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1、中国某某某某学校学生毕业设计(论文)题 目： 性别歧视在英语语言中的表现 其发展变化 姓 名 ： 00000 班级、学号 ： 000000000 系 (部) ： 经济管理系 专 业 ： 商务英语 指导教师 ： 0000000 开题时间 ： 2009-4-10 完成时间 ： 2009-11-12 2009年 11 月 12 日19目 录毕业设计任务书1毕业设计成绩评定表2答辩申请书3-5正文6-21答辩委员会表决意见22答辩过程记录表23课 题 性别歧视在英语语言中的表现及其发展变化 一、 课题(论文)提纲0.引言1.性别歧视的现象 1.1 在词汇上的表现 1.2 称谓上的表现 1.3 男女先后
2、顺序 1.4 谚语的表现 2.性别歧视的原因 2.1 文化因素 2.2 身体因素 2.3 社会因素 2.4心理因素3.性别歧视的发展变化4.结论二、内容摘要语言在社会中所处的地位尤为重要。作为一种社会现象的语言，必然会反映出人类社会的各种社会观念。性别歧视作为这其中的一种，是指把男性视作社会规范和中心，轻视， 侮辱女性或使她们显得微不足道。而这一特定的社会现象必然会在语言中折射出来. 首先，论文主要写性别歧视的现象，然后讨论性别歧视在英语语言中出现的原因及其发展变化。三、 参考文献1 Holy Bible M. 中国基督教三自爱国运动委员会和中国基督教协会, 2000年10月. P2-32 R
3、onald Wardhaugh. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics M. Basil Blackwell Inc.1986, P3033 单文波. 英语中的性别歧视现象及其文化因素探析J. 江汉大学学报(人文科学版), 2005年8月(第24卷第4期). P112The sexual discrimination in English language and its evolvement00000Abstract：Language plays an important role in society. As a phenomenon of society
4、, language reflects all the sides of human society naturally. Sexism is a phenomenon that takes a male-as-norm attitude, trivializing, insulting or rendering women invisible. As a special social phenomenon, sexism is inevitably reflected through language.To start with, the thesis is maily talk about
5、 the phenomenon of the sexism discrimination, and then analysis the reason for the accurrence of sexism in the English lauguage, the change of development.Key words：sexual discrimination; phonomenon; factor0 Introduction As the peculiar result of the development of human society, language is a kind
6、of social phenomenon and reflects all the sides of human society naturally. Its existence and development are closely linked with the social attitudes of human beings and to a great extent are affected by their social views and values. Historically and sociologically, our society is man-oriented and
7、 man-centered. Women, regarded as a weaker gender in society, are discriminated for a long time and completely subordinated in political life, economic life and even family life in the society dominated by men. Unavoidably, this kind of phenomenon has been embodied in languages. In linguistic aspect
8、, language is bias-based and women suffer from language sexism. Gender-differentiated language use can reflect and help perpetuate the subordinate status of women in society. Since 1960s, feminists strive for the elimination of gender discrimination, for the greater recognition of womens contributio
9、ns to society and aim to change many cultural and social customs that perpetuate patriarchal value systems. Many fields of life around the world have been, or are being, affected by this movement. One of the many impacts feminism on society is its impact on language. Language was and is seen by many
10、 feminists as a powerful instrument of patriarchy.1 The phenomennon of the sexism discrimination 1.1 The reprensent in the vocabulary. The word “man” is a very clear example, it is not only have the meaning of mankind, but also refer to human being, stand for all of the people. but “woman” is only r
11、efer to female ,for example, man cannot live by bread alone. The man in the street. “If a woman fall to water from the boat, call out “MAN,OVERBROAD”. If she hurts in the work, her fee-for-service is called WORKMANS COMPENSATION. But if she enter into a place which is writern “man only !” she will u
12、nderstand the caveat is not aim at animal or plant or nonlife but to her at once”, A linquist ever complained and said. when we donnot know the gender who we point, he, his and him are often stand for human being, (This is a rule in the Enlish), such as, every student has to make up his own mind.He
13、who laughs last laughs best. As the centre of loqicality, female is in a hypotaxis. In terms of glossary, for example, the word which is by the end of er,-or, actually it is a neuter word, but people think it is a masculine term, so they ad woman before the female, for example, a woman dotor. The wo
14、rd “man” is not only refer to male,manhood, but also as the “floorboard of human being”, but the word “woman” is not. A lot of profession terms are often as the suffix by the man, although this job has many female. Whats more, on the occasions, “he, him, or his” can be used to refer to such indefini
15、te pronouns as each, everyone, everybody, no one, someone, anyone, and so on .1.2 The represent on the title. “Take the female as the males appendix”. The view is full represent in the title terms of English .Mr. is a respect to a man,but Mrs. is a respect to a mans wife, so the womans title is atta
16、ch to man, for example: the husband have Dr.degree, so we can call the couple as “Mr.and Mrs. John Smith. If the wife is a Dr. but the her husband dont have a degree, the wife name is Marry, then her surname is followed by her husband and call Marry Smith. Miss is a title of unmarried female. But Mr
