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1、专业英语论文的写作方法61总论OverviewA critical aspect of the scietific process is the reporting of new results in scientific journals in order to disseminate that information to the larger community of scientists.科研过程中一个关键方面是把你的新的研究成果发表在某些科技期刊上以便于让更多的科技工作者了解你的研究工作。Communication of your results contributes to the
2、 pool of knowledge within your discipline(and others!)and very often provides information that helps others interpret their own experimental results.你的研究成果的发表对你这一研究领域（以及其它研究领域）的研究工作是有贡献的，而且你提供的信息往往有助于其他人解释自己的研究成果。Most journals accept papers for publication only after peer review by a small group of
3、scientists who work in the same field and who recommendthe paper be published(usually with some revision).大多数期刊打算接收的论文都是经过一小撮和你在相同研究领域的科技工作者的评审（及同行评审）并同意该论文在该期刊发表的（通常有修改意见）。 The guide addresses four major aspects of writing journal-style scientific papers:该指南对写期刊型科技论文给予了以下四个方面的建议。(1) fundamental sty
4、le considerations;考虑基本风格（类型）。(2) a suggested strategy for efficiently writing up research results:有效的详述研究成果的建设性策略。(3) the nuts and bolts of format and content of each section of a paper(part of learning to write a scientific paper is learning how to follow instructions precisely),and,知道该论文每一节的格式和内容的
5、基本情况（我们学写一篇科技论文的一方面是学会如何严格遵守指南（说明）。(4) basic information regarding peer critiques of scientific writing.知道关于科技写作中同行评论的基本内容。All journals have a set of instructions for authors which explicitly state how their paper should be formatted for submission. 所有的期刊都有一套适合作者的说明须知，它详述了论文提交时应具有什么样的格式。Consider thi
6、s guide to be your instructions when writing your papers.把该指南作为你写论文的用法指导。We encourage you to follow the directions carefully and to make full use of this guide as prepare your papers.我们鼓励你严格遵守指导（用法说明）并在写论文时充分利用该指南。Please ask for help if you have questions about format,style.or content.若你对格式，风格及内容有什么
7、问题请寻求帮助。Above all, remember to write with precision, clarity, and economy.首要的是，写论文时本着准确、清晰和简洁的原则。Getting StartedThe first task to accomplish as you begin the process of writing is to order and organize the information you wish to present.写论文时首先要整理和组织你想要表达的内容。Some people work well from an outline,oth
8、ers do not,.有些人善于从梗概着手，而有些人不这样。Some pepole write first to discover the points,then rearrange them using after-the-fact outline.有些人先找出文章的关键点，然后根据事后的梗概重新整理（重排）这些关键点。Whatever process you may use ,be aware that scientificwriting requires special attention to order and organization无论你用什么方法，必须注意（你要意识到）对内容
9、的整理和组织要给予特殊注意。Because the paper will be devided into sections,you need to know what information will go into each.因为论文将会被分为多节，你需要知道哪些内容是在哪一节里。If you dont normally work from an outline ,this may be an occasion when youll at least want to developa list of the major points to be included in each 若你通常不从
10、梗概着手，这或许是个机会，那么在你开始写论文时至少要列一张该论文每节所包含的关键点的单子。before you begin to write.If the paper has multiple authors,then this is a good time to work(and negotiate!)with your collaborators to insure that all the points the group wants to make get listed.若该论文有多个作者，这是与你的合作者们协商的好机会，以确保你们想要表达的内容都在这个清单上了。Your writin
11、g should be in complete sentences and easily understood.写作时应用完整的且容易被理解的句子It should conform to the conventions of standard written English(sentences form, grammar,spelling, etc).论文应遵守常规的书面语格式（句子形式、语法及拼写等方面）。Your ideas will have little impact,no matter how good the research,if they are not communicate
12、d well.无论你的研究成果有多么出色，写论文时不要带主观色彩，即使你表达的不够尽善尽美。Remember always that scientific terminology very often has precise meaning.往往要记住的是科技术语通常会有准确的意思。Be certain you choose your words correctly and wisely.确定你能正确而智慧的选择用词。It is importand to write clearly and concisely.清晰而简洁的表达是重要的。Make sure that every paragrap
13、h has a clear topic sentence and that the paragraph content supports the topic.确保每一段有一个清晰的主题句，而且该段内容都围绕着该主题展开。The goal is to report your findings and conclusions clearly,and with as few words as necessary.写论文的目的是清晰的报告你的研究结果和结论，所以用尽可能少的词汇（表达更多的内容）。Your audience (other scientists usually)are not inter
14、ested in floweryprose, they want to know your findings.读者（通常是其他科技工作者）对你的那些华丽的辞藻并不感兴趣，他们想要了解大是你的研究结果。Style ConsiderationsBe clear and concise:Write briefly and to the point.清晰且简洁：内容简短并直指关键。Say what you mean clearly and avoid embellishment with unnecessary words or phrases.Brevity is very important.清晰
15、的表达你要表达的内容，避免用不必要的词汇及短语修饰。简短是很重要的。Use of the active voice alone shortens sentence length considerably.单独用主动语态会大大缩短句子的长度。Precise word use is critical:Scientific terminology carries specific meaning-learn to use it appropriately and use it consistently.准确用词是关键的：科技术语承载着具体含义学会适当的使用并要坚持使用。A critical func
16、tion of technical terminology is to say a lot with a few words,i.e.,economy.科技术语的关键作用的用很少的词汇表达教多的内容，即简洁。This applies as wellto appropriate acronyms and abbreviations.这也适用于适当的缩写词。Direct your paper toward the average reader in your intended audience.你论文的难易程度要居于你的目标读者的平均水平线上。If writing for a highly tec
