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1、8.特殊词精讲8.1 stop doing/to dostop to d o 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。典型例题She reached the top of the hill and stopped_ on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have rested B.resting C.to rest D.rest答案：C o 由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大
2、石头上休息。因此，应选择stoptod。sth.停下来去做另一件事。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。8.2 forget doing/to doforget to d o 忘记要去做某事。（未做）forget d o in g 忘记做过某事。（已做）The light in the office is stil on.He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。（没有做关灯的动作）He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关了灯了。（已做过关灯的动作）Dont forget to com
3、e tomorrow.别忘了明天来。（t。come动作未做）典型例题-The light in the office is still on.-Oh,I forgot_.A.turning it off B.turn it off C.to turn it off D.having turned it off答案：C o 由the light is still on可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to d。sth.而 forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。8.3 remember doing/to doremember t
4、o do记得去做某事 抹做）remember d o in g 记得做过某事（已做）Remember to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。Dont you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗？8.4 regret doing/to doregret to do 对要做的事遗憾。（未做）regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。（已做）I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。I don
5、t regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。典型例题You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.Well,now I regret_that.A.to do B.to be doing C.to have done D.having done答案：Do regret having done sth.对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret t。do sth.对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。8.5 cease doing/to docease to d
6、o 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。That department has ceased to exist forever.那个部门已不复存在。The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。8.6 try doing/to dotry to do 努力，企图做某事。try doing 试验，试着做某事。You must try to be more careful.你可要多加小心。I tried gardening but
7、didnt succeed.我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。8.7 go on doing/to dogo on to d o 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。go on doing 继续做原来做的事。After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics.做完数学后，他接着去做物理。G o on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习8.8 be afraid doing/to dobe afraid to d o 不敢，胆
8、怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为“怕；be afraid of d o in g 担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing是客观上造成的，意为 生怕，恐怕。She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband.她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。She was afraid of waking her husband.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。8.9 be interested
9、 doing/to dointerested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing通常为想法。I shall be interested to know what happens.我很想知道发生了什么事。（想了解）Im interested in working in Switzerland.Do you have any idea about that?我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗？（一种想法）8.10 mean to doing/to domean to do 打算、想mean doing 意味着I mean t
10、o go,but my father would not allow me to.我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.赠加工资意味着增加购买力8.11 begin（start）doing/to dobegin/start to do sthbegin/start doing sth.1）谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing.How old were you when you first started playing the piano?你几岁时开始弹钢琴？2）begin,start用进行时时
11、，后面动词用不定式to doI was beginning to get angry0我开始生起气来。3）在 attempt,intend,begin,start 后接 know,understand,realize 这类动词时，常用不定式 t。d。I begin to understand the trutho我开始明白真相。4）物作主语时It began to melt.8.12 感官动词+doing/to do感官动词 see,watch,observe,notice,look at,hear,listen to,smell,taste,feel+do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doi
12、ng表示动作的连续性，进行性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。（强调 我看见了 这个事实）I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调 我见他正干活 这个动作）昨天我见他正在花园里干活。典型例题1）They knew her very well.They had seen her_ up from childhood.A.grow B.grew C.was growing D.to grow答案：A 因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用se
13、esb do sth 句型。2）The missing boy was last seen_ near the river.A.playing B.to be playing C.play D.to play答案A.本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb.doing sth句型。分词9.1分词作定语分词前置We can see the rising sun.我们可以看到东升的旭日He is a retired w o rke r.他是位退休的工人分词后置（i 分词词组；ii个别分词如given,left；iii修饰不定代词something等）There was a girl sitt
14、ing th e re.有个女孩坐在那里This is the question given.这是所给的问题There is nothing interesting.没有有趣的东西过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.典型例题1)The first textbook_for teaching English as
15、a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A.have written B.to be written C.being written D.written答案D.书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被动，相当于定语从句which is written2)Whatls the language in G ermany?A.speaking B.spoken C.be spoken D.to speak答案B.主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式，在句中作定语，修饰主语language,
16、spoken与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：Whats the language(which is)spoken in G erman?9.2分词作状语As I didnt receive any letter from him,I gave him a call.-Not receiving any letter from him,I gave him a call.由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了电话。If more attention was given,the trees could have grown better.-G iven more attention,the
17、 trees could have grown better.假如多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。典型例题1)some officials,Napoleon inspected his army.A.Followed B.Followed by C.Being followed D.Having been followed答案B.Napoleon与follow之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。followed by(被.跟 随)。本题可改为：With someofficials following,Napoleon inspected his a
