中学英语语法大全8.pdf

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1、中学语法大全代词目录人称代词的用法.2人称代词之主、宾格的替换.2代词的指代问题.3并列人称代词的排列顺序.3物主代词.4双重所有格.4反身代词.4相互代词.5指示代词.6疑问代词.7关系代词.8every,no,all,both,.9none,few,some,any,.10代词比较辩异one,that和 it.11one/another/the other.11the”的妙用.12anyone/any one;.12both,either,neither,.13many,much.14few,little,a few,.14文档已受保护,如果有特殊用途请联系人称代词的用法1)人称代词的主格

2、在句子中作主语或主语补语,例如:John waited a while but eventually he went home.约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,例 如:When he arrived,John went straight to the bank.约翰-到就直接去银行了。2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人

3、称在省略句中,还可以作主语,例如:I saw her with them,at least,I thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做 宾 语,them做介词宾语,her作主语补语)a.-Who broke the v a s e?-谁打碎了花瓶?b.Me.-我。(me 作主语补语=Its me.)说明:在上面两例句中,her和 m e分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格,在正式文体中这里应为she和 I。返回顶端 人称代词之主、宾格的替换1)宾格代替主格a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在n o t后,多用宾语。一-Hike English.

4、我喜欢英语。Me too.-我也喜欢。一 一 Have more wine?一再来点酒喝吗?-Not me.-我可不要了。b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。He is taller than I/me.He is taller than I am.2)主格代替宾格a.在介词but,except后,有时可用主格代替宾格。b.在电话用语中常用主格。I wish to speak to Mary.-我 想 和 玛 丽 通 话。-This is she.一我就是玛丽。注 意:在 动 词b e或to b e后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。

5、I thought it was she.I thought it to be her.I was taken to be she.They took me to be her.我以为是她。我被当成了她。他们把我当成了她。(主 格-主 格)(宾格一一宾格)(主 格-主 格)(宾格-宾格)返回顶端 代词的指代问题1)不定代词 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone,someone,everyone,no one,及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可 用he,his,him代 替。Nobody came,did he?谁也没来,是吗?2)动物名词的指 代 一

6、般 用it或they代 替,有 时 也 用he,s h e,带有亲切的感情色彩。Give the cat some food.She is hungry.给这猫一些 吃 的。她饿了。3)指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。返回顶端 并列人称代词的排列顺序1)单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第 二 人 称 一 第 三 人 称 一 第一人称you he/she;it-IYou,he and I should return on time.2)复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:第 一 人 称 一 第 二 人 称 一 第三人称we you They注 意:在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面

7、。a.在承认错误,承担责任时,It was I and John that made her angry.是我和约翰惹她生气了。b.在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称,如:I and you try to finishit.c.并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时,d.当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。返回顶端 物主代词1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用,例如:John had cut his finger;apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。物主代词有形容词性(m

8、y,your等)和名词性(mine,yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的-s 属格结构,例如:Jacks cap 意为 The cap is Jacks.His cap 意为 The cap is his.2)名词性物主代词的句法功能a.作主语,例如:May I use your pen?Yours works better.我可以用一用你的钢笔吗?你的比我的好用。b.作宾语,例如:I love my motherland as much as you love yours.我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。c.作介词宾语,例如:Y

9、our should interpret what I said in my sense of the word,not in yours.你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的意义去解释。d.作主语补语,例如:The life I have is yours.Its yours.Its y o u rs.我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。返回顶端 双重所有格物主代词不可与 a,an,this,that,these,those,some,any,several,no,each,every,such,another,which等词 起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。公式为:a

10、,an,this,that+名词+of+名词性物主代词。如:a friend of mine.each brother of his.返回顶端 反身代词1)列表Iyouyoushehemyselfyourselfyourselvesherselfhimselfwetheyitoneourselvesthemselvesitselfoneself2)做宾语a.有些动词需有反身代词absent,bathe,amuse,blame,dry,cut,enjoy,hurt,introduce,behaveWe enjoyed ourselves very much last n ig h t.我们昨晚玩

11、得很开心。Please help yourself to some fish.请你随便吃点鱼。b.用于及物动词+宾语+介词take pride in,be annoyed with,help oneself to sth.I could not dress(myself)up at that tim e.那个时候我不能打扮我自己。注:有些动词后不跟反身代词,get up,sit-down,stand up,wake up等。Please sit d o w n.请坐。3)作表语;同位语be oneself:I am not myself today.我今天不舒服。The thing itsel