17、. can be a title of unmarried male or married male. From the title we can recognise the male whether she is married, but to the male, we will donot know it, whats more, when female married, her surname is followed by male, so her surname is completely forgetted. a lot of job title, such as doctor, p
18、rofessor, engineer, and so on is fit to male and female, but people is used to contact them with male. but to female, it is become a symbol, often ad the woman, lady or female for restricting it. for example, female judge, lady doctor, woman lawyer, these are indicate that in the past time, the high
19、er- status profession is cornered by male, the other way round, teacher, nuser, secretary, model, people generally think it is a male job, if it is a female, must ad the male or man, such as male nurse,man teacher. Except these are contact with history fact, it is a social prejudice.1.3 Word orderSe
20、xism in language is also reflected in word order. When men and women are presented together, usually words denoting male sex are put in front of female sex. Making females come second reflects the sexist attitude that men are superior to women. It is not hard to find male-female word order pairs in
21、English literature, newspaper, magazines as well as in speech, such as male and female, husband and wife, father and mother, boys and girls, his and hers, son and daughter, brother and sister, host and hostess, king and queen, Adam and Eve and so on. No matter in books or on radio, even in daily dia
22、logue, we can often read and hear such words:a.Good morning, boys and girls!b.They would have allowed males and females to go to school together.Such a language phenomenon seems to appear so unquestionably natural as to be widely accepted as a language norm. However, there are also cases in which ma
23、le-female order is reversed, for example bride and groom, and ladies and gentlemen. The former shows that marriage is important to women and the latter is influenced by the notion that men should protect women. Putting ladies before gentlemen doesnt show that women are more superior to men or ladies
24、 first, but indicates that in men s mind, women, the same as children, are the weaker ones.1.4 The proverb a. Status.“A man of straw is worth of a woman of gold.(稻草男儿抵得上金玉女子。)If husband be not at home, there is nobody.(丈夫不在家，等于说没人。)Man, woman, and devil are three degrees of comparison.(男人、女人和魔鬼三个等级分
25、贵贱。) B.Marriage.A fair face is half portion(姿色颜，嫁妆半。)Marry your son when you will, your daughter when you can(娶妻不忙，嫁女宜速。)It is harder to marry a daughter well than to bring her up well. (养女易，嫁女难。)C.Behaver.Words are women, deeds are men.(女子巧舌，男儿实干。)Husbands are in heaven whose wives scold not. (老婆不唠
26、叨，丈夫就像在天堂里。)Many women, many words; Many geese, many turds (鹅的屎多，女人的话多。)D.Intelligence. Long hair, short wit. Woman have long hair and short brains(女人头发长，见识短。) When an ass climbs a ladder, we may find wisdom in women. (毛驴登梯时，女人才有才智。)E。Virtue. fair woman without virtue is like palled wine.(美女无.德，淡酒一杯
27、。)Virtue is faire far than beauty.(美德远胜美貌。)Maid want nothing but husbands, and when they have them they want everything.(姑娘除了丈夫什么都不要，一旦有了丈夫她们什么都想要。)Play,women,wine undo men laughing.（赌博，女人和酒使男人在笑声中毁灭。）The calmest husbands make the stormiest wives.（丈夫懦弱妻子凶）。The mother-in-law forgot that she was a dau
28、ghter-in-law.(作了婆婆忘了作媳妇时的苦)。Wife and children are bill of charges .(妻子和孩子是帐单)。2 The Factors of Sexism in the English Language Sexism in English is not formed in one day, but built up in the long period of the development of language, which leads to the variety of the causes. What causes the sexism i
29、n the English Language? There are four factors: cultural factor, physiological factor, social factor and psychological factor.2.1 Cultural factors In the Holy Bible (The Books of The Old Testament): “So the Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man, and he slept; then he took one of his ribs
30、 and closed up its place with flesh. And the rib that the Lord God had taken from the man he made into a woman and brought her to the man. Then the man said, This at last is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; this one shall be called Woman, for out of Man this one was taken. Man came to the wor
31、ld first while woman made from one of mans ribs was created just as a help meet for him. And she was not created until all other animals failed to meet the satisfaction of the man. From the order of the birth, it is obvious to see the different importance of man and woman. And man and woman are not
32、equal at all because woman is only a part of man, which itself is the discrimination against women. It is said in the Holy Bible that the first sin is also committed by the woman. She was seduced by the snake into eating the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil and having the man eat,