18、rmy.2)There was a terrible noise_ the sudden burst of light.A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed答案B.由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。3),liquids can be changed into gases.A.Heating B.To be heated C.Heated D.Heat答案C.本题要选一分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动的，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因
19、而选C。它相当于一个状语从句When it isheated,.注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。(Being)used for a long time,the book looks old.由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。Using the book,I find it useful.在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用o9.3 连词+分词（短语）有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。连词有：when,while,if though,after,before,a s.但分词的主语和主句的主语必
20、须为同一个，如：While waiting there,he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.waiting和 saw的主语相同。9.4 分词作补语通常在感官动词和使役动词之后，如：I found my car m issing.我发现我的车不见了。HI have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修-下。9.5 分词作表语现在分词：表示主动，正在进行过去分词：表示被动，已经完成She looked tired with cooking.她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。He remained standing besi
21、de the table.他依然站在桌旁9.6 分词作插入语其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。generally speaking 般说来talking of（speaking of）说道strictly speaking 严格的说judging from从判断all things considered 从整体来看taking all things into consideration 全面看来Judging from his face,he must be i l l.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。G enerally speaking,dogs can run faster th
22、an pigs.总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。（speaking 并不是dogs的动作）9.7 分词的时态1）与主语动词同时，Hearing the news,he jumped with joy.听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。Arriving there,they found the boy d e a d.刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。典型例题The secretary worked late into the night,_a long speech for the president.A.to prepare B.preparing C.prepared D.was preparing
23、答案B.此处没有连词，不能选D,否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和wasprepahng。只能在B,C 中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。2）先于主动词While walking in the garden,he hurt his leg.在花园里散步时他伤了腿。分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用having done。Having finished his homework,he went out.=As he had finished his homework,he went out.做完作业后，他出去了。典型例题_a reply,
24、he decided to write again.A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received答案C.本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not+分词，故选C。该句可 4里解为：Because he had not received a reply,he decided to write again.9.8分词的语态1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动，例如：He is
25、the man giving you the money.（=who gave you.）他就是给你钱的那个人。He is the man stopped by the car.（=who was stopped by.）他就是那个被车拦住的人。2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生gone,fallen,retired,grown-up,escaped,faded,returned例：a well-read person.一个读过许多书的人a much-travelled may 一个去过许多地方的人a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴10.独立主格10.1独立主格（）：独立主
26、格结构的构成：名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词；名词（代词）+形容词；名词（代词）+副词；名词（代词）+不定式；名词（代词）+介词短语构成。（二）独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构-一 般有逗号与主句分开。举例：The test finished,we began our holiday.=When the test was finished,we began our holiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。The president assassinated,the
27、 whole country was in deep sorrow.=After the president was assassinated,the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weather permitting,we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。This done,we went home.工作完成后，我们才回家。The meeting gone over,everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早
28、点回家。He came into the room,his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。He came out of the library,a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆10.2 With的复合结构作独立主格表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。with+名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语举例：He stood there,his hand raised.=He stood there,with his hand raise.典型例题The murder
29、was brought in,with his hands_behind his backoA.being tied B.having tied C.to be tied D.tied答案D.with+名 词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词 手 与分词 绑 是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选 D.注意：1）独立主格结构使用介词的问题：当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with的复合结构不受此限制A robber burst into the room,knife in hand.（han
30、d前不能加his）。2）当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。He lay there,his teeth set,his hand clenched,his eyes looking straight up.典型例题：Weather_,well go out for a walk.A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting答案B.本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。句中使用了逗号，且we小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结
31、构，其结构为：名词+分词。由于permit在这里翻译为，天气允许北表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits,well go out for a walk.然后将if去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。11.动词的时态11.1 一般现在时的用法1）经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every.,sometimes,at.,on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2）客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。The eart
32、h moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3）表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fa ll.骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columbus proved that the earth is round.4）现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。I dont want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较：Now I put the sugar in t