12、f is not important.事情本身并不重要。4)在不强调的情况下,but,except,fo r等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:No one but myself(me)is hurt.注意:a.反身代词本身不能单独作主语。(错)Myself drove the car.(对)I myself drove the c a r.我自己开车。b.但在and,or,nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself作主语。Charles and myself saw it.5)第二人称作宾语,要用反身代词。You should be proud of you

13、rself.你应为自己感到骄傲。返回顶端 相互代词1)相互代词只有each other和 one anothei两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的,例如:It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each othe匚显而易见,不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。2)相互代词的句法功能:a.作动词宾语;People should love one another.人们应当彼此相爱。b.可作介词宾语;Does bark,cocks crow,frogs cr

14、oak to each other.吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each o th e r,存在于两个以上人和物之间用。ne another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多,例如:He put all the books beside each other.他把所有书并列摆放起来。He put all the books beside one another.他把所有书并列摆放起来。Usually these small groups were independent of each other.这些小团体通常是相互独立的。c.相互代词可加 s

15、 构成所有格,例如:The students borrowed each others notes.学生们互借笔记。返回顶端 指示代词I)做代词,限定词:代词:指示代词分单数(this/that)和 复 数(these/those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可例如:单数This girl is Mary.复数Those men are myteachers.This is Mary.Those are myteachers.2)指示代词的句法功能;a.作主语This is the way to do it.这事儿就该这样做。b.作宾语I like this better than that.我喜

16、欢这个甚至那个。C.作主语补语My point is this.我的观点就是如此。d.作介词宾语I dont say no to that.我并未拒绝那个。There is no fear of that.那并不可怕。说 明 1:指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人,例如:(对)That is my teacher.那是我的老师。(that作主语,指人)(对)He is going to marry this g ir l.他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词)(错)He is going to marry this.(this 作宾语时不能指人)(对)1

17、bought th is.我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语)说明明That和 those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有 those可指人,试比较:(对)He admired that which looked beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。(对)He admired those who looked beautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those 指人)(错)He admired that who danced well.(that 作宾语时不能指人)(对)He admired those who danced w e ll

18、,他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those 指人)(对)He admired those which looked beautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)返回顶端 疑问代词1)疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列儿个:指 人:who,whom,whose指 物:what既可指人又可指物:which2)疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除 w ho之外也没有格的变化。what,which,whose还可作限定词。试比较:疑问代词:Whose are these books on the desk?桌上的书是谁的?What was the

19、 directional flow of U.S.territorial expansion?美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?限定词:Whose books are these on the desk?桌上的书是谁的?What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of theUnited States?哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?说 明1:无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which和w hat所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无 限 的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例 如

20、:Which girls do you like best?你喜欢哪几个姑娘?What girls do you like best?你喜欢什么样的姑娘?说 明2:Whom是who的宾格,在书血语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可 用who代 替,但 在 介 词 后 只 能 用whom,例如:Who(m)did you meet on the street?你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)Who(m)are you taking the book to?你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)To whom did you speak on the campus?你在校园里和谁讲

21、话了?(作介词宾语,置 介 词 后,不 能 用who取代。)说 明3:疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时;过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句未,例 如:For what do most people live and work?大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(I日文体)What are you looking for?你在找什么?(现代英语)说 明4:疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,例如:I cant make out what he is driving at.我不知道他用意何在。Can you tell me whose is the blue shi

22、rt on the bed?你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?Much of what you say I agree with,but I cannot go all the way with you.你 说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。返回顶端 关系代词1)关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分,例如:The girl to whom I spoke is my co u sin.跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。(该 句 中whom既代表先行 词the g irl,又 在 从 句中作介词to的宾语。)2)关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语

23、从句中,that可指人也可指物,见下:限定性非限定性限定性指 人指 物指人或指物主 格whowhichthat宾 格whomthatthat属 格whoseof which/whoseof which/whose例如:This is the pencil whose point is broken.这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。(whose指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)He came back for the book which he had forgotten.他回来取他丢下的书。(which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)3)关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子,例如:He s

24、aid he saw me there,which was a lie.他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。说明:关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略,例如:Ive forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。Hes changed.Hes not the man he was.他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。返回顶端 every,no,all,both,.i)不定代词有ail,both,every,each,either,neither,more,little,few,much,many,another,other,some,

25、any,one,no 以及 some,something,anything,everything,somebody,someone,anybody,anyone,nothing,nobody,no one,none,everybody,everyone.等。2)不定代词的功能与用法a.除 every和 no外不定代词既可用作名词,也可用作形容词。every和 no在句中只能作定语。I have no idea about it.b.a ll都,指三者以上。a ll的主谓致:all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。All goes well.一切进展得很好。a ll通常不与可数名词单数