17、hnical journal,you will necessarily use the technical jargon.若你的论文是打算投稿于高水平的科技期刊，你用一些行话（难懂的话）。If writing for a general scienceaudience you would limit the jargon.若你的论文只为普通科技读者阅读，少用行话。Some things to avoid:有些情况需要避免：You do not have to try to impress people by using words most people have never heard of
18、.你不必使用那些大多数人从来没有听说过的词汇而加深读者的印象的手段。Many published articles are like this, and they are poor papers on account of it.许多已发表的Do not use colloquial speech,slang, or “childishwords or phrases.不要用口语，俚语及儿话。Do not use contractions:for example,dont must be “donot”and “isnt”must be “is not”etc.不要用缩写词：例如，dont必须
19、写为donot，isnt必须写为is not等。Abbreviations:Do not use abbreviations in the text except for units of measure.缩写词：除了度量单位不要在文中使用缩写词Always abbreviate these when using them with data (2 mm; 10min.) .当度量单位带上数据时往往以缩写的形式出现。Except for temperatrue units (F,C,K) never abbreviate units of measure when using them in
20、a non-data context (e.g.,”we measrued length in millimeters”;”time was recorder in minutes”;”termperature was measured in F(or C)use Past Tense:Research papers reflect work that hasbeen completed,therefore use the past tense throughout your paper (including the Introduction)when referring to the act
21、ual work that you did,including statements about your expectations or hypotheses.Use the past tense,as well ,when referring to the work of others that you may cite First vs.Third Person:If there is one stylisic area where scientific disciplines and journals vary widely,it is the use of first vs.thir
22、d person constructions. First vs. Third Person:IF there is one stylistic area where scientific disciplines and journals vary widely, it is the use of first vs. third person constructions. 若某期刊包含了各学科且期刊风格多样，那么论文既可用第一人称也可用第三人称。Some disciplines and their journals have moved away from a very strict adhe
23、rence to the third person construction,and permit limited use of the first person in published papers. 某些学科及其期刊不再严格使用第一人称，即允许在发表的论文中少量的使用第一人称。Other disciplines,especially the biomedical fields, still prefer the third person constrcution.其它的一些学科，尤其是生物医学领域，仍坚持使用第三人称。Limit our use of first person const
24、ruction 我们要限制性的使用第一人称。(“i.e.,”I (or we) undertook this study): usually it is most acceptable in the Introduction and Discussion sections, and then only to a limited extent.（即，我（或我们）从事此研究）：通常在引言及讨论部分更易被接受，且也是在一定程度上的。Use first person in the methods sparingly, and avoid its use in the results.在方法这节里也可少
25、量的使用第一人称，而在结果这节中避免使用。Use Active Verbs:Use active verbs whenever Possible；writing that overly uses passive verbs(is,was,has,have,had)is deadly to read and almost always results in more words than necessary to say the same thing.使用主动动词：尽可能的使用主动动词；过量的使用被动动词会是论文晦涩，而且几乎往往叙述同一件事用了更多的词。 The clarity and eff
26、ectiveness of your writing will improve dramatically as you increase the use of the active voice.当你加大使用主动语态的频率时，所写论文将更清晰、更简洁。 Other specific comments on style are also included for each section of the paper.关于论文文体方面的其它具体的评述也都包含在它的每节中。Remember:precise word use,past tense,active voice,brevity.记住：用词准确，
27、用过去时，用主动语态且用词要简洁。References to the research findings of others are an integral component of any research paper. 参考其他人的研究结果在任何科研论文中都必不可少。The usual practice is to summarize the finding or other information in your own words and then cite the sourse.通常的做法是用你自己的话概括他的研究结果及其他信息并说明出处。Any ideas or other inf
28、ormation that are not your own must be substantiated by a reference that is cited in the text.任何不是你自己的想法和内容都必须用附在文中的参考文献所证明。As a rule,in research papers,direct quotation and footnoting are not practiced-simply restate the authors ideas or findings in your own words and provide a citation.通常，在科研论文中，直
29、接引证和脚注都不可取用你自己的话简要的复述引文的观点和研究结果并提供出处。Why a Scientific Format?为什么论文要有精确的格式？The scientific format may seem confusing for the beginning science writer due to its rigid structure which is so different from writing in the humanities. 由于科技论文具有严格的结构，这似乎使初涉科技论文写作的人茫然，而文学写作则不然。One reason for using this forma
30、t is that it is a means of efficiently communicating scientific findings to the broad community of scientists in a uniform manner. 原因之一是使用这种严格的格式可有效的用统一的方法将科研成果告知广泛的科研工作者。Another reason,perhaps more important than the first, is that this format allows the paper to be read at several different levels
31、.另一个原因（也许比第一个原因更重要）是该标准格式可使科研工作者不同程度的阅读你的论文。For example,many people skim Titles to find out what information is available on a subject.Others may read only titles and Abstracts. Those wanting to go deeper may look at the Tables and Figures in the Results,and so on. 例如：许多人只是浏览一下题目以便于发现该主题是否可用。而另一些人仅仅
32、阅读题目和摘要。而那些想要深入阅读的人会看结果这一节中的表格和图表，等等。The take home point here is that the scientific format helps to insure that at whatever level a person reads your paper(beyond title skimming), they will likely get the key results and conclusions.好好想想清楚，精确的格式有助于确保某人在什么程度上阅读你的论文（不仅仅是浏览题目），他们很有可能想得到关键结果和结论。The Sec