33、he cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back.第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。11.2 一般过去时的用法1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有：yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982 等。Where did you go just now?2）表示在过
34、去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。When I was a child,I often played football in the street.Whenever the Browns went during their visit,they were given a warm welcome.3）句型：It is time for sb.to do sth 到.时间 了 该.TIt is time sb.did sth.时间已迟了 早该TIt is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。woul
35、d（had）rather sb.did s th.表示 宁愿某人做某事Id rather you came tomorrow.4）wish,wonder,think,hope等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。I thought you might have some.我以为你想要一些。比较：一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。Christine was an invalid all her life.（含义：她已不在人间。）Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含义：她现在还活着）Mrs.Darby lived in
36、Kentucky for seven years.（含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含义：现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去）注意：用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1）动词 want,hope,wonder,think,intend 等。Did you want anything else?I wondered if you could help me.2）情态动词 could,would.Could you lend me your bike?11.3 used to/be used tou
37、sed to+do：过去常常 表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。Mother used not to be so forgetful.Scarf used to take a w a lk.(过去常常散步)be used to+doing：对.已感到习惯，或 习惯于，to是介词，后需加名词或动名词。He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)典型例题-Your phone number again?I_quite catch it.-Its 69568442.A.didnt B.cou
38、ldnt C.dont D.cant答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。11.4 一般将来时1)shall用于第一人称，常被will所代替。will在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。Which paragraph shall I read first.Will you be at home at seven this evening?2)be going to+不定式，表示将来。a.主语的意图，即将做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow?b.计划，安排要发生的事。The pl
39、ay is going to be produced next month0c.有迹象要发生的事Look at the dark clouds,there is going to be a storm.3)be+不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4)be about to+不定式，意为马上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing.注意：be about to不能与tomorrow,next week等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用11.5 be going to/will
40、用于条件句时，be going to 表将来w ill表意愿If you are going to make a journey,yould better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes,we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.11.6 be to 和 be going tobe to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。I am to play footbal
41、l tomorrow afternoon.（客观安排）llm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.（主观安排）11.7 一般现在时表将来1）下列动词：come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.When does the bus star?It stars in ten minutes.2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：Here comes the bus.=The b
42、us is coming.There goes the bell.=The bell is ringing.3）在时间或条件句中。When Bill comes（不是 will come）,ask him to wait for me.Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there.4）在动词 hope,take care that,make sure that 等后。I hope they have a nice time next week.Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave t
43、he room.11.8 用现在进行时表示将来意为：意图、打算、安排、常用于人。常用词为come,g。，start,arrive,leave,stay等。Im leaving tomorrow.Are you staying here till next week?11.9 现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have（has）+过去分词。11.10 比较过去时与现在完成时1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去
44、的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday,last week,.ago,in1980,in October,just now,具体的时间状语共同的时间状语：this morning,tonight.this April,now,once,before,already,recently,lately现在完成时的时间状语for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet,till/until,up to now,in past years,always,不确
45、定的时间状语3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如 live,teach,learn,work,study,know.过去时常用的非持续性动词有 come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,get married 等。举例：I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）Why did you get up so early?（强调起床的动作已发生过了。）Who hasnt handed in his paper?（强
46、调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。）She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。He has been in the League for three years.（在团内的状态可延续）He has been a League member for three years.（是团员的状态可持续）He joined the League three years ago.（三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。）I have finished my homework now.Will somebody go and
47、 get Dr.White?Hes already been sent for.句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday,last,week,in I960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.11.11用于现在完成时的句型1)It is the first/second time.that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。It is the first time that I hav
48、e visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.2)This is thethat结构，that从句要用现在完成时.This is the best film that Ive(ever)seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。This is the first time(that)Ive heard him s in g.这是我第一次听他唱歌。典型例题(1)Do you know our town at all?No,this is the first time I_here.A.was B.have been
49、 C.came D.am coming答案B.This is the first time后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。(2)Have you been to our town before?No,it*s the first time I_here.A.even,come B.even,have come C.ever,come D.ever,have come答案D.ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。This is the largest fishI have ever seen.It is/was the first time+that-claus
50、e 的句型中，从句要用完成时。注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。(错)I have received his letter for a month.(对)I haven*t received his letter for almost a month.11.12 比较 since 和 forSince用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has wo