26、连用,如:不 说 all the b o o k,而 说 the whole booko但 all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如 all day,all night,all the year;但习惯上不说 all hour,all centuryoall还可以与-些特殊的单数名词连用,如 all China,all the city,all my life,allthe way3)b o th 都,指两者。a.both与复数动词连用,但 both and可与单数名词连用。b.both,a ll都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前,b e 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去,则位于助

27、动词或情态动词之前。Who can speak Japanese?We both(all)can.4)n eith er两者都不a.neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数。b.作定语与单数名词连用,但 neither n o r用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。c.可用于下列句型,避免重复。She cant sing,neither(can)he.neither 与 nord.如前句是否定式从句,则主句用neither,而 不 用 nor。If you dont do it,neither should I.如果你不干,我也不干。e.如后连续有儿个否定句式,则用n o r,不

28、用neither。He cant sing,nor dance,nor skate.返回顶端 none,few,some,any,.一、none 无l)none作主语,多与o f 构成短语none of。在答语中,none可单独使用。Are there any pictures on the wall?None.2)none作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语,则其单复数与表语致。It is none of your business.二、few 一些,少数few 作主语时,谓语动词用复数,多用于肯定句。三、some 一些1)可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。2)当做 某一 解时,也可与单数名词

29、连用。(=a certain)You will be sorry for this some day.总有一天,你会后悔这件事的。A certain(some)person has seen you break the rule.某些人不同意你的看法。注意:(1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。(2)some用于其他句式中:a.肯定疑问句中:说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时。Would you like句式中,表委婉请求或建议,如:Would you like some coffee?b.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时,如:If you need some help,

30、let me know.c.some位于主语部分,Some students havent been there before.d.当否定的是整体中的部分时,some可用于否定句。如:I havent heard from some of my old friends these years.这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。四、any 一些1)a n y 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。当句中含有任何的意思时,any可用于肯定句。Here are three novels.You may read a n y.这有三本小说,你可任读本。五、one,ones为复数形式ones必须和形容词连

31、用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前,则用some,a n y,而不用 onesoHave you bought any rulers?Yes,I*ve bought some.返回顶端 代词比较辩异one,that和 itone表示泛指,that和 i t 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而 i t 与所指名词为同一个。I cant find my hat.I think I must buy o n e.(不定)我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。The hat you bought is bigger than that I b o u g h t.(同类但不同个)你买的

32、那顶帽子比我买的大。I cant find my hat.I don*t know where I put i t.(同一物)我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。返回顶端 one/another/the otherone the other 只有两个some the others 有三个以上one another,another,some others,others,others=other people/thingsthe others=the rest 剩余的全部1)泛指另一个用anothero2)一定范围内两人(物),一个用o n e,另一个用theother。3)一定范围内三者,

33、一个用o n e,另一个用one(another),第三个可用the other,a third04)一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others。5)泛指别的人或物时,用 others当在一定范围内,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部时,也用others o返回顶端“the”的妙用He is one of the students who help me.He is the one of the students who helps me.他是帮我的学生之一。第一句定语从句与the students 一致。第二句定语从句与the one-致。返回顶端 anyone/any o

34、ne;.1.anyone 和 any oneanyone仅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。2.no one 和 nonea)none后跟o f短语,既可指人又可指物,而 no one只单独使用,只指人。b)none作主语,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而 no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。None of you could lift it.你们中没有人可举起它。-Did any one call me up just n o w?-刚才有人打电话给我吗?No one.-没有。3.every 和 each1)every强调全体的概念,each强调个体概念。Every student in

35、our school works h a rd.我们学校的学生都很用功。Each student may have one b o o k.每个学生都可有一本书。2)every指三个以上的人或物(含三个),each指两个以上的人或物(含两个)。3)every只作形容词,不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。Every student has to take one.Each boy has to take one.Each of the boys has to take one.4)every不可以作状语,each可作状语。5)every有反复重复的意思,如 every two weeks等

36、;each没有。6)every与 n o t连用,表示部分否定;each和 not连用表示全部否定。Every man is not honest.并非每个人都诚实。Each man is not h o n est.这儿每个人都不诚实。返回顶端 both,either,neither,.这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在b e 动词之后,行为动词之前或第一助动词之后。1)both(两者都),either(两者中任何一个),neither(两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。Neither of the two boys is clev er.两个男孩都不聪明。2)both,eithe

37、rboth与复数连用,either与单数连用。Both the boys are clever.两个男孩都很聪明。Either of the two boys is clever.两个男孩都很聪明。There are flowers on both sides of the street.(两岸)There are flowers on either side of the street.(岸的两边)路边长满了野花。3)all(所有的,全部的人或物),any(任何一个),none(都不)。以上词使用范围为三者以上。All the flowers are g o n e.所有的花都谢 了。I d

