joy to read.Th
28、e reader must never feel that he is stumbling through the writing with great efforts.The reader should not have to go back and read the paragraph again to figure out what the writer had in mind.It is the writers task,not the readers to give the paragaph its logical organization.1.3 Qualities of a go
29、od paragraph 1.3 Qualities of a good paragraph It is commonly said that a good paragraph is It is commonly said that a good paragraph is characterized by its characterized by its unity,coherence(unity,coherence(一致性）一致性）,continuitycontinuity(to be achieved often by the use of(to be achieved often by
30、the use of transition)and completeness.To achieve thes4e,transition)and completeness.To achieve thes4e,each paragraph should have just one central each paragraph should have just one central idea,which is usually expressed in a key sentence-idea,which is usually expressed in a key sentence-the topic
31、 sentence.Such a sentence is most useful the topic sentence.Such a sentence is most useful and common in writing good paragraph.It functions and common in writing good paragraph.It functions as the summary to sum up the main idea or koy as the summary to sum up the main idea or koy point of point of
32、 paragraph.paragraph.All theother sentences must be All theother sentences must be written in accordence with it.written in accordence with it.other words,thetopic other words,thetopic sentence is a helpful guide to both the writer and the sentence is a helpful guide to both the writer and the reade
33、r.reader.Therefore,the best position for the topic sentence is the beginning of a paragraph,where the writer can more easily grasp what information is to be included and excluded from the paragraph in order to keep unity.A topic sentence,however,can also be positioned at the end of a paragraph,or in
34、 the middle of the paragraph,or at both the beginning and the end of a paragraph.Sometimes it can even be implied(not written at all)No matter where a topic sentence is placed,or whether is is written or not,it functions as the link to all its related sentences in order to achieve unity,coherence,co
35、ntinuity and completeness of the paragraph,which are the indispensable qualities of a good paragraph.Every good paragraph has unity,which means that each paragraph is centered on one main idea.If you start to dicuss a new idea,start a new paragraph.Furthermore,every supporting sentence in the paragr
36、aph must be directly related to the main idea.Avoid including any information that has no relation with the topic sentence.A unified paragraph is internally consistent and has a simple focus.That means the paragraph has only one fundamental purpose:to be focused.In a unified paragraph,every sentence
37、 contributes to this focus by exemplifying it,explaining it,or expanding on it in some way.One of the greatest enemies of paragraph unity is the human thought process.We tend to think associatively rather than logically.One fact reminds us of another,even if the latter is not logically related to th
38、e former.Unity in a paragraph requires the consistent development of a central idea.Any sentence that has no clear relation to the topic of the paragraph will obscure the point you are trying tomake.Thus,each sentence must show a clear connection to the central idea to achieve a single focus,that is
39、,unity in the paragaph.To summarize,unity in the paragraph is essential to good writing.It calls for clear thinking and a definite plan of organization.To make sure your paragraphs are unified,you should begin each one with a topic sentence that states the controlling idea.All minor supports should
40、further explain the major supports and the controlling idea at the same time.If the topic sentence has a compound controlling idea you must develop each part of it according to the principle of unity.1.3.2 Coherence1.3.2 CoherenceCoherence of a paragraph refers to the proper Coherence of a paragraph
41、 refers to the proper arrangement of sentences.That is,each sentence in arrangement of sentences.That is,each sentence in a paragraph naturally ideas to the next sentence in a paragraph naturally ideas to the next sentence in explainingthe controlling ideas.Just as a pianist explainingthe controllin
42、g ideas.Just as a pianist hopes to play a composition from beginning to hopes to play a composition from beginning to ending without stopping,a writer does not want ending without stopping,a writer does not want tosyop speaking until the main point of a paragraph tosyop speaking until the main point
43、 of a paragraph is made.So in a coherent paragraph,the sentences is made.So in a coherent paragraph,the sentences are woven together in such a way that the paragraph are woven together in such a way that the paragraph reads as an integrated whole rather than as a series reads as an integrated whole
44、rather than as a series of separate sentences.of separate sentences.It is known from the above that coherence mainly It is known from the above that coherence mainly focuses on the organization of a paragraph while focuses on the organization of a paragraph while unity emphasizes the content of a pa
45、ragraph.These unity emphasizes the content of a paragraph.These two features overlap each other to a great extent.As two features overlap each other to a great extent.As features of successful English writing,one is closely features of successful English writing,one is closely related to the other.r
46、elated to the other.To achieve coherence,all sentences in a paragraph To achieve coherence,all sentences in a paragraph should be arranged in a logical order.Usually,a should be arranged in a logical order.Usually,a sentences of general statement comes first,then is sentences of general statement co
47、mes first,then is followed by a less general statement,and then the followed by a less general statement,and then the least general statement would be the last.Sentences least general statement would be the last.Sentences of equal generality should be in the same position.of equal generality should
48、be in the same position.In short,to gain coherence in a paragraph,you must plan and arrange the content deliberately so that the paragrapth will develop naturally and logically.As to the order you should choose when writing a paragraph,that depends on your purpose and the content of the paragraph.1.
49、3.3 continuityWe have discussed two of the quanlities that make for a good paragraph,unity and coherence,but we might note here a special problem in paragraph development that relates to continuity transition.Continuity may not be perfect even if the writer arranges his sentences in a clear,logical
50、order.He has to use good transitions so that one sentence leads smoothly to another.Approproate transitions are necessary between Approproate transitions are necessary between paragraphs,between sentences,and even within paragraphs,between sentences,and even within sentences.The best transitional de