33、tions of the Paper论文的章节Most journal-style scientific papers are subdivided into the following sections:大多数期刊型的科技论文分为以下几节：Title,Authors and Affiliation,Abstract,Introduction,Methods,Results,Discussion,Acknowledgments,and Literatrue Cited, which parallel the experimental process. 题目，作者及作者来源，摘要，引言，方法，结
34、果，讨论，致谢及所引用的文献，各节内容是相互并列的。This is the system we will use.This website describes the style,content,and format associated with each section.这是我们将使用的体系。网站上会有每节的风格、内容及格式的叙述。The sections appear in a journal style paper in the following prescribed order:各节是按以下顺序出现在期刊论文中：Experimental process Section of Pap
35、erWhat did I do in a nutshell? Abstract概括的说我做了什么？ 摘要What is the problem? Introduction需要处理的问题（难题）是什么？ 引言How did I solve the problem? Materials and Methods我如何解决这个问题 材料和方法What did I find out? Results我发现（找出）了什么结果？ 结果What does it mean? Discussion此结果意味着什么？ 讨论Who helped me out?谁帮助了我 Acknowledgments(optiona
36、l) 致谢（随意）Whose work did I refer to? Literature CitedExtra information 额外的信息 Appendices(optional)附录Section Headings: 各节的标题：Main Section Headings:Each main section of the paper begins with a heading which should be capitalized,centered at the beginning of the section,and double -spaced from the lines
37、above and below.Do not underline the heading or put a colon at the end.各主要节的标题：论文的每节都由一个标题开始，该标题应大写，且集中在每节开端，与上下行空两行。在标题下不要用下划线，也不要在末端用冒号。Title,AuthorsNames,and Institutional Affiliations1. Function:Your paper should begin with a Title that succinctly describes the contents of the paper.Use descript
38、ive words that you would associate strongly with the content of your paper: the molecule studied,the organism used or studied,the treatment, the location of a field site,the response measured,etc.A majority of readers will find your paper via electronic database searches and those search engines key
39、 on words found in the title.2. Format:The title should be centered at the top of page 1(DO NOT use a title page-it is a waste of paper for our purposes);the title is NOT underlined or italicized. The authorsnames and institutional affiliation are double-spaced from and centered below the title.When
40、 more than two authors,the names are separated by commas except for the last which is separated from the previous name by the word “and”.3. Strategy for Writing TitleThe title is not a section, but it is necessary and important. The title should be short and unambiguous,yet be an adequate descriptio
41、n of the work.A general rule-of-thumb is that the title should contain the key words describing the work presented. Remember that the title becomes the basis for most on-line computer searches-if your title is insufficient,few peple will find or read your paper.ABSTRACT1. FUNCTION:An abstract summar
42、izes,in one paragraph (usually),the major aspects of the entire paper in the following prescribed sequence:the question(s) you investigated(or purpose),(from Introduction )state the purpose very clearly in the first or second sentence.the experimental design and methods used,(from Methods)clearly ex
43、press the design of the study.Name or briefly describe the basic methodology used without going into excessive detail-be sure to indicate the key techniques used.the major findings including key quantitative results,or trends(from Results)report those results which answer the questions you were aski
44、ng identify trends,relative change or differences,etc.a brief summary of your interpetations and conclusions,(from Discussion ) clearly state the implications of the answers your results gave you.Whereas the Title can only make the simplest statement about the content of your article,the Abstract al
45、lows you to elaborate more on each major aspect of the paper.The length of your Abstract should be kept to about 200-300 words maximum(a typical standard length for juounals.)Limit your statements concerning each segment of the paper(i.e.purpose,methods,results,etc.)to two or three sentences,if poss
46、ible.The Abstract helps readers decide whether they want to read the rest of the paper,or it may be the only part they can obtain via electronic literature searches or in published abstracts.Therefore,enough key information(e.g.,summary results,observations,trends,etc)must be included to make the Ab
47、stract useful to someone who may to reference your work.How do you know when you have enough information in your Abstract?A simple rule-of-thumb is to that you are another researcher doing an study similar to the one you are reporting.If your Abstract was the only part of the paper you could access,would you be happy with the information presented there?2. Style:The Abstract is ONLY text.Use the active voice when possible,but much of it may require passive c