38、onrt like any of the flow ers.这些花我都不喜欢。I like none of the flow ers.这些花我都不喜欢。注意:川 与 none用法一样。跟单数名词,用单数动词;跟复数名词,用复数动词。All of the students are there.所有的学生都在那。All(of)the milk is there.所有的牛奶都在那。返回顶端 many,muchMany,much都意为 许多,many+可数名词,much+不可数名词。How many people are there at the meeting?How much time has w

39、e left?Many of the workers were at the meeting.Much of the time was spent on learning.返回顶端 few,little,a few,.(a)few+可数名词,(a)little+不可数名词a few/a little为肯定含义,还有一点few/little 为否定含义,没有多少了。He has a few friends.他有几个朋友。He has few friends.他几乎没有朋友。We still have a little tim已我们还有点时间。There is little time left.几

40、乎没剩下什么时间了。典型例题:Although he*s wealthy,he spends_on clothes.A.little B.few C.a little D.a few答案:A.spend所指的是钱,不可数,只能用little或 a little.本句为although引导的让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定含义,因此应用little表示几乎不。固定搭配:only a few(=few)not a few(=many)quite a few(=many)many a(=many)Many books were sold.Many a book was sold.卖出了许多书。返回顶

41、端 中学语法大全倒装目录倒装句之全部倒装.17倒装句之部分倒装.17以否定词开头作部分倒装.18so,either,nor 作部分倒装.18only在句首要倒装的情况.19as,though引导的倒装句.19其他部分倒装.19倒装句之全部倒装全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和般过去时。常见的结构有:1)here,there,now,then,thus 等副词置于句首,谓语动词常用 be,come,go,lie,run。There goes the bell.Then came the chairman.Here is yourletter.2)表示运动

42、方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。O ut rushed a missile from under the bomber.Ahead sat an old woman.注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。Here he comes.Away they went.返回顶端 倒装句之部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do,does或 d id,并将其置于主语之前。1)句首为否定或半否定的词语,如 no,not,never,seldom,little,hardl

43、y,at no time,in no way,not u n t i l 等。Never have I seen such a performance.Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.当 Not until引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。注意:如否定词不在句首不倒装。I have never seen such a performance.The mother didnt leave the roo

44、m until the child fell asleep.典型例题1)Why cant I smoke here?At no time_in the meeting-roomA.is smoking permitted B.smoking is permittedC.smoking is it permitted D.does smoking permit答案A.这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时;其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括no,little,hardly,seldom,never,not only,not until等。本题的正常语序是Smoking is pe

45、rmitted in the meeting-room at no time.2)Not until the early years of the 19th century_ what heat is.A.man did know B.man know C.didnt man know D.did man know答案D.看到Not until的句型,我们知道为一倒装句,答案在C,D 中选一个。改写为正常语序为,Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th.现在将not提前,后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。

46、返回顶端 以否定词开头作部分倒装如 Not only-but also,Hardly/Scarcely ,when,No sooner thanNot only did he refuse the gift,he also severely criticized the sender.Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.典型例题No sooner_than it began to rain heav

47、ily.A.the game began B.has the game begunC.did the game begin D.had the game begun答 案 D.以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时,一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有 never,seldom,scarcely,little,few,not,hardly,以及 not only*but(also),no sooner,than,hardly,when scarcely,when 等等。注意:只有当Not only but also连接两个分句时,才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only

48、but also仅连接两个并列词语,不可用倒装结构。Not only you but also I am fond of music.返回顶端 so,either,nor作部分倒装表示 也、也不 的句子要部分倒装。Tom can speak French.So can Jack.If you wont go,neither will I.典型例题-Do you know Jim quairelled with his brother?-I dont k n o w,.A.nor don*t I care B.nor do I care C.I dont care neither D.I don

49、*t care also答案:B.nor为增补意思 也不关心”,因此句子应倒装。A 错 在 用 dont再次否定,C neither用法不对且缺乏连词。D 缺乏连词。注意:当 s o 引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时,不可用倒装结构。意为”的确如此”。Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.Its raining hard.-So it is.返回顶端 only在句首要倒装的情况O nly in this way,can you learn English well.O nly after being asked three t

50、imes did he come to the meeting.如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装O nly when he is seriously ill,does he ever stay in bed.返回顶端 as,though引导的倒装句as/though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词,副词,分词,实义动词提前)。注意:1)句首名词不能带任何冠词。2)句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。Try hard as he will,he never seems able to do the work satis

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