33、 too. At last, the woman was punished to bring forth children in pain and was ruled over by the man. From above, the superiority of men and inferiority of women is clearly seen. The Holy Bible is actually a book of men. As Christianity is such a powerful religion in Western countries, it is unreason
34、able to deny that this helps to set and consolidate the inferiority of women. 2.2 Physiological factor For extended work and life together, people realized that men are tall in stature, strong in muscle and robust in physique. In contrary to men, women are small in stature, weak in physique and have
35、 more fat and less muscle than men. Women also mature more rapidly. In a word, men are stronger than women. This determines that men play a more and more important role in social and economic lives. A mans job is to work outside but a womans job is to stay at home, do the housework and take care of
36、the children. Women are treated as the weaker ones and they realize their own values through their marriages to men. At last, women are lower in status. They have to leech on to men and are dominated by men. Gradually, people begin to discriminate women and think that they are inferior in intelligen
37、ce. This wrong perspective forms slowly and reflects in language.2.3 Social factor (Labor division) Feminists all claim that we live in a patriarchal society: a society of men, ruled by men and for men. Patriarchy depicts men as the perfect norm against which women are measured and found lacking.Bot
38、h the Western and Eastern societies use sex, to one degree or another, in allocating tasks, activities, rights, and responsibilities. As for the job done by men and women, there is a long-stereotyped notion of what they can do. In history, there has been a division of labor-a division in which women
39、s place was restrained at home for housework and child-care while men worked outside being the breadwinner. At last, men had dominance over women, and women had to be dependent on men. This was the turning point for women. From then on, in paternal society, slavery society and capitalist society, wo
40、men had been on the bottom of society. In long and endless course of history, sexism against women has been accumulated. It is due to different labor division that leads to different social status. This has been clear in ancient and modern society. Later, in addition to domestic work, women began to
41、 enter the paid work place. However, even though half of women are employed outside the home, the belief persists that woman is mainly, and primarily, in the roles of wife and mother. Due to womens relative physical weakness and lower educational background, they do primarily the low-status, low-pay
42、ing jobs. Although men also have family roles, they are defined primarily by their economic or occupational position. Thus the sexism in the society has been in existence, the embodiment of which is necessarily the sexism of language.2.4 Psychological factor Because of the social and cultural factor
43、s, women are always considered to be the weak. People treat women as inferior to men. They educate men to be manly, decisive, and brave while women are required to be polite, conservative, obedient, and gentle. Because women are in subordinate status in the society, they have to constrain their emot
44、ion and give up their own need to meet the satisfaction of men. As time passes, when speaking women pay more attention to the elegance and standard of language than men. They use more pleasant and polite words in the hope that they can receive others approval. And they are taught to speak softly, to
45、 avoid contradicting others, to be obedient in communication, and to be aware of giving cues of strong confidence. They mould themselves to be inferior in their potential sub consciousness. Therefore, women try their best to strengthen their social status through their speech than men do. The lower
46、womens position is, the more polite they are in the face of others. And the standard language they use can show their submission and politeness. This also suggests that women are in a lower position in the society.3 Evolvement of sexual discriminationIn history, exclude those on definition special p
47、oint the word of female( such as mother, actress) as well as those traditions go up express the word of female occupation( such as nurse, secretary) besides, English regards as everybody male, no matter ordinary person( man in street) are still exceptional( superman), no matter layman person( layman) still only Nuo person( yes-man) also namely unless special explanation besides, all persons, no matter being the doctor or instructing, no matter being president or beggar, it is man , man and mankind represent all persons; He